Technical training Fungus and Fungicides PPT-Lankem

Fungus, FungicidesClassification& Activity

Krishan Motha B.Sc (hons) Sp

Technical Training by:

Fungus, FungicidesClassification& Activity

Fungus and Fungicide BasicsFungicide Mode of actionMobility in plantStrobilurine Fungicides & Cabrio TopInnovative fungicides in SL market & their features comparison

What is a Plant Disease?A disorder in

Structure or Physiological function in a plant

Photosynthesis Respiration Plant nutrition Plant hormone functions Photoperiodism & photomorphogenesis Environmental stress physiology Seed germination Dormancy Stomata function Transpiration………etc

What are plant Physiological functions?

Diseased PlantProduce specific symptoms or that affects a specific location

Entering living or non living pathogenic agents in to the host plant can cause diseases (except nutrient deficiencies)

What is a pathogen / Pathogenic agent?A living or unliving agent (infectious agent) that can cause a disease to the host

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What is Disease Triangle?

All three conditions should satisfy to cause the particular disease to the susceptible host

What is a Fungus? A group of unicellular, multicellular, or syncytial spore-

producing organisms feeding on organic matter due to that lack chlorophyll

Attack crops above & below soil surface

Spread by wind, rain, insects, birds, soil, machinery & contaminated seed

Including moulds, yeast, mushrooms, & toadstools

Life cycle known Pathogenic Fungi

Myxomycetes Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deutromycetes

Leaf Spots,Fruit spotsVascular

wilts.

Powdery Mildews, AlternariaSigatoka, Leaf Spots, Stem &

Twig Canker, Anthracnose, Fruit diseases, Post harvest

disease, Fussarium

Order : OomycetesPythium rot, Damping off,Root rot

Phytophthora Diseases Downy Mildews

club root rot of crucifers

The Rust, the Smut, Rizoctonia

Classification : Example Kingdom : Plantae Division : Phycomycetes Class: OomycetesOrder : Peronosporales Family : Peronosporaceae Genus : Phytophthora

Species : infestans

Fungi Classification

Plant Pathology

Heinrich Anton de Bary (1831 – 1888) known as “father of plant pathology” (German surgeon, botanist, microbiologist, & mycologist)

Proved plant diseases caused by fungi not by bad weather condition

Publishing the book “Research on the development of some parasitic fungi” – trial , inoculated spores of P. infestans on healthy potato

Plant pathology is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens & environmental conditions

History of Fungicides Seed wheat salvaged from the sea was free of

bunt. In the middle of 17th Century the first use of brining of grain with salt water followed by liming took place to control bunt in seed wheat

Tillet (1755) found, seed-borne fungi (Tilletia tritici, T. laevis) caused bunt of wheat & could be controlled by seed treatments of lime, or lime and salt

History of Fungicides

Year Fungicide Primary Use1637 Brine Cereal seed treatment1755 Arsenic Cereal seed treatment1760 Copper sulfate Cereal seed treatment1824 Sulfur (dust) Powdery mildew and other pathogens

1833 Lime + sulfur Broad spectrum foliar pathogens1885 Bordeaux mixture Broad spectrum foliar pathogens1891 Mercury chloride Turf fungicide1900 CuOCl2 Especially Phytophthora infestans1914 Phenylmercury chloride Cereal seed treatment

1932 Cu2OSeed and broad spectrum foliar diseases

1934 Dithiocarbamates patented Broad spectrum protectants

1940 Chloranil, Dichlone Broad spectrum seed treatment

Overview of Fungicide Development and Usage

Fungicide Classification

1.Mobility within plants- distribution

2.By chemical group – chemical structure

3.By MOA – site of action

Classification by mobilityContact FungicidesAdsorbed to the leaf surfacesProtective/preventive fungicides must

applied before spores germinateFungicides include Chlorothalonil,

Propineb, Maneb, Metiram, Mancozeb, KHCO3

Systemic Fungicides Absorbed into plants Mobile in the plant upward & downward via

xylem & phloem New chemistries;

Strobilurins – Cabrio, Amista, NativoTriazoles- Tilt, Folicor, Razer…etcBensamidoles- TopsinPhenylamides- RidolCarbamates- PrevicorCAA- Acrobat

Fungicide categories

Protectant Systemic

Penetrant

Translamina movement / semi systemic

Contact vs Systemic FungicidesContact/

ProtectantSystemic

Adsorbed AbsorbedImmobile MobilePreventive Preventive + CurativeMulti site of action Single site of actionFew problems with

resistanceResistant fungi strains

could developEg: Mancozeb,

Maneb, Sulfur, copper, Chlorothalonil

Eg:-Metalxil, Dimethomorph, Thiphenate methyl, Promorpcarb

Types of Fungicides

Classification by : Chemical GroupsFungicide

Chemical ClassAction Action on

PlantExamples

1.Copper fungicides Multisite Protectant CuO, Cu(OH)22. Inorganics Multisite Protectant Sulphur3. Dithiocarbomates Multisite Protectant Maneb, Zineb,

Metiram, Mancozeb, Thiram, Propineb

4. Chloronitriles Multisite Protectant Chlorothalonil5. Dicarboxamides Multisite Protectant

and CuratantCaptan

6. Carbamates Single site Protectant and Curatant

Propamocarb (Previcor)

7. Benzimidazole Single site Protectant and Curatant

Thiophenate methyl (Topsin)Thiobendazole

8. Carboxamides Single site Protectant and Curatant

Flutolanil (Moncut)Fluxapyroxad (not registerd yet)Boscalid

Fungicide Chemical Class

Action Action on Plant

Examples

9. Phenylamides Single site Protectant and Curatant

Metalaxyl, Benalaxyl

10.*Azoles/Triazoles (1973)

Single Site Curatant Propiconazole, Hexaconazole, etc…

11.*Strobilurins (1996)

Single Site Protectant and Curatant

Pyraclostrobin, Azoxystrobin, Trifloxystrobin

12.*CAA fungidices (2003)

Single Site Protectant and Curatant

Dimethomorph

Fungicide Chemical Classes available in Sri Lanka

Dithiocarbamates

Mancozeb Maneb

Propineb Metiram

Classification : by Mode of action

MOA = How fungicide kills the target fungus

Fungicides are metabolic inhibitors MOA can be classified into 04 broad groups

1. Inhibitors of electron transport chain2. Inhibitors of enzymes3. Inhibitors of nucleic acid metabolism & protein synthesis4. Inhibitors of sterol synthesis

Nuclear division- Thiophanate methylNucleic acid synthesis- Metalaxyl

Plasma membrane- KHCO3 (Kaligreen)

Cell wall functionDimethomorph

Mitochondrial

function Strobilurins

Sulfur

ProteinsAmino acid & EnzymesChlorothalonil,DithiocarbamatesCopper

Sterol biosynthesis All Triazoles

Multi-site inhibitor

Protectants cannot penetrate plant tissue

Cuticle

Systemics penetrate plant tissue as well as fungus

Cuticle

FRAC Code Chemical Class Mode of action / inhibition

Resistance risk

1 Benzimidazoles Beta-tubulin biosynthesis high2 Dicarboximides NADH cytochrome c reductase in lipids high

3 Azoles, Pyrimidines C-14 demethylation in sterol biosynthesis medium

4 Phenylamides RNA polymerase high5 Morpholines ^8 and ^7 isomerase and ^14 reductase in sterol biosynthesis low-medium

7 Carboxamides Succinic acid oxidation medium9 Anilinopyrimidine Methionine biosynthesis medium

11 Strobilurins Mitochondrial synthesis in cytochrome bc1 high

16 Various chemistry Melanin biosynthesis (two sites) medium

40 Carboxylic acid amides Cell wall formation in Oomycetes low-medium

M1 Inorganics Multisite contact lowM3 Dithiocarbamates Multisite contact lowM5 Phthalimides Multisite contact low

Common Fungicide Classes and Mode of Actions

1

1

2

Why Fungicide Pre – mixtures???

Protective Curative Eradicative

Important hints for Fungicide recommendationCommon Oomycetes fungi

Generas

Phytophthora- Late blight in tomato and Potato Phythium – Damping off in seedling Peronospora- Downy mildew in tobacco, lettuce Bremia – Downly mildew in lettuce Haloperonospora Peronosclerospora- Downney mildew in Corn Plasmopara - Downey mildew in Grapes Pseudoperonospora- Downy mildew in cucurbits Sclerophthora- Downey mildew in corn Sorghum Sclerospora- Downey mildew in corn Sorghum &

Sugar cane

PropamocarbDimethomorphMetalaxylPyraclostrobinThiphenate methyl

CaptanThiram

Common Ascomycetes fungi Powdery Mildews Alternaria Sigatoka Leaf Spots Stem & Twig Canker Anthracnose Fruit diseases Post harvest disease

Mancozeb..etcPyraclostrobinCarbendazimThio-phenate metyl

Alternaria Septoria Magneporathe (Blast) Rhizoctonia solani- (sheath blight)

All triazoles

Strobilurin Fungicides

Chemical Family- Strobilurin

Natural fungicides help the fungus to defend itself from competition by microbes present in rotting wood

Less risk - to human & the environment compared to alternatives

Discovery of Strobilurin Fungicides

Many of the newest & most important disease-control agents

Isolated from wood-rotting mushroom fungi

Strobilurin Fungicides

Pyraclostrobin Azoxystrobin & Picoxystrobin

Fluoxastrobin Trifloxystrobin

FamoxadoneMetominostrobin

Fenamidone

The QoI fungicides control a broad spectrum of fungal diseases Downy mildews Powdery mildews Leaf spotting Blighting fungi Fruit rotters Rusts

Spectrum of Activity

Compatible Crops

Field crops/VegetablesCereals

OrnamentalsFruits

Turf

Fungicide can be found on both leaf surfaces even if only one leaf surface was treated

Translaminar movement can take one to several days to be fully effective

Fungicides such as Pyraclostobin, kresoxim methyl and trifloxystrobin-which are not true systemics (mesostemics / surface systemics)

The fungicide azoxystrobin moves translaminarly as well as systemically (in the plant's vascular system)

Mobility

Importance of Mobility Translaminar movement help to compensate for incomplete

spray coverage Vapor phase redistribution help to compensate for poor

crop coverage Several days may be required for adequate protection Concerns curative disease control Excellent as preventive fungicides - effectively kill

germinating spores Best use of QoI fungicides is to apply them before fungus

development infection takes place.

Protection stages of fungal growth

Strobilurin fungicide MOAInhibit mitochondrial respiration in fungi

Bind at the Qo-centre on cytochrome b & block electron transfer between cytochrome b & cytochrome c1

This disrupts the energy cycle within the fungus by halting the production of ATP

Resistance ManagementLimit the number of applications Limit the number of consecutive applications

Pre-mixtures are preferable

Use them at early stages of disease development (Preventive/Protective action)

Tank mix with other fungicides

Effects on Plant Health• Several QoI fungicides are known to

cause growth-promoting effects

• In certain plants Pyraclostrobin has been shown to cause changes

• Growth enhancement • Delayed leaf senescence • Greater stress tolerance• Quality improvement

Cabrio Top Cabrio Top Cabrio Top

Powerful Innovative Fungicides in SL Market

1. Cabrio Top

2. Amista3. Nativo4. Acrobat

Strobilurine Fungicides in SLCabrio Top Amista Nativo

Active Ingrediant & Formulation

Cabrio Top 60% WGMetiram 55 % + Pyraclostrobin 5%

Amista 250SCAzoxystrobin 250g/l

Nativo 75% WGTebuconazole 500g/Kg + Triflocxystrobin 250g/Kg

Recommendation

600g / acreAI - 30g

120ml/acreAI- 37.5g

76g-96 g/ acre

Farmer Practice 60g * 10 tanks 15ml * 10 tanks 10g* 10 tanksAI per acre 30g 37.5g 50g + 25gPrice 600g- 3050/= 100ml-1500/= 100g-3050/=

Cabrio Top Amista NativoActive Ingredient & Formulation

Cabrio Top 60% WGMetiram 55 % + Pyraclostrobin 5%

Amista 250SCAzoxystrobin 250g/l

Nativo 75% WGTebuconazole 500g/Kg + Triflocxystrobin 250g/Kg

Mobility Exellent Translamina activity

Xylem immobile

Exellent Translamina activity

Xylem mobile

Exellent Translamina activity

Xylem mobileSoil activity Not uptake by

roots

Uptake by immerging shoots

Not uptake by roots

Uptake by immerging shoots

Not uptake by roots

Uptake by immerging shoots

Activity on leaves

Only translamina

Translamina & actively move to xylems

Translamina & actively move to xylems

Plant Health Effect

Not moves in to leaflets, unless direct contact

Moves in to leaflets

Moves in to leaflets

Cabrio Top Amista NativoPlant Health Effect

Very high Low Medium

Curative and Protective action

Protectant – Primary means of control. Curative activity on selected fungi and crops.

Protectant – Primary means of control. Curative activity on selected fungi and crops.

Protectant – Primary means of control. Curative activity on selected fungi and crops.

Toxicity Moderately toxic(Blue label)

Slightly toxic(Green Label)

Moderately toxic(Blue Label)

Re entry interval

12hrs 4hrs 12hrs

Interval 7-14days 7-14days 7-14daysLabel Recommendations in SL

Onion- Purple blotch

Curcurbits-Powdery Mildew

Cucurbitacea family- Downey Mildew

Banana- Sigatoka

• Cucurbitacea family- Powdery Mildew

• Onion- Purple blotch, Anthracnose

• Capsicum- Anthracnose

Cabrio Top & AcrobatCabrio Top Acrobat

Active Ingredients

Cabrio Top 60% WGMetiram 55 % + Pyraclostrobin 5%

Acrobat MZ 690WPDimethomorpg 90g/KgMancozeb 600g/Kg

Controlling Diseases

Best suited for Ascomycetes & Basidiomycetes

1. Powdery Mildews2. Alternaria3. Sigatoka4. Leaf Spots5. Stem & Twig Canker6. Anthracnose7. Fruit diseases8. Post harvest disease

Not much suited to control oomycetes

Best suited for Oomycetes

1. Phytophthora- Late blight in tomato and Potato

2. Peronospora- Downy mildew in tobacco, lettuce

3. Bremia – Downly mildew in lettuce

4. Haloperonospora 5. Peronosclerospora- Downney

mildew in Corn6. Plasmopara - Downey mildew in

Grapes7. Pseudoperonospora- Downy

mildew in cucurbits8. Sclerophthora- Downey mildew in

corn Sorghum 9. Sclerospora- Downey mildew in

corn Sorghum & Sugar cane

Not much suited to control ascomycetes & basidiomycetes

Cabrio Top Acrobat

Recommendation 600g/ac 800g/ac

Application time Best suited as a preventive fungicide/ Apply before infection

Not suited for high disease intencity time

Best suited as curative fungicide , for some fungus works in Eradicative stage alsoCould apply at the high disease intensity time

Mobility Translamina Systemic, Xylem mobile

Plant Health/Agcelence Improve the quality and yield parameters

Increase the life cycle of the crop

Increase the productivity

Increase the time take perish……….etc

No such effect

Cabrio Top and Acrobat

Effective use of CT and AT/Ridol Identify the critical stages of the crop life cycle, which is

possible to expose diseases Decide the most appropriate fungicide accordingly

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