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THE EPOCHE 2014 Erasmus IP
Excellence in Photogrammetry
for Open Cultural Landscape & Heritage Education
25 May - 07 June 2014, Limenas, Thassos, Greece
Project Thesis of group E
ERIKA DACYT, Vilnius University of Applied Sciences
SIMON RANSMAYR, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
PS IOANA, Polytechnic University of Timioara Faculty of Civil Engineering
TRANA DANIELA, 1stDecembrie 1918 of Alba Iulia, Surveying Engineering
KOUVELA CHRISTINA, Eastern Macedonia & Thrace Institute of Technology (T.E.I.)
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Table of Content
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 51.1 General Information about Thassos Island ........................................................ 51.2 Information about EPOCHE 2014 ...................................................................... 61.3 Participating Universities .................................................................................... 7
2 Theory .................................................................................................................... 102.1 Digital Photogrammetry .................................................................................... 102.2 Topography Science ........................................................................................ 11
3 Material and methods ............................................................................................. 123.1 Hardware ......................................................................................................... 12
3.1.1 Notebook ................................................................................................... 123.1.2 Camera ...................................................................................................... 133.1.3 Total Station .............................................................................................. 14
3.2 Software ........................................................................................................... 163.2.1 Direct (Digital RECTifier) ........................................................................... 163.2.2 Photo-Modeler Scanner ............................................................................. 163.2.3 Agisoft PhotoScan Pro............................................................................... 17
4 Projects ................................................................................................................... 184.1 Using Digital RECTifier .................................................................................... 18
4.1.1 Mosaic of the Egyptian Building Faade .................................................... 184.2 Using PhotoModeler Scanner .......................................................................... 21
4.2.1 Camera Calibration .................................................................................... 214.2.2 War Memorial Monument .......................................................................... 214.2.3 The Pillar ................................................................................................... 25
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4.3 Using Agisoft PhotoScan ................................................................................. 28 Sarcophagus .................................................................................................... 28 Lion Statue ....................................................................................................... 28 Spinx Sculpture ................................................................................................ 284.3.1 Sarcophagus ............................................................................................. 294.3.2 Lion Statue ................................................................................................ 304.3.3 Sphinx Sculpture ....................................................................................... 31
5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 336 Bibliography ............................................................................................................ 33
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1 Introduction
1.1 General Information about Thassos Island
An island, a thousand stories. When the Phoenicians, in the Neolithic Era, inhabited for
the first time in this unique place, may not have imagined that they would be charmed
by its beauty and would keep them there forever. Later, the Thracians, discovered over
the landscape of Thasos not only the magic, but the wealth as well; the mines with their
abundant deposits, gave them power, but also became subject to claim by the Ionians
of Paros. As a result, the island was occupied in the 7th century, which marked a new
era for Thasians, who founded colonies with continuous economic and cultural
progress.
The Archaic period in Greece, found Thasos powerful, with highly developed trade.
During the Medic wars the island was conquered by the Persians, while during the
Peloponnesian war, Athenians and Spartans had the island within their aspirations.
However, those who gave impetus to Thasos were the Romans. The mines may have
been used up, but nature endowed the place with two other elements of enrichment;
marbles and wine. The Byzantine era, does not seem to have favored Thasos; after the
first fall of Constantinople, in 1204, the Doge of Venice Henrico Dandolo conquered the
emerald of the Aegean.
Later, Thasos incorporated into then state of Thessaloniki, and after the recapture of
Constantinople by Michael Palaeologus, became once again a part of Byzantine, where
it remained until 1455, however under the hegemony of Francis Genovese Getalouzos,
that was grated to him as a gift. From 1455 and up to 1770, Turkish conquerors put their
stamp on Thasos, while in 1770, was the turn of Russians to occupy the island. The
Turkish Egyptian Muhammad Ali had Thasos under his possession from 1813, while in
1821, in the Greek revolution, Thasians also participated, but without great success.
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1.2 Information about EPOCHE 2014
The EPOCHE Erasmus IP (Excellence in Photogrammetry for Open Cultural
Landscape & Heritage Education) is about the improvement of traditional methods for
surveying, documenting and WBE (Web-based Education) for Archaeological Sites and
Cultural Landscapes & Heritage (CLH); especially by synergy effects gained by the
combination of ICT low-cost techniques as innovative practices under digital
Photogrammetry.
EPOCHE Objectives: Developing low-cost digital photogrammetric techniques as
innovative practices in Photogrammetry and CLH education and training; Shortening the
gap between the established traditional e-learning management systems and the
modern adaptive & intelligent WBE tutoring for the benefit of the CLH education;
Demonstrating new WBE opportunities and the power/usefulness of the on-line learning
environment (as an innovative ICT-based tool for training/lecturing Surveying and
Photogrammetry in CLH);
EPOCHE Target Groups:(A) Students (BSc, MSc/MA and PhD) bound to Landscape
Architecture, Architecture, Archaeology, Surveying, and Geoinformatics; (B) Scientists
and Personnel of Prehistoric Classical Antiquities e.g. the staff of the I Ephoreia of
Prehistoric & Classical Antiquities, Kavala, Greece).
EPOCHE Main Activities:During the IP the students are grouped into project teams.
The theoretical knowledge is gained together at common sessions and the practicalwor will be done by multi-national multi-discipline groups. On the last day the groups
are presenting their results for the other groups and the Staff of the I Ephoreia of
Prehistoric & Classical Antiquities (Kavala, Greece).Hence, the IP is divided into the
following courses: 3-day theoretical course; 2-days practical training course; 2-day field
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work course, 1-day practical course for processing the data collected during the field
work; and 1-day for WBE presentation of the results.
Learning Outcomes: Develop tools for an integrated management of the metadata
related to 3D artefacts; Develop easy-to-use authoring tools for CLH 3D experiences;
Ensure access to CLH 3D content through a WBE digital library; Value-added
functionality of a non-textual, semantic documentation and processing of CLH 3D
content in a WBE environment; Develop solutions for improved search, identification, re-
use and integration of 3D datasets by end users in CLH; Provide solutions for an
effective rights management of CLH 3D content.
Expected Outcomes:Promote adherence to the principles of the London Charter for
the use of 3D Visualization in the Research and Communication of Cultural Heritage
(CH); Advance the state-of-the-art in 3D digitization tools for 3D shape, surface, type
and material acquisition in CH, investigating both active and passive acquisition
methods and improving the range of artefacts that can be captured at a reasonable
cost; Develop intelligent tools for 3D acquisition in CH with low-cost techniques;
Develop tools for the analysis of 3D artefacts and associated information. Finally,
teaching Compendium for the trainers and Teaching Material for the students will be
produced. This compendium and the teaching material will be published and shared as
an e-learning course using a Course Management System (CMS) environment.
1.3 Participating Universities
BOKU Universi ty, Enviro nm ental Engin eer ing, Vienna (Austr ia)
The University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, or simply BOKU
(derived from its German name, Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien), founded in 1872, is
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an "education and research centre for renewable resources" in Vienna. There are
currently around 12,000 students enrolled at BOKU.
"1 Decembrie 1918" Universi ty, Geodesy (Topography) Alba Iul ia
(Romania)
"1 Decembrie 1918" University, Alba Iulia is a public higher education and research
institution founded in 1991 in Alba Iulia, Romania. It is a state institution, integrated into
the national higher education system, which functions based on the Romanian
Constitution, the Law of Education, the University Charter and its own regulations. The
name of the University is derived from the date, 1 December 1918, when the Union ofTransylvania with Romania was declared, today recognized in Romania as Great Union
Day. Its Latin name, Universitas Apulensis, refers to the historical region known as
Apulensis within Roman Dacia where the University is located.
Polytechnic University of Timioara, Geodesy (Topography),
Timioara (Romania)
The "Politehnica" University of Timioara is a public university founded on November
11, 1920. Located in Timioara, Romania, it is one of the largest technical universities in
Central and Eastern Europe. The University offers a wide range of facilities (the
"Politehnica" University Library, Teleuniversity TV, Politehnica Publishing House,
Politehnica Hotel, Hostels, Canteen, sport bases). Each faculty has its own Students'
Union that provides support, activities and entertainment, which hosts the annual
JobShop job fair.
Eastern Macedonia & Thrace Insti tute of Technology (T.E.I.),
Land scape Arc hi tecture, Drama (Greece)
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The curriculum of the Department of Landscape Architecture covers the application of
the technical, biological, physical and economic sciences in sustainable and
multifunctional management, improvement and protection of urban and suburban
landscape and the natural ecosystems, and maintenance and enhancement of the
natural and landscaped environment.
Vi lniaus k olegi ja (VIKO), Land scape Arc hi tecture, Vilnius (Li thuania)
Vilniaus kolegija/University of Applied Sciences (VIKO) is the largest accredited higher
professional education institution in Lithuania. VIKO provides higher professional
education in the sectors of Tourism, Business, Information Technologies, Electronics,
Pedagogical Education, Economy, Health Care, Agriculture and Arts.
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2 Theory
2.1 Digital Photogrammetry
Photogrammetry is an estimative scientific method that aims at recovering the exact
positions and motion pathways of designated reference points located on any moving
object, on its components and in the immediately adjacent environment.
Photogrammetry employs high-speed imaging and the accurate methods of remote
sensing in order to detect, measure and record complex 2-D and 3-D motion fields (see
also SONAR, RADAR, LiDAR etc.). Photogrammetry feeds the measurements from
remote sensing and the results of imagery analysis into computational models in an
attempt to successively estimate, with increasing accuracy, the actual, 3-D relative
motions within the researched field.
Its applications include satellite tracking of the relative positioning alterations in all Earth
environments (e.g. tectonic motions etc.), the research on the swimming of fish, of bird
or insect flight, other relative motion processes (International Society for
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing). The quantitative results of photogrammetry are
then used to guide and match the results of computational models of the natural
systems, thus helping to invalidate or confirm new theories, to design novel vehicles or
new methods for predicting or/and controlling the consequences of earthquakes,
tsunamis, any other weather types, or used to understand the flow of fluids next to solid
structures and many other processes.
Photogrammetry is as old as modern photography, can be dated to the mid-nineteenth
century, and its detection component has been emerging from radiolocation,
multilateration and radiometry while its 3-D positioning estimative component (based on
modeling) employs methods related to triangulation, trilateration and multidimensional
scaling.
In the simplest example, the distance between two points that lie on a plane parallel to
the photographic image plane can be determined by measuring their distance on the
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image, if the scale (s) of the image is known. This is done by multiplying the measured
distance by 1/s.
Algorithms for photogrammetry typically attempt to minimize the sum of the squares of
errors over the coordinates and relative displacements of the reference points. This
minimization is known as bundle adjustment and is often performed using the
LevenbergMarquardt algorithm.
2.2 Topography Science
Topography from Gree topos, "place", and graph, "write") is a field of
planetary science comprising the study of surface shape and features of the Earth and
other observable astronomical objects including planets, moons, and asteroids. It is also
the description of such surface shapes and features (especially their depiction in maps).
The topography of an area could also mean the surface shape and features
themselves.
In general, topography is concerned with local detail in general, including not only relief
but also natural and artificial features, and even local history and culture. This meaning
is less common in America, where topographic maps with elevation contours have
made "topography" synonymous with relief. The older sense of topography as the study
of place still has currency in Europe.
Topography specifically involves the recording of relief or terrain, the three-dimensional
quality of the surface, and the identification of specific landforms. This is also known as
geomorphometry. In modern usage, this involves generation of elevation data in
electronic form. It is often considered to include the graphic representation of the
landform on a map by a variety of techniques, including contour lines, hypsometric tints,
and relief shading.
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3 Material and methods
3.1 Hardware
3.1.1 Notebook
We used a laptop DELL model Inspiron 3521, operation system Windows7 (64bit) with
4GB RAM and 1.9 GHz Processor.
Hard Facts:
Intel Core i3-3227U Dual Core Mobile Processor
4GB PC3-12800 DDR3 Memory
500GB 5400rpm SATA Hard Drive
Dual Layer DVD+/-RW Burner
15.6" WXGA (1366x768) Display With 1.0 Megapixel Webcam
Intel HD Graphics 4000 Integrated Graphics
Gigabit Ethernet, 802.11b/g/n Wireless, Bluetooth
Two USB 3.0, Two USB 2.0, HDMI, 6-in-1 Card Reader
14.8" x 10.2" x 1.0" @ 5 lbs.
Windows 8
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3.1.2 Camera
We used a NIKON COOLPIX S220 with 10 MP.
Hard Facts:
Effective Pixels: 10.0 million
Sensor Size: 1/2.33 in.
Monitor Size: 2.5 in. diagonal
Monitor Type: TFT-LCD
Storage Media:
SD memory card
SDHC memory card
Not compatible with Multi Media Cards (MMC).
Movie:
Movie with sound
Small size (320x240)
TV movie (640x480)
ISO Sensitivity:
ISO 80-2000
Auto (auto gain ISO 80-800)
High ISO Sensitivity auto (ISO 80-1600)
Top Continuous Shooting Speed at full resolution
Up to 6 shots at approx. 1.2 frames per second
Battery / Batteries:
Rechargeable Li-ion Battery EN-EL10
Approx. Dimensions (Width x Height x Depth):
3.5 in. (89.5 mm) x 2.2 in. (55.5 mm) x 0.7 in. (18.0 mm)
Excluding projections.
Approx. Weight
3.5 oz. (100.0 g)
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3.1.3 Total Station
We used South NTS-350R Total Station.
The South Total Station are versatile with complete on-board applications. The internal memory isavailable up to 17,000 points, and with the newly-designed numeric & alphabetic keypad, such TotalStations would definitely offer you total relaxation during operation. The South Total Station NTS-350/350R comes with two 8 hour NiMH battery packs. An optical plummet site for quick easy set-up. A 4line adjustable LCD display for easy data manipulation. Four yellow function buttons to guide you through
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the angle, distance and coordinate operations. The on-board applications will save you time and money inthe field. Perform remote elevations, resections, missing lines and stakeout quickly and accurately.
Salient Features
South NTS-350/350R Total Station Applications: Electric Wire Measurement
Construction Measurement
Tunnel Measurement
Dam Measurement
House Measurement
Cadastration Measurement
Standard Configuration: Mainframe, Rechargeable Battery, Battery Charger, CommunicationCable, Tools Kit, Belt for Case, Dryer, Plummet, Carrying Case, Operation manual, Software CD,TS QC Pass, Warranty Card, Rain Cover.
Specifications for NTS-352L/352R & NTS-355L/355R
Distance Measurement (fine weather condition)
Max. Range for Reflectorless:For NTS-352R is 200m & For NTS-355R is 200m
1 Prism:For NTS-352L is 2km, For NTS-352R is 3.0 Km, For NTS-355L is 1.8Km & For NTS-355R is
3.0Km
3 Prism:For NTS-352L is 2.5km, For NTS-352R is 4.0Km, For NTS-355L is 2.3Km & For NTS-355R is
4.0Km
Mini Prism:For NTS-352L is 800m, For NTS-352R is 800m, For NTS-355L is 800m & For NTS-355R is
800m
Accuracy:Reflectorless 5mm+3ppm Relector 2mm+2ppm
Reading:Max. 99999999.999m; Min. 0.1mm
Measuring Time:Fine Mode:1s; Tracking Mode:
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3.2 Software
3.2.1 Direct (Digital RECTifier)
Direct is a program which rectifies images. Rectifying is a transformation process usedto project two-or-more images onto a common image plane. It corrects image distortion
by transforming the image into a standard coordinate system.
3.2.2 Photo-Modeler Scanner
PhotoModeler Scanner provides the tools for you to create accurate, high quality 3D
models and measurements from photographs. The process is called photo-based 3dscanning.
PhotoModeler Scanner is a 3D scanner that provides results similar to a 3D laser
scanner. This 3D scanning process produces a dense point cloud (Dense Surface
Modeling, DSM) from photographs of textured surfaces of virtually any size.
The PhotoModeler Scanner software has all the capabilities of the base PhotoModeler
product plus the capability to do Dense Surface Modeling (DSM), 3D scanning and
SmartMatch.
PhotoModeler Scanner is a sophisticated tool to build accurate Dense Surface Models
and get measurements from your photos. Use PhotoModeler Scanner to build:
Dense Surface Models where a large number of 3D points are needed.
Models that traditionally would require a 3D laser scanner
Scale-independent object modeling - model small objects or big scenes
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3.2.3 Agisoft PhotoScan Pro
Agisoft PhotoScan Pro allows generating high resolution georeferenced orthophotos
(up to 5 cm accuracy with GCP) and exceptionally detailed DEMs / textured polygonal
models. The fully automated workflow enables a non-specialist to process thousands ofaerial images on a desktop computer to produce professional class photogrammetric
data.
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4 Projects
The Egyptian Building faade was made with Digital RECTifier. Photo-Modeler Scanner
program was used in order to calibrate the camera and to create the 3D model of the
War Memorial Monument and the Pillar. The creation of the 3D model of the Lion
statue, the Sarcophagus and the Sphinx sculpture was made with Agisoft Photo-Scan
Professional.
4.1 Using Digital RECTifier
4.1.1 Mosaic of the Egyptian Building Faade
The Building Facade is located near the Port in the centre of Limenas City.
The task was to take pictures from the whole faade and put it together to one mosaic,
which has the characteristics of an orthophoto. As a result, measurements can be
taken.
First of all 27 points were determined on the faade. The distances and angles were
measured with the South NTS-350R total station. During the measurements, the places
of the points were noted in a sketch, which was manually made by a group member, so
the points could be spotted in the Digital RECTifier Program. Then several pictures
were made with a Nikon Coolpix S220 camera and three of them were used to create
the mosaic. It was necessary that these three pictures displayed the whole building
faade and had enough area of overlap (at least 20 %). Using Microsoft Excel and
Notepad the coordinates of the measured points were put in the Digital RECTifier
Program. In order to get 2D-coordinates out of 3D-coordinates the control points are
rotated to be parallel to the Y axis and keep the new X coordinates as the new
DEST.X and the Z coordinates as the new DEST.Y. This rotation grid is saved and
used for every picture. Then every picture is loaded in the program and rectified by
spotting the control points and using the rotation grid. If the errors of the control points
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are within the accepted tolerance the pictures can be provided for creating the mosaic.
As a consequence, you have three rectified images, which can be unified to one mosaic
by using the function Mosaic in Digital RECTifier.
Sketch of the left part of the building faade
Sketch of the right part of the building faade
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Determining the points on the picture.
After getting one image that contains the whole faade of the building the picture can be
loaded in AutoCAD to go over the picture with manually drawn lines. In the end you can
take measurements of the lines that are drawn in AutoCAD.
Final version of the mosaic
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Going over the picture with AutoCAD.
Drawings in AutoCAD
4.2 Using PhotoModeler Scanner
4.2.1 Camera Calibration
4.2.2 War Memorial Monument
The monument is located in the middle of the square of Limenas in Thassos. It is
dedicated to the services of unknown soldiers in any war. So it is known as a Tomb of
the Unknown Soldier.
We had to create a 3D-model of the monument by using PhotoModeler Scanner
Program. We took pictures with a Nikon Coolpix S220 camera all around the
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monument. From all taken photos we chose six to use for the project. After inserting the
pictures in the program, the images needed to be orientated. To do this, we spotted and
referenced always at least six common and significant points at two pictures until all of
the six pictures were orientated and the significant points were referenced with each
other. Orientation could be achieved by pressing the Process icon. After that the
common points were connected with lines, so the shape of the 3D-model became
visible. Then it was possible to create surfaces on the 3D-View by using the Path
Mode command. As a result of pressing Options and applying Quality textures, the
surfaces can be shaped with the photos we had taken. Finally, because of the
horizontal and the vertical measurements that were taken in the field, the 3D-model can
now be scaled.
Sketch of the War Monument
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Spotting and referencing significant and common points
Orientating of the pictures after pressing Process
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Creating surfaces in the 3D-model
The finished 3D-model of the War Monument
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4.2.3 The Pillar
The Pillar is located next to the Memorial Monument for Fallen Soldiers in the middle of
the square of Limenas in Thassos.
Similar to the Memorial Monument for Fallen Soldiers we also had to create a 3D-model
of the pillar by using PhotoModeler Scanner Program. We also used a Nikon Coolpix
S220 camera and took pictures all around the pillar. In the end, eleven photos were
used for the process. The steps remain the same as for the Monument, such as spotting
points and referencing them always on two pictures, getting surfaces and shaping
them The pillar represented a challenge because of the special form, which is similar
to a cylinder. By using the icon Mar Cylinders Mode we were able to wor with this
special form and shape of the pillar.
Sketch of the pillar containing measurements
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Orientating the pictures after pressing Process
Orientating the pictures after pressing Process
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The finished pillar with Quality textures on the surfaces
4.3 Using Agisoft PhotoScan
We used Agisoft PhotoScan for three objects:
Sarcophagus
Lion Statue
Spinx Sculpture
For every object the steps remain the same. First of all you add all taken photos to the
program. For the Sarcophagus we used 19 photos, for the Lion Statue 15 photos and
for the Sculpture 23 photos. After that you continue by pressing the icon Worflow and
following these steps.
1. Select Align Photos
2. Select Build Dense Cloud
3. Select Build Mesh
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4. Select Build Texture
As a result, the program generates an enormous point cloud that depicts the wanted
object. Because of the horizontal and vertical measurements the object can now be
scaled. Finally, some parts at the boundaries can be deleted to get a nice form and
shape.
4.3.1 Sarcophagus
Sketch of the Sarcophagus Sketch containing measurements
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Finished 3D-model of Sarcophagus
4.3.2 Lion Statue
Sketch of the Lion Statue
Adding photos to the program
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Finished 3D-model of the Lion Statue
4.3.3 Sphinx Sculpture
Sketch of the Sphinx Sculpture
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Finished 3D-model of the Sphinx Sculpture
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5 Conclusion
6 Bibliography