TEAM-BASED LEARNING: What Makes It: DISTINCTIVE? SO IMPORTANT? Presentation by: L. Dee Fink, Ph.D. National Consultant in Higher Education Author: Creating Significant Learning Experiences Team-Based Learning Conference Vancouver, British Columbia May 31 – June 1, 2007
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TEAM-BASED LEARNING: What Makes It: DISTINCTIVE? SO IMPORTANT? Presentation by: L. Dee Fink, Ph.D. National Consultant in Higher Education Author: Creating.
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TEAM-BASED LEARNING:
What Makes It: DISTINCTIVE?
SO IMPORTANT?
Presentation by:
L. Dee Fink, Ph.D.
National Consultant in Higher Education
Author: Creating Significant Learning Experiences
Team-Based Learning Conference
Vancouver, British Columbia
May 31 – June 1, 2007
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
I. Introductory Comments
II. TBL: What Makes It
DISTINCTIVE?
III. TBL: What Makes It SO
IMPORTANT?
IV. Wrap-Up
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
I. Introductory Comments
Medical & Health Professions Education:
• Very Important
• Some serious cost/quality issues
• Very costly
• Uneven/low quality
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
American Health Care:
Cost:
• The US spends more than double the median of OECD countries.
• US = $4,178 per capita/year
• Next highest?
• Switzerland: $2,794
• Canada: $2,312
• Median: $1,783
Source: Health Affairs, Vol 20, No. 3 (May-June 2001), pp. 219-232.
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
American Health Care:
Cost
Quality:
• US ranks 12th out of 13 developed countries (on 16 health indicators)
• Canada: Ranks 3rd highest
Source: “Is US Health Care Really the Best?”, JAMA, 26 July 2000, pp. 483-485.
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
American Health Care:
Quality (cont):
C. Cause of Health Problems:
• People’s life style? Or medical care?
• “225,000 deaths per year from iatrogenic causes”
• Unnecessary surgery• Nosocomial infections in hospitals • Other errors in hospitals• Medication errors in hospitals• Non-error, adverse effects of medications
Source: “Is US Health Care Really the Best?”, JAMA, 26 July 2000, pp. 483-485.
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
American Health Care:
One Major Cause of the Problem?
• Health Care Providers don’t know how to work together!
Source: “The State of the Nation’s Health”, Dartmouth Medicine, Spring 2007, pp. 26-35.
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
I. Introductory Comments
Higher Education in General:
• Very Important
• Some serious cost/quality issues
• Very costly
• Uneven/low quality
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
“Tertiary education [i.e., higher education] is more critical, the flatter the world gets.”
-Thomas Friedman, The World is Flat (p. 289)
“[The new world economy] is highly knowledge-intensive – so you must be good at constantly learning. If you stand still, you fall back.”
-J.F. Rischard, High Noon (p. 30)
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
Evidence That Students Are NOT
Having Significant Learning
Experiences:
• Employers
• Derek Bok: “Our Underachieving Colleges”
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
Derek Bok:
•Learning to communicate
•Learning to think
•Building character
•Preparation for citizenship
•Living with diversity
•Preparing for a global society
•Acquiring broader interests
•Preparing for a career
from: Our Underachieving Colleges: A Candid Look at How Much Students Learn and Why They Should Be Learning More (2006)
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
Derek Bok:
• …lack of any overarching purpose in the undergraduate curriculum.
• …allowing intellectual standards to deteriorate.
• …colleges and universities…accomplish far less for their students than they should.
from: Our Underachieving Colleges: A Candid Look at How Much Students Learn and Why They Should Be Learning More (2006)
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
I. Introductory Comments
II. TBL: What Makes It Distinctive?
III. TBL: What Makes It So Important?
IV. Wrap-Up
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
II. TBL: What Makes It Distinctive?
A. From: Traditional Ways of
Teaching
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
HOW DO PEOPLE LEARN?
1. Transmit Knowledge?
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
Transmission
Of
Knowledge
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
HOW DO PEOPLE LEARN?
1. Transmit Knowledge?
2. Constructivism
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
Constructivist View of Learning
• We can transmit “INFORMATION.”
• But people have to take that information and CONSTRUCT their own understanding of it, and figure out what they can do with it.
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
HOW DO PEOPLE LEARN?
1. Transmit Knowledge?
2. Constructivism
3. Social Constructivism
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
Social Constructivism:
• We can construct our
understanding of anything by
ourselves, but...
• it usually works much better to
collaborate and dialogue with
others about how best to
understand a topic – and know
what we can do with that
understanding.
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
II. TBL: What Makes It Distinctive?
A. From: Traditional Ways of
Teaching
B. From: Other Ways of Using Small
Groups
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
•Covering a 2-3 Week Block of Time
•Covering One Major Topic Within the Course
Three Phases of Team Learning:
R.A.P.:1. Individual test (Continue2. Team test Group Work Group Work pattern as long
In-Class: 3. Appeals (Simple) (Complex) as desired)4. Corrective Instruction
Out-of-Class: Reading Homework Homework Review
Approximate Level of Content Understanding at Each Phase:
Assessment
The Sequence of Learning Activities in Team-Based Learning
Preparation
Activities:
Application (Practice with Feedback)
40% 90-100%50% 60% 70% 80%) ) ) ) ))
CULMINATING PROJECT
EXAM: Individual or
Group
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
TBL: What It Isn’t
≠ Weekly RATs all semester long
≠ Just a Group RAT
≠ Graded group work without Peer Evaluation
Permanent, intentionally-formed groups
Individual & Group RAT
= In-Class, SG Application Exercises
Graded Group Assignments
Peer Evaluation
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
•Covering a 2-3 Week Block of Time
•Covering One Major Topic Within the Course
Three Phases of Team Learning:
R.A.P.:1. Individual test (Continue2. Team test Group Work Group Work pattern as long
In-Class: 3. Appeals (Simple) (Complex) as desired)4. Corrective Instruction
Out-of-Class: Reading Homework Homework Review
Approximate Level of Content Understanding at Each Phase:
Assessment
The Sequence of Learning Activities in Team-Based Learning
Preparation
Activities:
Application (Practice with Feedback)
40% 90-100%50% 60% 70% 80%) ) ) ) ))
CULMINATING PROJECT
EXAM: Individual or
Group
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
Qualityof
StudentLearning
TraditionalTeaching(lecture, textbook focused)
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
Qualityof
StudentLearning
TraditionalTeaching(lecture, textbook focused)
CasualUse
Different Ways of Using Small Groups
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
3 General Ways of Using Small
Groups:
1.Casual
• “Turn to your neighbor and discuss “X”.
• Easy to do, but limited impact
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
Qualityof
StudentLearning
TraditionalTeaching(lecture, textbook focused)
CasualUse
CooperativeLearning
Different Ways of Using Small Groups
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
3 General Ways of Using Small
Groups:
1.Casual
2.Cooperative
• Insert a carefully-designed group activity
• More impact than “Casual” but overall course structure is still unchanged
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
Qualityof
StudentLearning
TraditionalTeaching(lecture, textbook focused)
CasualUse
CooperativeLearning
Team-Based Learning
Different Ways of Using Small Groups
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
3 General Ways of Using Small
Groups:
1.Casual
2.Cooperative
3.Different Course Structure
• Changes the structure of the course
• Much bigger impact on student learning
• Two major examples:
• PBL: Good – but doesn’t scale up
• TBL: Good – and does scale up
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
I. Introductory Comments
II. TBL: What Makes It Distinctive?
III. TBL: What Makes It SO IMPORTANT?
IV. Wrap-Up
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
III. TBL: What Makes It So
Important?
A. Special Challenges in
Medical/Health Professions
Education
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
4 Special Challenges in
Medical/Health Professions Education:
1. Lots of information to acquire
2. Must learn how to apply & use
that information
3. Need good “People Skills”
4. Often takes place in large classes
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
III. TBL: What Makes It So
Important?
A. Special Challenges in Medical/Health
Professions Education
B. Reflection of Principles of
Integrated Course Design
S i t u a t i o n a l F a c t o r s
INTERACTIVE COURSE DESIGN:
Key Components
Learning Goals
Feedback &
Assessment
Teaching &LearningActivities
Criteria of “GOOD” Course Design
S I T U A T I O N A L F A C T O R S
In-Depth Situational
Analysis
Learning Goals
Significant
Learning
EducativeAssessmen
t
Active Learning
Teaching Strategy
Feedback & Assessment
Teaching and
LearningActivities
Criteria of “GOOD” Course Design
S I T U A T I O N A L F A C T O R S
In-Depth Situational
Analysis
Learning Goals
Significant
Learning
EducativeAssessmen
t
Active Learning
Teaching Strategy
Feedback & Assessment
Teaching and
LearningActivities
Team-Based Learning: Distinctive - Important
1. Situational Factors: Collecting information about…
• Specific Context
• General Context
• Nature of the Subject
• Nature of Students
• Nature of Teacher
Criteria of “GOOD” Course Design
S I T U A T I O N A L F A C T O R S
In-Depth Situational
Analysis
Learning Goals
Significant
Learning
EducativeAssessmen
t
Active Learning
Teaching Strategy
Feedback & Assessment
Teaching and
LearningActivities
Taxonomy of Significant Learning
Taxonomy of Significant Learning
CaringDeveloping new…
Feelings Interests Values
Learning How to Learn
Becoming a better student
Inquiring about a subject
Self-directing learners
Human DimensionsLearning about:
Oneself Others
IntegrationConnecting:
IdeasPeopleRealms of life
Foundational KnowledgeUnderstanding and remembering: