Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design. Project Number: 47030-001 November 2015 People's Republic of China: Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development— Final Report SD3: Engineering Technical Analysis of the Road Component (Financed by the ADB's Technical Assistance Special Fund and Cofinanced by the Multi-Donor Trust Fund under the Water Financing Partnership Facility) Prepared by AECOM Asia Company Ltd. Hong Kong, China For Pingxiang Municipal Government
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Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report
This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.
Project Number: 47030-001 November 2015
People's Republic of China: Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development—Final Report SD3: Engineering Technical Analysis of the Road Component (Financed by the ADB's Technical Assistance Special Fund and Cofinanced by the Multi-Donor Trust Fund under the Water Financing Partnership Facility)
Prepared by
AECOM Asia Company Ltd.
Hong Kong, China
For Pingxiang Municipal Government
Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project
AECOM Asia Company Limited SD3-1 Asian Development Bank
Simple construction, low cost but with more land taken
not enough stability of embankment, together with other treatment measures
CNY 32/m3
Embank- ment
Light weight material
Use light materials in order to reduce weight and settlement and increase stability
Construction is a little complex with a few resources alongside and higher cost
Fly ash is commonly used. Settlement is not obvious, but exceeds standard.
Fly ash: CNY 65/m3
Rein- forced
By tensile properties of geo-synthetics and embedded and occlusal function between soil particles to increase subgrade’s stability, reduce differential settlement
Simple construction Suitable for embankment stability is not weak, large settlement section. implement together with other treatment measures
Geo-textile grid:CNY 18/m2
Composite Ground Treatment
Powder mixing pile/wet jetting pile
Mixing machine fully mixes cement powder and soil to form composite foundation with interaction between pile and soil and reduce settlement.
Construction is complex with high cost
Suitable for soft soil foundation treatment with high moisture content for bridge and small structure. Pile diameter is generally 50cm. It can effectively reduce foundation settlement, reinforce final strength, and maximum reinforcement depth up to 10-15m (not suitable for those more than 15m).
CNY 40/m
Compact- ed gravel (sand) pile
Through the gravel (sand) compaction and drainage effect of pile to form composite foundation with pile-soil interaction
Construction is complex with high cost
Treatment of liquefied soil foundation of bridge. Needs test pile. It may have significant adverse environment impacts
Gravel (sand) pile: CNY 55(45)/m
2.4.11 Bridge and Tunnel
59. A total of 6 bridges consisting of 2 large-sized bridges and 4 medium-sized
bridges are proposed as part of the road project. At the request of the Consultant,
geological survey was undertaken in January 2015, however the survey results have
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not been incorporated into the latest FSR. The initial assessment indicates that there
may be adverse geological conditions, e.g., landslides, karst caves, and mountain
torrents. The results show karst may be encountered at the location of tunnel. Proper
measures shall be proposed after detailed survey. Particular attention shall be paid for
draining and shoring and support during construction.
62. The surrounding grade III-V rock is suitable for construction of tunnel. The site is
relatively stable, with no earthquake or landslide reported.
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Figure 20: Proposed Dimension Limits of Tunnel
Figure 21: Open Cut Section of Tunnel
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2.4.12 Road Safety
63. Considering the appalling safety situation on rural highways in China, road safety
concerns shall be appropriately addressed during detailed design. At the stage of
feasibility study, only typical and standard safety designs have been provided. A road
safety audit is recommended during preliminary design during next stage to ensure
higher safety standards applied to project road including incorporating international
best practices. Road accident data were requested by the Consultant, however in the
absence of an official accident database, no detailed and reliable data are available.
An approximate record for Shangli, Anyuan, and Luxi for the past ten years was
provided by the Transport Bureau as presented in the table below.
Table 17: Road Accident Records
Year Fatality Injured Property loss
(0,000 Yuan)
2013 2 101 10
2012 4 108 9
2011 1 90 4
2010 1 42 9
2009 Nil. 70 6
2008 1 102 8
2007 2 91 10
2006 2 80 6.8
2005 1 103 6
2004 Nil. 41 2
2003 Nil. 39 1.2
64. The proposed road would bisect a large number of county and village roads.
Where a lower standard road joins a higher standard road, travel speed is significantly
different, so safety concerns should be addressed. Those intersections will need to
be carefully treated. Safety perceptions for Class II highway would help to identify
constraints and to help guide and tailor the potential solutions. Figure below is an
example of PPTA Consultant recommendations on intersection treatment
improvement.
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Figure 22: PPTA Example Recommendations for Intersection Improvement
(1) Reduce the radius in order to reduce turning movement speed;
(2) Increase the size of refugee island;
(3) Traffic yielding sign to alert driver yield to traffic on primary road;
(4) Traffic calming strip to alert driver approaching intersection.
65. Marking and signage shall be provided properly to warn/remind of road users. The figure below shows examples of warning signs that fit the circumstances of the proposed road.
66. Following the ADB mission held in March 2015, LDI improved design and updated drawings of intersection treatment by following ADB and PPTA consultant’s suggestions. The typical intersection design drawings are shown as below. These shall serve as paradigms for next stage design with regards to road safety aspects.
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Figure 23: Example of Intersection Improvement (1)
Figure 23: Example of Intersection Improvement (2)
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Figure 23: Examples of Warning Signs
67. Key road safety issues for the project road are outlined below:
Speed and truck overloading are common and severe on rural highways.
Enforcement measures shall be strengthened in coping with the problems.
Also, public campaign shall be organized to raise public awareness on
aspects of road safety.
Traffic calming measures shall be taken at junctions, particularly where
speeds vary from slow to fast.
Where the project road joins a primary (higher standard) road, safety
elements e.g. safe crossing, speed alert sign, channelization, refuge island
shall be fully considered.
Where the road vertical gradient is steep or/and sharp turn exists, speed
control measures will have to be considered, especially for the road segment
near industrial parks where truck and lorry traffic prevalent.
Sufficient pedestrian crossings and warning signs shall be established where
schools or other anticipated high pedestrian flow exist.
Light provision or reflective sign/marking shall be considered at road junctions
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to alert travelers in evening.
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2.4.13 Rural Public Transport
68. The project road is intended to help spread the benefits of improved accessibility
by expanding the availability and improving the efficiency and affordability of rural bus
services. Currently, members of the average village household hardly ever travel
beyond the nearest township center, and the poor travel even less. Many rely on
informal services that are much more expensive. Village roads are in poor condition
and sometimes impassable.
69. Formal passenger services in rural areas are mostly by mini-buses. They are
licensed to stop only at designated places and terminals. But there is a lack of
terminals, even simple stops. Generally bus services are good along the routes
between county and town centers, but do not exist between villages and are rare
between villages and townships.
70. Requested by the TA Consultant, Pingxiang Transport Bureau has made an initial
bus route plan, adding/improving bus routes by taking into consideration of the
proposed road. As presented in the tables below, five new bus routes would be added,
and four bus routes would be improved.
Table 18: New Rural Bus Routes
No. Terminates Routing Daily
turnaround
1
杨岐--万龙山
Yangqi-Wanlongs
han
关下、东源、赤山、高坑、芦溪、万龙山
Guanxia,Dongyuan,Chishan,Gaokeng,Luxi,Wan
longshan
4
2
杨岐--武功山
Yangqi-Wugongs
han
东源、赤山、高坑、芦溪、万龙山、武功山
Dongyuan,
Chishan,Gaokeng,Luxi,Wanlongshan,
Wugongshan
4
3
上栗--宣风
Shangli-
Xuanfeng
上栗镇、杨岐、东源、赤山、高坑、源南、银河、
宣风
Shangli Town, Yangqi, Dongyuan,
Chishan,Gaokeng,Yuannan, Yinhe, Xuanfeng
8
4 上栗--源南
Shangli- Yuannan
上栗镇、杨岐、东源、赤山、高坑、源南
Shangli Town, Yangqi, Dongyuan,
Chishan,Gaokeng,Yuannan,
4
5
源南--宣风
Yuannan-
Xuanfeng
源南、银河、宣风
Yuannan, Yinhe, Xuanfeng 4
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Table 19: Existing Bus Routes Improvement
No. Terminates Routing Daily
turnaround
1 上栗--芦溪
Shangli-Luxi
上栗镇、杨岐、东源、赤山、高坑、源南、
芦溪
Shangli Town, Yangqi, Dongyuan,
Chishan, Gaokeng, Yuannan, Luxi
4
2 上栗--赤山
Shangli-Chishan
上栗镇、杨岐、东源、赤山
Shangli Town, Yangqi, Dongyuan,
Chishan
4
3 萍乡--小枧
Pingxiang-Xiaojian
萍乡、赤山、东源、小枧
Pingxiang, Chishan, Dongyuan, Xiaojian 4
71. As requested by ADB mission, the DI provided a map of proposed bus stops
presented with existing schools, villages and county and village roads. However, the
proposed locations of bus stops are only indicative and have not been consulted with
transport bureau. Bus stops shall be located at near school, hospital, town center and
road junctions where trips are expected more often, in other words, responding to
local needs. For next step, the plan shall be refined correlated with overall public
transport plan based on thorough public consultations.
72. For next stage, more investigation shall be done to better understand local needs.
And the plan will need to be further elaborated in a holistic manner. It is recommended
to provide more bus stations, improve amenity at terminals and change route
licensing. Some flexibility should be allowed in issuing regional rather than fixed-route
licenses and permitting variations from assigned routes. These would benefit
passengers through time savings resulting from more frequent and reliable services;
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increased travel in response to lower transport costs and travel times. The
combination of bus stations, improved passenger services, trade-facilitating measures
e.g. shall be considered. The proposed road would help provide an integrated
response to the needs of the relatively poor communities in the project area.
2.4.14 ITS in Traffic Management and Public Transport
73. The scope of the proposed Intelligent Transport System (ITS) component will
need to be defined. An ITS TA may be proposed to review current conditions and
constraints of the project area, suggest a suitable ITS component for ADB financing
through identifying more appropriate ITS strategy and design, and provide innovative
idea, management approach and technology to effectively contribute to the designed
project impact an outcome. The ITS component should comprise two systems for
traffic management and public transport management. The potential ITS component
consists of i) establish an accountable ICT system for bus operator and traffic police; ii)
violation processing system to strengthen traffic enforcement; iii) set up real-time
traffic information and a unified traffic database to provide better data service; iv)
introduce the systems to bus service network and service planning; iii) rationalize rural
bus routing, dispatching, and scheduling based on actual passenger demand and
travel pattern; iv) transmit real-time information about bus locations to passengers
and bus operators etc.
ITS TA would be undertaken through literature review, field study and interview with
local government, traffic police and rural bus operators etc. to identify existing
problems and proposed interventions. An initial assessment Identified main tasks for
short-term include smooth traffic order, preventative measures to be taken to traffic
violations and accidents on the proposed highway as well as strengthening of public
transport serving capacity. For a medium and long term, solutions shall be sought to
deal with traffic congestion along with traffic growth and energy conservation etc.
74. Given the backward economy in Pingxiang rural area, low level of management
for traffic control and bus services are anticipated. It is observed that traditional Traffic
Police management methods are inefficient and involve a great deal of manpower
with little assistance of information technologies. Thus, traffic police cannot make
rapid responses to traffic violation and accidents and effectively manage traffic flow.
And it may be difficult for traffic police to obtain real-time traffic condition information,
especially in rural area. On public transport management, manual dispatching is still
adopted which can hardly meet the demand of passenger services. Passengers have
limited access to travel information. It is difficult for passenger to know bus arrival time,
route adjustment and other timely information during travel. Long waits at bus stops
often bring complaints, which have negative impact to rural bus service image.
75. A typical traffic police management system comprises of an operation center;
signal control system; video surveillance system; electronic police system; dynamic
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violation monitoring and recording system. The current traffic management system
under Pingxiang Traffic Police Brigade may need to be upgraded by integrating traffic
operation platform to achieve comprehensive traffic management and control. An
integrated traffic database shall be established to better serve the public and to
support emergency responses. Traffic enforcement will need to be strengthened
through better processing system.
76. The institutional structure of the local rural bus operators and their type of
operating system utilized are not clear. A typical public transport management system
include bus operator control center; IC card system; GPS positioning system;
on-board bus stop announcement system; scheduling and dispatching system. As the
core of public transport ITS, the integrated operation and information platform can
achieve automatic data collection through on-board GPS of the status of driver,
vehicle, stops, depots and road conditions. Transport information dissemination
devices include WEB, Electronic Bus board, VMS (vehicle monitoring &management
system), mobile WAP, call center. These technologies have been implemented in
many cities in China. The best practices shall be studied and adapted to actual needs
in rural area. Phased plan shall be made in response to level of economy and social
development. In sum, the initial assessment would provide thoughts and outlines for
future development in this area.
2.4.15 Major Work Quantities and Costs
77. Civil work quantities and costs for the recommended scheme in the FSR are
provided in the table below. The estimates are generally in accordance with domestic
feasibility study preparation requirements. Unit prices are reviewed and compared
with those for other projects and market prices. The overall estimates are considered
adequate.
Table 20: Summary of Work Quantities and Costs
Item Unit
1 Class
Class II Highway
2 Sub-grade width m 10
3 Length km 43.956
4 Land acquisition mu 791.2
5 building
demolition m2 12731.8
6 Weak Ground treatment km 13.1
7 Sub-grade earthwork
Earthwork fill 0,000 m3 1,734
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Item Unit
Earthwork cut 0,000 m3 3,697
8 Weak ground treatment km 13.1
9 Pavement 1000 m2 361.729
10 Bridge & culvert
Large Bridge m/座 816.72/2
Medium and small bridge m/座 136.44/4
culvert 道 124
11 At-grade intersection 处 42
12 Cost estimates 0,000 CNY 50898.4
13 Cost/km 0,000 CNY 1157.94
CNY = Chinese Yuan; km = kilometer; m = meter; m2 = square meter; mu = Chinese measure of land
area
Source: FSR
3. Key Issues and Next Steps
78. The engineering design at this stage is considered adequate and the level of
details are sufficient and in line with domestic FSR preparation guidelines. The FSR
has undergone several rounds of revisions and updating by incorporating the
comments from local government, ADB, and PPTA Consultants.
79. The DI submitted updated road FSR on 15 January. The amended FSR includes
the updated alignment and cost estimates, layout plan of soil disposal sites etc. The
rationale for this proposed road is strengthened with a relatively elaborated demand
forecast. However, a few points especially road safety and rural public transport will
need to be addressed.
80. The key issues identified at this stage are summarized as follows:
Geological Survey. Requested by the PPTA Consultant, an initial geological survey has been undertaken for the tunnel (480m) and bridge (690m) to investigate any adverse geological conditions and its impact on cost estimates. The Pingxiang Municipal Transport Bureau engaged a professional entity to do the survey in December 2014. Survey results were provided to the Design Institute but not in sufficient time to incorporate into the January 2015 FSR. DI should prepare a memo summarizing the impacts of the Geological Study on the bridges and tunnels and these impacts can be handled during Preliminary Engineering Design.
Entrance at Yangqi Mountain Scenic Area. The proposed alignment at the northern beginning of the road would use part of a new existing road (200m long), which leads to the scenic area. The issue of an entrance gate to the scenic area is under discussion between the Pingxiang PMO and the Yangqi Scenic Area Management Committee. A Loan Covenant will require agreement before preliminary design.
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Railway overpass at Yinhe Town (Km43+160 - Km43+840). In the original design, before joining G320, the proposed road will take an existing railway underpass at Yinhe Town. However, this tunnel is the only access road for Yinhe Town and the tunnel is prone to flooding every year during rainy seasons. Local authority of Yinhe Town is keen to have an alternative route for local access. The alternative was studied for an elevated (total length of 690m) bridge all the way over-passing Yuan River, under-passing High Speed Rail and over-passing Zhe-Gan Railway. Other possible routes were studied but discarded for the reasons of heavy resettlement required or the difficult levels when crossing the railway. Elevated bridge would be costly but still a better option in the opinion of the PPTA Consultant.
Intersection treatment. Intersection design in the FSR is provided only for major intersections. However the proposed road would bisect a large number of county and village roads. Where a low standard road joins a higher standard road, travel speed is significantly different, safety concerns should be addressed, and traffic calming measures shall be taken in the design at the next stage. Those intersections will need to be carefully planned during preliminary design.
Soil disposal site. The proposed road will require a large amount of earthwork cut and fill. After balancing cut and fill, there will be surplus of soil, which requires disposal sites. The DI selected some sites along the proposed route. These sites will need to be confirmed with the county local authorities during detailed design.
Road safety. There are no detailed safety design provisions in the FSR. Given the mixed traffic in rural area, motorcycle and electric-bike travels are prevalent. Road accidents occur very often and particularly on rural class II road, making the conditions severe. A road safety audit3 on preliminary design is recommended. This may be considered a condition for loan disbursement for the road and included as a loan covenant in the Project Agreement. A public campaign on road safety in the project area is included in the Social Development Action Plan.
Public transport. Public transport in rural area is important in terms of improving local accessibility. As a green transport project, rural bus services shall be promoted in innovative ways to attract more locals to take buses. The FSR has not given much consideration to public transport. The Consultant requested a public transport plan during the December 2014 ADB mission. The Transport Bureau provided an initial bus route improvement plan for the project area. Further work will need to be done during next stage of design to come up with a more elaborated action plan.
===end of report===
3 2004. PRC Ministry of Transport “Safety Assessment Manual for Highway Projects” guides
the use of safety audits. The manual recommends safety audits, but does not make it