Technician Licensing Class Chapter 6 Valid dates: July 1, 2010 – June 30, 2014 Communicating With Other Hams.

Technician Licensing ClassTechnician Licensing Class“Chapter 6”“Chapter 6”

Valid dates:

July 1, 2010 – June 30, 2014

Communicating With Other Hams

22

Chapter 6 ContentsChapter 6 Contents

Contact BasicsContact Basics Band PlansBand Plans Making ContactsMaking Contacts Using RepeatersUsing Repeaters NetsNets Emergency CommunicationsEmergency Communications Special Activities, Modes and Special Activities, Modes and

TechniquesTechniques

33

Contact BasicsContact Basics

Always listen firstAlways listen first Identify regularlyIdentify regularly

• End of contactEnd of contact• Every ten minutes during contactsEvery ten minutes during contacts

Speak clearly and slowlySpeak clearly and slowly Use International Phonetic AlphabetUse International Phonetic Alphabet

44

Phonetic AlphabetPhonetic Alphabet

AlphaAlpha BravoBravo CharlieCharlie DeltaDelta EchoEcho FoxtrotFoxtrot GolfGolf HotelHotel IndiaIndia

SierraSierra TangoTango UniforUnifor

mm VictorVictor WhiskeWhiske

yy X-RayX-Ray YankeeYankee ZuluZulu

JulietJuliet KiloKilo LimaLima MikeMike NovembNovemb

erer OscarOscar PapaPapa QuebecQuebec RomeoRomeo

55

Signal ReportsSignal Reports

RST SystemRST System• Readability 1 - 5 Readability 1 - 5 • Strength 1 - 9Strength 1 - 9• Tone 1 - 9Tone 1 - 9

Tone only used for CW usually 9Tone only used for CW usually 9

RST 599 (CW) Voice 5 by 9 RST 599 (CW) Voice 5 by 9

66

Using a FrequencyUsing a Frequency

No one “owns” a frequencyNo one “owns” a frequency Courtesy is paramountCourtesy is paramount Listen/ask to make sure frequency is Listen/ask to make sure frequency is

clearclear Nets Traditionally one should make Nets Traditionally one should make

way and move for a net if askedway and move for a net if asked

77

Power LevelPower Level

FCC rules state one should use FCC rules state one should use minimum power to make a given minimum power to make a given contactcontact

Common sense – don’t use 1 kW for Common sense – don’t use 1 kW for local contactlocal contact

Some specialize in QRP – low powerSome specialize in QRP – low power QRP station getting 599 signal report QRP station getting 599 signal report

is an “accomplishment”is an “accomplishment”

88

LocatorsLocators

Usually City and State or provinceUsually City and State or province Sometimes countySometimes county Latitude and LongitudeLatitude and Longitude 1100 X 2 X 200 Grid Squares FN31pq Grid Squares FN31pq

DN17oqDN17oq Location referred to as QTHLocation referred to as QTH

999

T8C:T8C: Grid LocatorsGrid Locators

• T8C5T8C5 A grid locator is a letter-number designator A grid locator is a letter-number designator assigned to a geographic location.assigned to a geographic location.

1010

Appropriate TopicsAppropriate Topics

Avoid controversialAvoid controversial Politics, sex, religion, foul language, Politics, sex, religion, foul language,

ethnic referencesethnic references Eventually you will hear everything Eventually you will hear everything

on the airon the air

1111

Signing OffSigning Off

FinalFinal QRUQRU QRTQRT 7373 8888 ClearClear Standing ByStanding By MonitoringMonitoring

1212

Q- SignalsQ- Signals

Developed early in ham radio to Developed early in ham radio to reduce character count in reduce character count in transmissionstransmissions

List of most common Q Signals on List of most common Q Signals on Manual Page 6-5Manual Page 6-5

Also series of QNx signals for nets Also series of QNx signals for nets and traffic handling on page 6 - 22and traffic handling on page 6 - 22

1313

Advising and AssistingAdvising and Assisting

Be patient, courteous, and tactfulBe patient, courteous, and tactful Everyone was newly licensed at one Everyone was newly licensed at one

timetime Don’t talk downDon’t talk down Be helpfulBe helpful

1414

Radio and Antenna ChecksRadio and Antenna Checks

Use a dummy load to test transmitter Use a dummy load to test transmitter whenever possiblewhenever possible

Us low power to adjust antenna tunerUs low power to adjust antenna tuner Always identify with your call signAlways identify with your call sign General call for signal report is okayGeneral call for signal report is okay Antenna comparison requesst very Antenna comparison requesst very

commoncommon Test counts or series of “V” on CWTest counts or series of “V” on CW

1515

Noting ViolationsNoting Violations

Hams largely self regulatingHams largely self regulating Ok to address issues etcOk to address issues etc Be tactfulBe tactful Don’t violate regulations yourselfDon’t violate regulations yourself Log what you hear and observe for Log what you hear and observe for

future collaboration with othersfuture collaboration with others ARRL OO programARRL OO program

1616

Logging and Confirming ContactsLogging and Confirming Contacts

FCC no longer requires logFCC no longer requires log Still a good idea to maintain logStill a good idea to maintain log Paper log is finePaper log is fine Lots of Logging Software availableLots of Logging Software available LOTW (Log Book Of The World)LOTW (Log Book Of The World) Long info – Date, Times, call signs of Long info – Date, Times, call signs of

stations worked, power, emissionstations worked, power, emission Name QTH, other informatonName QTH, other informaton QSL CardsQSL Cards

1717

T2B10T2B10 What is the "Q" signal used to What is the "Q" signal used to indicate indicate that you are receiving that you are receiving interference from interference from other other stations?stations?

A.A. QRMQRM

B.B. QRNQRN

C.C. QTHQTH

D.D. QSBQSB

1818

T2B11T2B11 What is the "Q" signal used to What is the "Q" signal used to indicate indicate that you are changing that you are changing frequency?frequency?

A.A. QRUQRU

B.B. QSYQSY

C.C. QSLQSL

D.D. QRZQRZ

1919

T8C05T8C05 What is a grid locator?What is a grid locator?

A.A. A letter-number designator assigned A letter-number designator assigned to a geographic locationto a geographic location

B.B. A letter-number designator assigned A letter-number designator assigned to an azimuth and elevationto an azimuth and elevation

C.C. An instrument for neutralizing a final An instrument for neutralizing a final amplifieramplifier

D.D. An instrument for radio direction An instrument for radio direction findingfinding

2020

Band PlansBand Plans

See Table 6-4 on Page 6-9See Table 6-4 on Page 6-9 Concentrate compatible modes and Concentrate compatible modes and

uses in various portions of the banduses in various portions of the band Reduces interference and allows for Reduces interference and allows for

planning etc.planning etc. Voluntary, but very advisable and Voluntary, but very advisable and

strongly encouraged by ARRL and FCCstrongly encouraged by ARRL and FCC By tradition and general use – By tradition and general use –

Published by ARRL and other Published by ARRL and other organizationsorganizations

2121

Calling Frequencies & BeaconsCalling Frequencies & Beacons

Most bands have one or more calling Most bands have one or more calling freqfreq• Used to establish initial contactUsed to establish initial contact• Then QSY to another frequencyThen QSY to another frequency• 2 Meters2 Meters

SSB Calling Frequency 144.2 MHzSSB Calling Frequency 144.2 MHz National FM Simplex Calling Frequency 146.52 National FM Simplex Calling Frequency 146.52

MHzMHz Beacons – automated transmissions Beacons – automated transmissions

used to tell if a band is open to and area used to tell if a band is open to and area of the world where the beacon is locatedof the world where the beacon is located

2222

HF BeaconsHF Beacons

2323

BeaconsBeacons

Other beacons besides those shownOther beacons besides those shown Numerous beacons on 10 and 6 Numerous beacons on 10 and 6

metersmeters Also beacons on VHF and UHF bandsAlso beacons on VHF and UHF bands Beacons on satellitesBeacons on satellites

2424

Why Band Plans?Why Band Plans?

Keep compatible operations together to Keep compatible operations together to reduce interferencereduce interference

Voluntary, but strongly encouragedVoluntary, but strongly encouraged Determined by traditionDetermined by tradition Published by ARRL and othersPublished by ARRL and others FCC considers band plans “good practice”FCC considers band plans “good practice” Amateur service not restricted to channels Amateur service not restricted to channels

or spot assignments. Plans make senseor spot assignments. Plans make sense

2525

T2B01T2B01 What is the term used to What is the term used to describe an describe an amateur station amateur station that is transmitting and that is transmitting and receiving receiving on the same frequency?on the same frequency?

A.A. Full duplex communicationFull duplex communication

B.B. Diplex communicationDiplex communication

C.C. Simplex communicationSimplex communication

D.D. Half duplex communicationHalf duplex communication

2626

MAKING CONTACTSMAKING CONTACTS

Repeater ContactsRepeater Contacts Listening Most ImportantListening Most Important SSB, CW and Digital ContactsSSB, CW and Digital Contacts Taking Turns and Breaking inTaking Turns and Breaking in Simplex ChannelsSimplex Channels

2727

Using RepeatersUsing Repeaters

Finding RepeatersFinding Repeaters Repeater Offset or ShiftRepeater Offset or Shift Repeater Access tonesRepeater Access tones Accessing a RepeaterAccessing a Repeater ID and Control TopicsID and Control Topics Repeater SystemsRepeater Systems AutopatchAutopatch Open, special us and private repeatersOpen, special us and private repeaters Digital RepeatersDigital Repeaters

2828

Finding RepeatersFinding Repeaters

DirectoriesDirectories ARRL Web SiteARRL Web Site Local Club ListingsLocal Club Listings Other local amateursOther local amateurs Internet searchesInternet searches Scan band and listenScan band and listen

2929

Repeater Offset or ShiftRepeater Offset or Shift

10 Meters -100 KHz10 Meters -100 KHz 6 Meters Varies –500 kHz –1Mhz –6 Meters Varies –500 kHz –1Mhz –

1.7MHz1.7MHz 2 Meters + or – 600 kHz2 Meters + or – 600 kHz 1.25 Meters -1.6MHz1.25 Meters -1.6MHz 70cm + or – 5 MHz70cm + or – 5 MHz 902 MHz 12 MHz902 MHz 12 MHz 1296 MHz 12 MHz1296 MHz 12 MHz

3030

Repeater Access TonesRepeater Access Tones

Continuous Tone Coded Squelch Continuous Tone Coded Squelch System (CTCSS) aka PL (Private System (CTCSS) aka PL (Private Line) or Privacy CodesLine) or Privacy Codes

Newer Technology Digitally Coded Newer Technology Digitally Coded Squelch (DCS)Squelch (DCS)

3131

Typical CTCSS TonesTypical CTCSS Tones

3232

Accessing A RepeaterAccessing A Repeater

Radios differ between brands and Radios differ between brands and modelsmodels

Select FrequencySelect Frequency Normally Repeater referenced by its Normally Repeater referenced by its

OUTPUT frequency that you listen onOUTPUT frequency that you listen on Set offset if necessarySet offset if necessary Set in correct CTCSS tone if requiredSet in correct CTCSS tone if required Set for ENC (Encode if necessary)Set for ENC (Encode if necessary) Press to talkPress to talk

3333

ID and Control TopicsID and Control Topics

Time OutTime Out Courtesy ToneCourtesy Tone AutopatchAutopatch TimeTime WeatherWeather Other control operator functionsOther control operator functions

3434

Repeater SystemsRepeater Systems

Control linksControl links Multiple receiversMultiple receivers Auxiliary stationsAuxiliary stations Networks and SystemsNetworks and Systems

3535

Evergreen Intertie & KBARAEvergreen Intertie & KBARA

3636

AutopatchAutopatch

Automatic Phone PatchAutomatic Phone Patch Repeater connected to phone lineRepeater connected to phone line Activated by DTMF tone codeActivated by DTMF tone code User hears Dial ToneUser hears Dial Tone User can then dial phone callUser can then dial phone call Not as popular since cell phones Not as popular since cell phones Some repeaters with autopatch in Some repeaters with autopatch in

areas that do not have good cell areas that do not have good cell coveragecoverage

3737

Open, Special use & PrivateOpen, Special use & Private

Closed - not available for public useClosed - not available for public use Open – Available for public useOpen – Available for public use Special Use – Emergency Use etc.Special Use – Emergency Use etc.

3838

Digital Repeater SystemsDigital Repeater Systems

Ham Radio and Internet Ham Radio and Internet complementarycomplementary

IRLP -Internet Radio Linking ProjectIRLP -Internet Radio Linking Project EcholinkEcholink WIRES II – proprietary Yaesu systemWIRES II – proprietary Yaesu system D-Star based on public D-STAR D-Star based on public D-STAR

StandardStandard

3939

Digital Repeater SystemsDigital Repeater Systems

Ham Radio and Internet Ham Radio and Internet complementarycomplementary

IRLP -Internet Radio Linking ProjectIRLP -Internet Radio Linking Project EcholinkEcholink WIRES II – proprietary Yaesu systemWIRES II – proprietary Yaesu system D-Star based on public D-STAR D-Star based on public D-STAR

StandardStandard

4040

Digital Repeater relatedDigital Repeater related

ILRP & Echo Link most commonILRP & Echo Link most common Must know ON code for your repeaterMust know ON code for your repeater Must know code for distant repeaterMust know code for distant repeater Entering both codes connects you to Entering both codes connects you to

distant repeaterdistant repeater

4141

T1A11T1A11 Which of the following stations Which of the following stations transmits signals over the air from a transmits signals over the air from a remote receive site to a repeater for remote receive site to a repeater for retransmission?retransmission?

A.A. Beacon stationBeacon station

B.B. Relay stationRelay station

C.C. Auxiliary stationAuxiliary station

D.D. Message forwarding stationMessage forwarding station

4242

T2A01 T2A01 What is the most common What is the most common repeater repeater frequency offset frequency offset

in the 2 meter band?in the 2 meter band?

A.A. Plus 500 kHzPlus 500 kHz

B.B. Plus or minus 600 kHzPlus or minus 600 kHz

C.C. Minus 500 kHzMinus 500 kHz

D.D. Only plus 600 kHzOnly plus 600 kHz

4343

T2A03T2A03 What is a common repeater What is a common repeater frequency frequency offset in the 70 cm offset in the 70 cm band?band?

A.A. Plus or minus 5 MHzPlus or minus 5 MHz

B.B. Plus or minus 600 kHzPlus or minus 600 kHz

C.C. Minus 600 kHzMinus 600 kHz

D.D. Plus 600 kHzPlus 600 kHz

4444

T2B02T2B02 What is the term used to describe What is the term used to describe the use of a the use of a sub-audible tone sub-audible tone transmitted with normal transmitted with normal voice voice audio to open the squelch of a receiver?audio to open the squelch of a receiver?

A.A. Carrier squelchCarrier squelch

B.B. Tone burstTone burst

C.C. DTMFDTMF

D.D. CTCSSCTCSS

4545

T2B04T2B04 Which of the following common problems Which of the following common problems might cause you to be able to hear but not access a might cause you to be able to hear but not access a repeater even repeater even when transmitting with the proper when transmitting with the proper offset?offset?

A.A. The repeater receiver requires audio The repeater receiver requires audio tone burst for accesstone burst for access

B.B. The repeater receiver requires a CTCSS The repeater receiver requires a CTCSS tone for accesstone for access

C.C. The repeater receiver may require a DCS The repeater receiver may require a DCS tone sequence for accesstone sequence for access

D.D. All of these choices are correctAll of these choices are correct

4646

T4B11T4B11 Which of the following describes the Which of the following describes the common common meaning of the term “repeater meaning of the term “repeater offset”?offset”?

A.A. The distance between the repeater’s The distance between the repeater’s transmit and receive antennastransmit and receive antennas

B.B. The time delay before the repeater The time delay before the repeater timer resetstimer resets

C.C. The difference between the repeater’s The difference between the repeater’s transmit and receive frequenciestransmit and receive frequencies

D.D. The maximum frequency deviation The maximum frequency deviation permitted on the repeater’s input signalpermitted on the repeater’s input signal

4747

T8C09T8C09 How might you obtain a list of How might you obtain a list of active nodes active nodes that use VoIP?that use VoIP?

A.A. From the FCC RulebookFrom the FCC Rulebook

B.B. From your local emergency coordinatorFrom your local emergency coordinator

C.C. From a repeater directoryFrom a repeater directory

D.D. From the local repeater frequency From the local repeater frequency coordinatorcoordinator

4848

T8C10T8C10 How do you select a specific IRLP How do you select a specific IRLP node node when using a portable when using a portable transceiver?transceiver?

A.A. Choose a specific CTCSS toneChoose a specific CTCSS tone

B.B. Choose the correct DSC toneChoose the correct DSC tone

C.C. Access the repeater autopatchAccess the repeater autopatch

D.D. Use the keypad to transmit the IRLP Use the keypad to transmit the IRLP node IDnode ID

4949

NETSNETS

TYPES – Social, Traffic, Emergency and TYPES – Social, Traffic, Emergency and Public ServicePublic Service

Net Structure & ParticipationNet Structure & Participation• NTS National Traffic SystemNTS National Traffic System• OtherOther

Emergency or Priority Traffic can always be Emergency or Priority Traffic can always be sent. Break into net by saying Emergency sent. Break into net by saying Emergency or Priorityor Priority

Emergency NetsEmergency Nets

5050

Traffic HandlingTraffic Handling

Most important job during Most important job during emergencies and disastersemergencies and disasters

Radiogram has three partsRadiogram has three parts• Preamble (including Address)Preamble (including Address)• Body (Text)Body (Text)• SignatureSignature

5151

ARRL RadiogramARRL Radiogram

5252

ARRL RadiogramARRL Radiogram

Preable or Header uniquely identifiesPreable or Header uniquely identifies

Number, Precedence Handling Number, Precedence Handling Instructions, Station of Origin, Check, Instructions, Station of Origin, Check, Place of Origin, Date and Time & Place of Origin, Date and Time & AddressAddress

Check – count of words in textCheck – count of words in text

Check does not include signatureCheck does not include signature

Check is text from BT to BTCheck is text from BT to BT

5353

Finding NetsFinding Nets

ARRL Web Site Net DirectoryARRL Web Site Net Directory Local radio clubs and net directoriesLocal radio clubs and net directories Other hamsOther hams

5454

T2C06T2C06 Which of the following is common practice Which of the following is common practice during net during net operations to get the immediate operations to get the immediate attention of the net attention of the net control station when control station when reporting an emergency?reporting an emergency?

A.A. Repeat the words SOS three times followed Repeat the words SOS three times followed by the call sign of the reporting stationby the call sign of the reporting station

B.B. Press the push-to-talk button three timesPress the push-to-talk button three times

C.C. Begin your transmission with “Priority” or Begin your transmission with “Priority” or “Emergency” followed by your call sign“Emergency” followed by your call sign

D.D. Play a pre-recorded emergency alert tone Play a pre-recorded emergency alert tone followed by your call signfollowed by your call sign

5555

T2C07T2C07 What should you do to minimize What should you do to minimize disruptions to an disruptions to an

emergency traffic net emergency traffic net once you once you have checked in?have checked in?

A.A. Whenever the net frequency is quiet, Whenever the net frequency is quiet, announce your call sign and locationannounce your call sign and location

B.B. Move 5 kHz away from the net's frequency Move 5 kHz away from the net's frequency and use high power to ask other hams to and use high power to ask other hams to keep clear of the net frequencykeep clear of the net frequency

C.C. Do not transmit on the net frequency until Do not transmit on the net frequency until asked to do so by the net control stationasked to do so by the net control station

D.D. Wait until the net frequency is quiet, then Wait until the net frequency is quiet, then ask for any emergency traffic for your area ask for any emergency traffic for your area

5656

T2C08T2C08 What is usually considered to be the What is usually considered to be the most most important job of an important job of an amateur operator when amateur operator when handling handling emergency traffic messages?emergency traffic messages?

A.A. Passing messages exactly as written, Passing messages exactly as written, spoken or as receivedspoken or as received

B.B. Estimating the number of people affected Estimating the number of people affected by the disasterby the disaster

C.C. Communicating messages to the news Communicating messages to the news media for broadcast outside the disaster media for broadcast outside the disaster areaarea

D.D. Broadcasting emergency information to the Broadcasting emergency information to the general publicgeneral public

5757

T2C10T2C10 What is the preamble in a What is the preamble in a formal formal traffic message?traffic message?

A.A. The first paragraph of the message textThe first paragraph of the message text

B.B. The message numberThe message number

C.C. The priority handling indicator for the The priority handling indicator for the messagemessage

D.D. The information needed to track the The information needed to track the message as it passes through the message as it passes through the amateur radio traffic handling systemamateur radio traffic handling system

5858

T2C11T2C11 What is meant by the term What is meant by the term "check" in "check" in reference to a formal reference to a formal traffic message?traffic message?

A.A. The check is a count of the number of The check is a count of the number of words or word equivalents in the text words or word equivalents in the text portion of the messageportion of the message

B.B. The check is the value of a money order The check is the value of a money order attached to the messageattached to the message

C.C. The check is a list of stations that have The check is a list of stations that have relayed the messagerelayed the message

D.D. The check is a box on the message form The check is a box on the message form that tells you the message was receivedthat tells you the message was received

5959

EMERGENCY COMMSEMERGENCY COMMS

Operating under emergency Operating under emergency conditionsconditions

EMCOMM and your employerEMCOMM and your employer Emergency DeclarationsEmergency Declarations Threats to Life and PropertyThreats to Life and Property Distress CallsDistress Calls Public Service CommunicationsPublic Service Communications Tactical CommunicationsTactical Communications ARES and RACESARES and RACES

6060

Emergency CommunicationsEmergency Communications

Emergency Communications TrainingEmergency Communications Training• You are of limited use in an emergency without You are of limited use in an emergency without

trainingtraining• Assist but don’t be part of the problemAssist but don’t be part of the problem• Maintain your safetyMaintain your safety• Maintain radio disciplineMaintain radio discipline• Never speculate or guessNever speculate or guess• Protect personal informationProtect personal information• Don’t give out personal informationDon’t give out personal information• News reports are not considered emergency News reports are not considered emergency

traffic traffic

6161

EMCOM and your EmployerEMCOM and your Employer

““No amateur shall transmit…No amateur shall transmit…Communications in which the station Communications in which the station licensee or control operator has a licensee or control operator has a pecuniary interested, including pecuniary interested, including communications on behalf of an communications on behalf of an employer.”employer.”

6262

Emergency DrillsEmergency Drills

Participating in training exercises Participating in training exercises and drills organized by your and drills organized by your employer is allowed if two conditions employer is allowed if two conditions are met: The drill must be are met: The drill must be government-sponsored and your government-sponsored and your employer is a government agency employer is a government agency that has obtained a written waiver that has obtained a written waiver for the exercise from the FCCfor the exercise from the FCC

6363

Two exceptions for paymentTwo exceptions for payment

Teachers that use ham radio as part of Teachers that use ham radio as part of their instructiontheir instruction

Operators employed to operate a club Operators employed to operate a club station that transmits bulletins and code station that transmits bulletins and code practice at least 40 hours per week on at practice at least 40 hours per week on at least six amateur bandsleast six amateur bands

Note some companies may allow a ham Note some companies may allow a ham station. Use is okay if not on behalf of your station. Use is okay if not on behalf of your employeremployer

6464

Emergency DeclarationsEmergency Declarations

FCC may make a declaration in the FCC may make a declaration in the event of a serious emergency or event of a serious emergency or disasterdisaster

Usually designates special Usually designates special frequenciesfrequencies• This is the only exception to no one This is the only exception to no one

owns the frequency ruleowns the frequency rule FCC could shut everything downFCC could shut everything down

6565

Threats to Live and PropertyThreats to Live and Property

““No provision of these rules prevents No provision of these rules prevents the use of an amateur station of any the use of an amateur station of any means of radio communication at its means of radio communication at its disposal to provide essential disposal to provide essential communications needs in connection communications needs in connection with the immediate safety of human with the immediate safety of human live and immediate protection of live and immediate protection of property when normal property when normal communications are not available”communications are not available”

6666

Distress CallsDistress Calls

Voice Mayday Mayday MaydayVoice Mayday Mayday Mayday CWCW SOS SOS SOSSOS SOS SOS Origin of MaydayOrigin of Mayday Always identify with your callAlways identify with your call Give location in sufficient detailGive location in sufficient detail State nature of emergencyState nature of emergency Describe type of assistance requiredDescribe type of assistance required Give other pertinent informationGive other pertinent information

6767

Public ServicePublic Service

Avoid providing communications when Avoid providing communications when there is no benefit to the public such there is no benefit to the public such as a private eventas a private event

Cannot be paid for services or charage Cannot be paid for services or charage an hourly rate etcan hourly rate etc

Cannot trade services for something Cannot trade services for something else value to you or your organizationelse value to you or your organization

Can be reimbursed for pocket Can be reimbursed for pocket expenses, to include mileageexpenses, to include mileage

6868

Tactical Operations/CallsignsTactical Operations/Callsigns

Perfectly LegalPerfectly Legal Handy for long term operations when Handy for long term operations when

operators are changingoperators are changing Examples: Command Center, Station Examples: Command Center, Station

Five, Medical Tent, Net Control, Mobile Five, Medical Tent, Net Control, Mobile ThreeThree

Still must identify every 10 minutes and Still must identify every 10 minutes and at the end of the communicationsat the end of the communications

6969

T2C01T2C01 What set of rules applies to proper What set of rules applies to proper operation operation of your station when using of your station when using amateur radio at amateur radio at the request of the request of public service officials?public service officials?

A.A. RACES RulesRACES Rules

B.B. ARES RulesARES Rules

C.C. FCC RulesFCC Rules

D.D. FEMA RulesFEMA Rules

7070

T2C04T2C04 What do RACES and ARES have What do RACES and ARES have in in common?common?

A.A. They represent the two largest ham They represent the two largest ham clubs in the United Statesclubs in the United States

B.B. Both organizations broadcast road and Both organizations broadcast road and weather traffic informationweather traffic information

C.C. Neither may handle emergency traffic Neither may handle emergency traffic supporting public service agenciessupporting public service agencies

D.D. Both organizations may provide Both organizations may provide communications during emergenciescommunications during emergencies

7171

T2C05T2C05 What is the Radio Amateur What is the Radio Amateur Civil Civil Emergency Service?Emergency Service?

A.A. An emergency radio service organized by An emergency radio service organized by amateur operatorsamateur operators

B.B. A radio service using amateur stations A radio service using amateur stations for emergency management or civil for emergency management or civil defense communicationsdefense communications

C.C. A radio service organized to provide A radio service organized to provide communications at civic eventscommunications at civic events

D.D. A radio service organized by amateur A radio service organized by amateur operators to assist non-military personsoperators to assist non-military persons

7272

T2C09T2C09 When may an amateur station use any means of radio When may an amateur station use any means of radio

communications at its disposal for essential communications in connection with communications at its disposal for essential communications in connection with immediate safety of human life and protection of property?immediate safety of human life and protection of property?

A.A. Only when FEMA authorizes it by Only when FEMA authorizes it by declaring an emergencydeclaring an emergency

B.B. When normal communications systems When normal communications systems are not availableare not available

C.C. Only when RACES authorizes it by Only when RACES authorizes it by declaring an emergencydeclaring an emergency

D.D. Only when authorized by the local MARS Only when authorized by the local MARS program directorprogram director

7373

Special Activities Modes and Special Activities Modes and TechniquesTechniques

Dxing, Awards & ContestingDxing, Awards & Contesting Special EventsSpecial Events SatellitesSatellites Special ModesSpecial Modes Fox HuntingFox Hunting

7474

Dxing, Awards, ContestingDxing, Awards, Contesting

DXing Contacting as many foreign DXing Contacting as many foreign countries as possible (300 plus countries)countries as possible (300 plus countries)

IOTA (Islands On The AirIOTA (Islands On The Air Working all states and countiesWorking all states and counties Doing above using power restrictions or on Doing above using power restrictions or on

a single band or one type of modea single band or one type of mode Usually Certificates and published Usually Certificates and published

recognition for achievements Dxing, recognition for achievements Dxing, Awards, Contesting Dxing, Awards, Awards, Contesting Dxing, Awards, ContestingContesting

7575

Dxing, Awards, ContestingDxing, Awards, Contesting

Hundreds or thousands of contests Hundreds or thousands of contests yearlyyearly

DX ContestsDX Contests Field DayField Day SweepstakesSweepstakes VHFVHF State QSO PartiesState QSO Parties

7676

T8C:T8C: Operating activities; radio directing finding, radio control, contests, Operating activities; radio directing finding, radio control, contests,

special special event stations, basic linking over Internetevent stations, basic linking over Internet

T8C4T8C4 A good procedure when contacting another station in a A good procedure when contacting another station in a radio contest is to send only the minimum information needed radio contest is to send only the minimum information needed for proper identification and the contest exchange.for proper identification and the contest exchange.

Chit chat is great for normal QSO’s, but not for contests.

Contesting needs your call sign and info for contest only.

7777



• T8C5T8C5 A grid locator is a letter-number designator A grid locator is a letter-number designator assigned to a geographic location.assigned to a geographic location.

7878

Special EventsSpecial Events

Thousands world wide each yearThousands world wide each year

Usually commemorate or celebrate Usually commemorate or celebrate an event an event

Historical events, light houses, ships Historical events, light houses, ships (Queen Mary or battleship) etc(Queen Mary or battleship) etc

7979



• T8C6T8C6 The purpose of a temporary "1 by 1" format (letter-number- The purpose of a temporary "1 by 1" format (letter-number-letter) assigned call sign is for operations in conjunction with an letter) assigned call sign is for operations in conjunction with an activity of special significance to the amateur community.activity of special significance to the amateur community.

• W5PW5P N3GN3G W9IW9I• T8C7T8C7 The maximum power allowed when transmitting The maximum power allowed when transmitting

telecommand signals to radio controlled models is 1 watt.telecommand signals to radio controlled models is 1 watt. Telecommand signals are unidentified commands permitted by Telecommand signals are unidentified commands permitted by

rulerule..

Hams can use frequencies on the 6-Meter Band to radio control a model aircraft.

8080



• T8C3T8C3 Contesting is a popular operating activity that involves Contesting is a popular operating activity that involves contacting as many stations as possible during a specified period contacting as many stations as possible during a specified period of time. of time.

Field Day Every June Enjoyed By Hams the World Over

818181



• T8C1T8C1 Radio direction finding methods are used to locate Radio direction finding methods are used to locate sources of noise interference or jamming.sources of noise interference or jamming.

2-element Yagi DF Antenna

3-element Quad DF Antenna

828282

T8C:T8C: Fox Hunting (Hidden Transmitter Hunt)Fox Hunting (Hidden Transmitter Hunt)

T8C2T8C2 A directional antenna would be useful for a hidden A directional antenna would be useful for a hidden transmitter hunt.transmitter hunt.

Hidden Transmitter Hunts are called Fox Hunting All ages participate in a Fox Hunt

8383

T7A09T7A09 Which of the following devices is Which of the following devices is most most useful for VHF weak-signal useful for VHF weak-signal

communication?communication?

A.A. A quarter-wave vertical antennaA quarter-wave vertical antenna

B.B. A multi-mode VHF transceiverA multi-mode VHF transceiver

C.C. An omni-directional antennaAn omni-directional antenna

D.D. A mobile VHF FM transceiverA mobile VHF FM transceiver

8484

T8C01T8C01 Which of the following methods Which of the following methods is used is used to locate sources of noise to locate sources of noise interference interference or jamming?or jamming?

A.A. EcholocationEcholocation

B.B. Doppler radarDoppler radar

C.C. Radio direction findingRadio direction finding

D.D. Phase lockingPhase locking

8585

T8C02T8C02 Which of these items would be Which of these items would be useful for a useful for a hidden transmitter hunt?hidden transmitter hunt?

A.A. Calibrated SWR meterCalibrated SWR meter

B.B. A directional antennaA directional antenna

C.C. A calibrated noise bridgeA calibrated noise bridge


8686

T8C03T8C03 What popular operating activity What popular operating activity involves involves contacting as many stations contacting as many stations as possible as possible during a specified period during a specified period of time?of time?

A.A. ContestingContesting

B.B. Net operationsNet operations

C.C. Public service eventsPublic service events

D.D. Simulated emergency exercisesSimulated emergency exercises

8787

T8C04T8C04 Which of the following is good Which of the following is good procedure when contacting procedure when contacting

another another station in a radio station in a radio contest?contest?

A.A. Be sure to sign only the last two letters Be sure to sign only the last two letters of your call if there is a pileup calling of your call if there is a pileup calling the stationthe station

B.B. Work the station twice to be sure that Work the station twice to be sure that you are in his logyou are in his log

C.C. Send only the minimum information Send only the minimum information needed for proper identification and the needed for proper identification and the contest exchangecontest exchange


8888

Satellites and Space StationSatellites and Space Station

OSCAR – Orbiting Satellite Carrying OSCAR – Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur RadioAmateur Radio

Communications possible between Communications possible between two stations that are in LOS of two stations that are in LOS of satellitesatellite

Legal to use satellites as long as Legal to use satellites as long as UPLINK frequency is permissible for UPLINK frequency is permissible for user’s class of licenseuser’s class of license

8989

Satellite TermsSatellite Terms

ApogeeApogee

BeaconBeacon

Doppoler shiftDoppoler shift

Keplerian elementsKeplerian elements

LEO (Low Earth LEO (Low Earth Orbit)Orbit)

Elliptical orbitElliptical orbit

Spin fadingSpin fading

PacsaPacsa

9090

T8B:T8B: Amateur satellite operation; Doppler shift, basic orbits, operating Amateur satellite operation; Doppler shift, basic orbits, operating

protocols.protocols.

• T8B1T8B1 Any amateur whose license privileges allow them to Any amateur whose license privileges allow them to transmit on the satellite uplink frequency may be the control transmit on the satellite uplink frequency may be the control operator of a station communicating through an amateur operator of a station communicating through an amateur satellite or space station.satellite or space station.

• T8B2T8B2 The minimum amount of power needed to complete the The minimum amount of power needed to complete the contact is how much transmitter power should be used on the contact is how much transmitter power should be used on the uplink frequency of an amateur satellite or space station.uplink frequency of an amateur satellite or space station.

• Just a repeat of previous mention about amount of power Just a repeat of previous mention about amount of power outputoutput

To work satellites with your handheld, buy a small directional antenna for your satellite radio. You probably won’t hear much with your rubber duck antenna.

9191



T8B3 T8B3 Talking to amateur radio operators in other Talking to amateur radio operators in other countries can be done using an amateur radio satellite.countries can be done using an amateur radio satellite.

T8B4T8B4 Any amateur holding a Technician or higher class Any amateur holding a Technician or higher class license may make contact with an amateur station on license may make contact with an amateur station on the International Space Station using 2-meter and 70 cm the International Space Station using 2-meter and 70 cm band amateur radio frequencies.band amateur radio frequencies.

International Space Station has a big ham station on board.

Many Astronaults are licensed radio

amateurs.

The International Space Station downlink, FM

is 145.800 MHz. Use an HT to listen when it’s

passing over you.

9292



T8B5 T8B5 A satellite beacon is a transmission from a space A satellite beacon is a transmission from a space station that contains information about a satellite.station that contains information about a satellite.

T8B6T8B6 A satellite tracking program can be used to A satellite tracking program can be used to determine the time period during which an amateur determine the time period during which an amateur satellite or space station can be accessed.satellite or space station can be accessed.

Computer programs and websites can show you where and when an amateur satellite or the Space Station will be in range of your ham station.

9393

T8B:T8B: Amateur satellite operation; Doppler shift, basic orbits, Amateur satellite operation; Doppler shift, basic orbits,

operating protocols.operating protocols.

• T8B7T8B7 With regards to satellite communications Doppler shift is a With regards to satellite communications Doppler shift is a change in signal frequency caused by relative motion between change in signal frequency caused by relative motion between the satellite and the earth station.the satellite and the earth station.

• T8B8T8B8 The statement that a satellite is operating in "mode U/V" The statement that a satellite is operating in "mode U/V" means that the satellite uplink is in the 70 cm band and the means that the satellite uplink is in the 70 cm band and the downlink is in the 2 meter band.downlink is in the 2 meter band.

Frequency Bands Frequency Range ModesHigh Frequency 21 - 30 MHz Mode HVHF 144 - 146 MHz Mode VUHF 435 - 438 MHz Mode UL band 1.26 - 1.27 GHz Mode LS band 2.4 - 2.45 GHz Mode SC band 5.8 GHz Mode CX band 10.4 GHz Mode XK band 24 Ghz Mode K

Doppler Effect

949494



• T8B9T8B9 Rotation of the satellite and its antennas causes "spin Rotation of the satellite and its antennas causes "spin fading" when referring to satellite signals.fading" when referring to satellite signals.

• Rotation in space makes the signals fade in and out.Rotation in space makes the signals fade in and out.• This rotation keeps solar panels from overheating.This rotation keeps solar panels from overheating.

Tracking and communicating through amateur satellites can be

done with a cross-polarized satellite antenna

9595



• T8B10T8B10 The initials LEO tell you an amateur satellite is in a The initials LEO tell you an amateur satellite is in a LLow ow EEarth arth OOrbit.rbit.

• T8B11T8B11 A commonly used method of sending signals to and A commonly used method of sending signals to and from a digital satellite is FM Packet.from a digital satellite is FM Packet.

• FM packet a very popular digital communications systemFM packet a very popular digital communications system• Packets usually stored and forwarded, via satellite or space stationPackets usually stored and forwarded, via satellite or space station

Orbiting Satellites

9696

T8B01T8B01 Who may be the control operator Who may be the control operator of a of a station communicating station communicating through an amateur through an amateur satellite or satellite or space station?space station?

A.A. Only an Amateur Extra Class operatorOnly an Amateur Extra Class operator

B.B. A General Class licensee or higher A General Class licensee or higher licensee who has a satellite operator licensee who has a satellite operator certificationcertification

C.C. Only an Amateur Extra Class operator Only an Amateur Extra Class operator who is also an AMSAT memberwho is also an AMSAT member

D.D. Any amateur whose license privileges Any amateur whose license privileges allow them to transmit on the satellite allow them to transmit on the satellite uplink frequencyuplink frequency

9797

T8B02T8B02 How much transmitter power How much transmitter power should be should be used on the uplink used on the uplink frequency of an amateur frequency of an amateur satellite or satellite or space station?space station?

A.A. The maximum power of your The maximum power of your transmittertransmitter

B.B. The minimum amount of power The minimum amount of power needed to complete the contactneeded to complete the contact

C.C. No more than half the rating of your No more than half the rating of your linear amplifierlinear amplifier

D.D. Never more than 1 wattNever more than 1 watt

9898

T8B03T8B03 Which of the following can be Which of the following can be done using done using an amateur radio an amateur radio satellite?satellite?

A.A. Talk to amateur radio operators in Talk to amateur radio operators in other countriesother countries

B.B. Get global positioning informationGet global positioning information

C.C. Make telephone callsMake telephone calls


9999

T8B04T8B04 Which amateur stations may make contact Which amateur stations may make contact with an with an amateur station on the International amateur station on the International Space Station Space Station using 2 meter and 70 cm using 2 meter and 70 cm ban amateur radio frequencies?ban amateur radio frequencies?

A.A. Only members of amateur radio clubs at Only members of amateur radio clubs at NASA facilitiesNASA facilities

B.B. Any amateur holding a Technician or Any amateur holding a Technician or higher class licensehigher class license

C.C. Only the astronaut's family members Only the astronaut's family members who are hamswho are hams

D.D. You cannot talk to the ISS on amateur You cannot talk to the ISS on amateur radio frequenciesradio frequencies

100100

T8B05T8B05 What is a satellite beacon?What is a satellite beacon?

A.A. The primary transmit antenna on the The primary transmit antenna on the satellitesatellite

B.B. An indicator light that that shows An indicator light that that shows where to point your antennawhere to point your antenna

C.C. A reflective surface on the satelliteA reflective surface on the satellite

D.D. A transmission from a space station A transmission from a space station that contains information about a that contains information about a satellitesatellite

101101

T8B06T8B06 What can be used to determine What can be used to determine the time the time period during which an period during which an amateur satellite or amateur satellite or space station space station can be accessed?can be accessed?

A.A. A GPS receiverA GPS receiver

B.B. A field strength meterA field strength meter

C.C. A telescopeA telescope

D.D. A satellite tracking programA satellite tracking program

102102

T8B07T8B07 With regard to satellite With regard to satellite communications, communications, what is Doppler what is Doppler

shift?shift?A.A. A change in the satellite orbitA change in the satellite orbitB.B. A mode where the satellite receives signals A mode where the satellite receives signals

on one band and transmits on anotheron one band and transmits on anotherC.C. An observed change in signal frequency An observed change in signal frequency

caused by relative motion between the caused by relative motion between the satellite and the earth station.satellite and the earth station.

D.D. A special digital communications mode for A special digital communications mode for some satellitessome satellites

103103

T8B08T8B08 What is meant by the statement What is meant by the statement that a that a satellite is operating in "mode satellite is operating in "mode U/V"?U/V"?

A.A. The satellite uplink is in the 15 meter band The satellite uplink is in the 15 meter band and the downlink is in the 10 meter bandand the downlink is in the 10 meter band

B.B. The satellite uplink is in the 70 cm band The satellite uplink is in the 70 cm band and the downlink is in the 2 meter bandand the downlink is in the 2 meter band

C.C. The satellite operates using ultraviolet The satellite operates using ultraviolet frequenciesfrequencies

D.D. The satellite frequencies are usually The satellite frequencies are usually variablevariable

104104

T8B09T8B09 What causes "spin fading" when What causes "spin fading" when referring referring to satellite signals?to satellite signals?

A.A. Circular polarized noise interference Circular polarized noise interference radiated from the sun radiated from the sun

B.B. Rotation of the satellite and its Rotation of the satellite and its antennasantennas

C.C. Doppler shift of the received signalDoppler shift of the received signal

D.D. Interfering signals within the satellite Interfering signals within the satellite uplink band uplink band

105105

T8B10T8B10 What do the initials LEO tell you What do the initials LEO tell you about an about an amateur satellite?amateur satellite?

A.A. The satellite battery is in Low The satellite battery is in Low Energy Operation modeEnergy Operation mode

B.B. The satellite is performing a Lunar The satellite is performing a Lunar Ejection Orbit maneuverEjection Orbit maneuver

C.C. The satellite is in a Low Earth OrbitThe satellite is in a Low Earth Orbit

D.D. The satellite uses Light Emitting The satellite uses Light Emitting OpticsOptics

106106

T8B11T8B11 What is a commonly used method of What is a commonly used method of sending signals to and from a sending signals to and from a

digital satellite?digital satellite?A.A. USB AFSKUSB AFSK

B.B. PSK31PSK31

C.C. FM PacketFM Packet

D.D. WSJTWSJT

107107

Special ModesSpecial Modes

VideoVideo

Meteor Scatter and MoonbounceMeteor Scatter and Moonbounce

Radio ControlRadio Control

108108

VideoVideo

Slow Scan (SSTV)Slow Scan (SSTV)• Invented by AmateursInvented by Amateurs• Fits in a single voice channel on HFFits in a single voice channel on HF• Frame every 10 SecondsFrame every 10 Seconds

ATV Fast Scan NTSCATV Fast Scan NTSC• Same as analog TV (not new digital Same as analog TV (not new digital

HDTV)HDTV)• 6 MHz wide sound is FM and video is VSB6 MHz wide sound is FM and video is VSB• NTSC was US standard TV broadcastNTSC was US standard TV broadcast• Useable 70 cm and higher frequenciesUseable 70 cm and higher frequencies

109109

T8D:T8D: Non-voice communications; image data, digital modes CW, Non-voice communications; image data, digital modes CW,

packet, PSK31packet, PSK31

• T8D4T8D4 The type of transmission indicated by the term The type of transmission indicated by the term NTSC is an analog fast scan color TV signal.NTSC is an analog fast scan color TV signal.

When you’re ready, you can add the fun of ATV to your ham shack.

110110

Meteor ScatterMeteor Scatter

Touched on it in an earlier chapterTouched on it in an earlier chapter Always meteors entering atmosphereAlways meteors entering atmosphere Certain times of year – meteor showers Certain times of year – meteor showers

with sharp increase in meteorswith sharp increase in meteors Signals bounce off of brief ionized trailsSignals bounce off of brief ionized trails Short signalsShort signals Modes which repeat data bursts and re-Modes which repeat data bursts and re-

assemble received message very assemble received message very reliablereliable

111111

MoonbounceMoonbounce

MoonbounceMoonbounce• Very challengingVery challenging• Great distance and great signal lossGreat distance and great signal loss• New data modes HSMS and WSJT very New data modes HSMS and WSJT very

sensitive and allow keyboard to keyboard sensitive and allow keyboard to keyboard communications via moon bounce even communications via moon bounce even for modest antennas and power levelsfor modest antennas and power levels

• Must be able to point antenna right at Must be able to point antenna right at moonmoon

112112

Radio Control (RC)Radio Control (RC)

Models 27, 72 & 75 MHz channels for Models 27, 72 & 75 MHz channels for non-licensednon-licensed

Channels in 6 Meter Band (50 Mhz) Channels in 6 Meter Band (50 Mhz) for hams to usefor hams to use

One watt power limitationOne watt power limitation Do not have to identify on the air Do not have to identify on the air

BUT must have call sign, name and BUT must have call sign, name and address on the RC transmitteraddress on the RC transmitter

113113



• T8C8T8C8 It is required that a label indicating the licensee's It is required that a label indicating the licensee's name, call sign and address must be affixed to the name, call sign and address must be affixed to the transmitter in place of on-air station identification when transmitter in place of on-air station identification when sending signals to a radio control model using amateur sending signals to a radio control model using amateur frequencies.frequencies.

• Strange radio control signals can be heard using RC: Strange radio control signals can be heard using RC: 50.800 to 51.0 MHz and 53.1 to 53.9 MHz.50.800 to 51.0 MHz and 53.1 to 53.9 MHz.

Licensee’s call sign

50 MHz 54 MHz

52 MHz

6-Meter Wavelength Band Privileges

51 MHz 53.1 MHz 53.9 MHz

114114

Telecommand & TelemetryTelecommand & Telemetry

TelecommandTelecommand• One-way transmission to initiate, One-way transmission to initiate,

modify, or terminate functions of the modify, or terminate functions of the controlled devicecontrolled device

• Can be encryptedCan be encrypted

TelemetryTelemetry• One-way transmission that send One-way transmission that send

measurements, parameters, or status measurements, parameters, or status information from a device information from a device

115115

T1A06T1A06 What is the FCC Part 97 What is the FCC Part 97 definition of definition of telecommand?telecommand?

A.A. An instruction bulletin issued by the FCCAn instruction bulletin issued by the FCC

B.B. A one-way radio transmission of A one-way radio transmission of measurements at a distance from the measurements at a distance from the measuring instrumentmeasuring instrument

C.C. A one-way transmission to initiate, A one-way transmission to initiate, modify or terminate functions of a modify or terminate functions of a device at a distance device at a distance

D.D. An instruction from a VECAn instruction from a VEC

116116

T1A07T1A07 What is the FCC Part 97 What is the FCC Part 97 definition of definition of telemetry?telemetry?

A.A. An information bulletin issued by the FCCAn information bulletin issued by the FCC

B.B. A one-way transmission to initiate, modify A one-way transmission to initiate, modify or terminate functions of a device at a or terminate functions of a device at a distancedistance

C.C. A one-way transmission of measurements at A one-way transmission of measurements at a distance from the measuring instrumenta distance from the measuring instrument

D.D. An information bulletin from a VEC Congress An information bulletin from a VEC Congress of the United Statesof the United States

117117

T8C07T8C07 What is the maximum power What is the maximum power allowed when allowed when transmitting transmitting telecommand signals to radio telecommand signals to radio controlled models?controlled models?

A.A. 500 milliwatts500 milliwatts

B.B. 1 watt1 watt

C.C. 25 watts25 watts

D.D. 1500 watts1500 watts

118118

T8C08T8C08 What is required in place of on-air station What is required in place of on-air station identification when sending signals to a identification when sending signals to a radio control model using amateur radio control model using amateur

frequencies?frequencies?

A.A. Voice identification must be transmitted every Voice identification must be transmitted every 10 minutes10 minutes

B.B. Morse code ID must be sent once per hourMorse code ID must be sent once per hour

C.C. A label indicating the licensee's name, call sign A label indicating the licensee's name, call sign and address must be affixed to the transmitterand address must be affixed to the transmitter

D.D. A flag must be affixed to the transmitter A flag must be affixed to the transmitter antenna with the station call sign in 1 inch high antenna with the station call sign in 1 inch high letters or largerletters or larger

119119

T8D04T8D04 What type of transmission is What type of transmission is indicated by indicated by the term NTSC?the term NTSC?

A.A. A Normal Transmission mode in Static A Normal Transmission mode in Static CircuitCircuit

B.B. A special mode for earth satellite A special mode for earth satellite uplinkuplink

C.C. An analog fast scan color TV signalAn analog fast scan color TV signal

D.D. A frame compression scheme for TV A frame compression scheme for TV signalssignals

120120

Technician Licensing Class Chapter 6 Valid dates: July 1, 2010 – June 30, 2014 Communicating With Other Hams.

Documents

cw slide

qth slide

accomplishment slide

helpful slide

asked slide

air slide

log paper log

log fcc