Team Name: Super Troopers Presented by: Ernest Del Real Jeanette Gerardo Rosa Morales Brian Ly.

Technologies of the Information Age

Team Name:Super Troopers

Presented by:Ernest Del Real

Jeanette GerardoRosa Morales

Brian Ly

Five Generations of Computers

Computer Development Refers to the

different generations of computing devices

Each generation is characterized by a major technological development.

Brian Ly

First Generation1940 - 1956

First computer used Vacuum Tubes Consisted of:

Tubes for circuitry Magnetic drums for memory

Metal cylinder coated with magnetic iron-oxide material.

Disadvantages: Expensive to operate Used great deal of

electricity Generated a lot of heat Undependable

Brian Ly

First Generation Computers

Relied on machine language

Solve one problem at a time

High-level programming languages

Assembly language Used assemblers and

compilers CPU had their own

unique languageBrian Ly

Second Generation1956 – 1963

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes. Transistors are devices composed of

semiconductor material that amplifies a signal or opens or closes a circuit.

Transistors invented in 1947. Advantages:

Superior than vacuum tubes Smaller Faster Cheaper More energy-efficient More reliable

Brian Ly

Moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic.

COBOL and FROTRAN First computers that were developed for the

atomic energy industry

Brian Ly

Third Generation1964 – 1971

Integrated circuits Hallmark of the third generation

Drastically increased speed and efficiency of computers.

Keyboards/Monitors interfaced with Operating Systems.

Advantages: Many programs can be ran at same time Became accessible to a mass audience Even Smaller Even Cheaper Brian Ly

Carry out instructions in billionths of a second.

Size of machine dropped to the size of small file cabinets.

Brian Ly

Fourth Generation1971 - Present

Microprocessor Thousands of integrated circuits were rebuilt onto

a single silicon chip. Contains a CPU Controls the logic of almost all digital devices

Three basic characteristics differentiate microprocessors: Instruction Set Bandwidth Clock Speed

Higher the values, the more powerful the CPU is Brian Ly

First generation computers can now be fit in the palm of the hand.

Intel 4004chip located all the components of the computer.

CPU is the brain of the computer Most calculation takes place Most important element of a computer system

Large machines require CPUs with one or more printed circuit boards

PCs and Small workstations housed by a single chip, the microprocessor.

Brian Ly

Two typical components of a CPU: ALU

Arithmetic Logic Unit Control Unit

1981 - IBM introduced its first computer for the home user.

1984 – Apple introduced the Macintosh.

Microprocessors moved out of the realm of desktop computers.Brian Ly

Fifth GenerationPresent - Beyond

Artificial Intelligence Still in development Branch of computer science concerned with

making computer behave like humans Includes:

Games Playing Expert Systems Natural Language Neural Networks Robotics

Brian Ly

No Computers exhibit full artificial intelligence

Greatest advances In the fields of

games playing Chess programs

Capable of beating humans

IBM super computer, “Deep Blue”

Robots widely used in assembly plants

WHAT PIONEERING ROLE DID WOMEN HAVE IN TERMS OF THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO COMPUTER

TECHNOLOGY?

Hardware and machine designSoftware and Language DesignInnovative ApplicationsArtificial Intelligence

Jeanette Gerardo

Hardware

Margaret Butler: Helped develop one of the first digital computers of science

Evelyn Berezin: helped design, develop and manufacture word processing systems

Jeanette Gerardo

Software and Language Design

Betty Snyder Holberton: Collaborated with others in the original programming of the first stored-program computer

Adele Mildred Coss: Created an Editing Generator, used to build an editing routine.

programming knowledge.

Jeanette Gerardo

Software and Language Design

Margaret Harper: contributed to the development of tested programs, along with…

Grace Hopper who was one of the major developers of the first compiler for computer

Jeanette Gerardo

Innovative Applications

Joyce Wrenn: invented the application customizer.

Janet Marie Dearholt Esty: Invented data management which in her words was “taking care of all the paper work and reporting requirements for government contracts”.

Garhart (“Casey”) Stone: Invented an interactive videodisk to teach independent thinking to hearing impaired children.

Dr. Rosamond Gianutsos: Created a series of computer programs to help diagnose and treat brain-injured people.

Jeanette Gerardo

Artificial Intelligence Wendy Lehnert: won a

presidential young investigator award for her work in artificial intelligence for trying to make computers think like humans.

Karen Sparck-Jones: introduced the concept of inverse document frequency, it is used in most search engines today.

Thelma Estrin: “Provided computer support for a variety of research projects”, expert in the application of computers to medical research and treatment.

Jeanette Gerardo

Jeanette Gerardo

What was UNIVAC? UNIVAC is the first

commercial computer produced in the United States

The Acronym stands for “Universal Automatic Computer” which was chosen by John Mauchly in 1947.

Designed by Dr. Presper Eckert and Dr. John Mauchly

Jeanette Gerardo

Cont.

Its design and contract was not finalized until 1948

Costs for this project were erroneous and almost drove its inventors to bankruptcy

The project was not accepted by the Census Bureau until March 31, 1951

Costs to finally construct the UNIVAC were close to a million dollars

Jeanette Gerardo

Components Of UNIVAC The infamous UNIVAC was 25feet by 50

feet in length, and was composed of about 5600 tubes, 18000 crystal diodes and 300 relays.

Its internal capacity was of about 1000 words to 12000 characters.

Jeanette Gerardo

Components Of UNIVAC

Its processing speed was .525 milliseconds for arithmetic functions, 2.15 milliseconds for multiplication and 3.9 Milliseconds for division.

It was unique from any other invention since it provided the separation of complex problems of input and the output from the actual computation

Jeanette Gerardo

UNIVAC

Jeanette Gerardo

-In 1952, it successfully predicted the outcome of the 1952 presidential election during a televised news broadcast.

-UNIVAC was soon used to compute major company’s payrolls, sales records, sales performance, etc.

-The largest amount of UNIVAC’s to be delivered took place in 1958

Jeanette Gerardo

Additions to UNIVAC

The first practical compiler that consisted of a group error-free programs placed on tapes that were in turn assigned to call numbers.

Automatic programming which enabled computers to write their own programs from using key instructions.

Data processing: (Flow-matic) was the first computer language consisted of 500 typical programs and identified 30 verbs that shared commonalities amongst all.

Jeanette Gerardo

Jeanette Gerardo

What was the ENIAC?

First general purpose electronic computer that amongst its capabilities were reprogramming which would allow it to be used for different computing problems

It was initially invented for military purposes to enable them to calculate artillery firing tables

Was used for the first time for calculations for the hydrogen bomb

Jeanette Gerardo

Was referred to as a “Giant Brain” through media

Its speed was one thousand times faster then electro-mechanical machines

The construction contract was signed by the United States army on June 5, 1943.

Jeanette Gerardo

ENIAC GIRLS

Were programmers of the world’s first general response electronic computer

They were mostly math graduates Were initially hired to calculate shell and

missile trajectories for the War department

About 200 women operated the ENIAC systems at once

Jeanette Gerardo

ENIAC GIRLS

Jeanette Gerardo

Adele Goldstine

Wrote the complete technical description for the first digital computer

Was also a mathematics teacher

Taught 6 women that were the original programmers of the ENIAC to perform hand calculations of the firing table trajectory

Jeanette Gerardo

Kay Mauchly

Was one of three math majors at her college (Chestnut Hill College near Philadelphia)

Was 22 when she was hired at the University of Pennsylvania for mathematicians to calculate bullet and missile trajectories.

Jeanette Gerardo

Frances Bilas Was also a math

major with a minor in physics

Was hired by Moore School of engineering to compute ballistics trajectories

Was then selected to become part of the programmers of ENIAC

Jeanette Gerardo

Ruth Lichterman Graduated with a

bachelors in mathematics from Hunter College

Was also hired by Moore School of Engineering

She also traveled with ENIAC to the Aberdeen Proving grounds to train the future ENIAC programmers where she remained for about two years

Jeanette Gerardo

Elizabeth Jennings known as Jean Bartik

She was a mathematics major

Was originally hired as Aberdeen Proving ground to also calculate ballistic trajectories

Was then elected to be one of the programmers

She later became an editor for a company which published information on high technology

Jeanette Gerardo

Marilyn Wescoff Was originally

hired by Moore School of Engineering to perform weather calculations

Then was hired to also perform ballistic trajectories

Jeanette Gerardo

Betty Holberton

Hired by Moore School of Engineering to compute Ballistic trajectories

Was later asked to be part of the ENIAC programmers.

Jeanette Gerardo

Ada Lovelace, Countess of Lovelace

Born In London, England, December 10, 1815 . Died November 27, 1852.

Her Father was the famous Romantic poet Lord Byron.

Her mother made sure she was tutored in mathematics and music because she did not want her daughter to be a poet like her father.

She was later influenced by Charles Babbage who also become a lifelong friend.

Rosa Morales

Ada Lovelace and Charles Babbage

She met Babbage at age 17

Babbage was a Mathematics Professor in Cambridge

He came up with the idea of a analytical engine

Ada helped translate transcripts that informed on analytical engine.

The Analytical Engine was steam powered general purpose computing machine

Rosa Morales

Ada Continue

Analytical Engine An analytical engine “basic function was an

empty box. It didn’t actually do anything itself, but merely executed whatever ‘program’ was applied by its operator.”

The transcripts Ada translated led to “the acceptance of the first computer program.”

She introduced computer programming but during her lifetime it was never tested.

Rosa Morales

Rear Admiral Grace Hopper Born in New York City December

9, 1906. Died in Arlington, Virginia,

January 1, 1992. Graduated from Vassar with a

B.A. in mathematics, physics, and economics. She received her Masters from Yale as well as her Ph.D.

One of the first woman hands on computer programmer

Join Navy WAVES (Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service) and served into her retirement.

Director of the Navy Programming Languages Group

Rosa Morales

Hopper’s Career Navy

Mark I (1944) and Mark II (1944) were the first digital computers

Designed at Harvard University Used by the US Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations

Eckert-Mauchly Computer Coporation Helped develop the UNIVAC I (1949), “first commercially

viable computer.” FLOW-MATIC, “first computer language consisting of words”

COBOL (1959)

She was one of the creators of COBOL Acronym “for Common Business-Oriented Language.” Known as one of the oldest programming language Could be used in different computers

Rosa Morales

Mark 1

Rosa Morales

BINAC Two computers linked together Capacity to check itself for accuracy.

First to realize that software are an essential part of the computer.

Virtual Storage “Later work included development of virtual

storage, greatly increasing the effective memory available to the computer, the computer operating system, and parallel processing.”

Rosa Morales

Career Continue

Hopper also develop the first compiler for a computer programming language. B-O compiler “Compiler, the intermediate program that

translates English language instructions into the language of the target computer.”

Invented automatic programming

Rosa Morales

Prepared By: Ernest Del Real

THE VIDEO GAME INDUSTRY

Where are all the women?

The Facts: 1 woman for every 5 men currently in

video game industry. (2007 survey by Game Developer Magazine)

Women at all levels of the field earned an average of $64,643 last year, while men earned $74,459, according to the survey. (2007 survey by Game Developer Magazine)

Prepared By: Ernest Del Real

Prepared By: Ernest Del Real

The Numbers Don’t Lie

1. What was the major change between the Third Generation and the Fourth Generation?

2. What does UNIVAC stand for?

3. What does COBAL stand for? 4. What percent of women are

programmers?

Rosa Morales

Biobliography "Grace Murray Hopper." Computer Science at Yale University. 1994. Web. 05 Nov. 2010.

<http://cswww.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/Files/hopper-story.html>. "CS 4, Winter, 2006." Welcome to the Dartmouth Computer Science Department. Web. 08 Nov.

2010. <http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/farid/teaching/cs4/summer.08/notes/historyofcomputing/>.