Teaching methods.doc

Mansoura University Faculty of nursing Master preparatory course 2014-2015

Supervised By:

Dr/ Raefa AllamPrepared By:

Maha Ebrahim Ebrahim

Enas sabry fathy

Eman Yasser Hammouda

Nagwa Yehia

Mona AbdElghany

Mona Refat

Outline

Introduction

Definition of Teaching (instructional) methods

Types of the instructional methods

*. Traditional methods.

*. Nontraditional methods.

Advantage and disadvantage of methods of teaching & learning . activities.

Objectives:

General objectives:

At the end of the lecture, my colleagues will be able to Identify

The different types of teaching methods and advantages and dis-

advantages of each type.

Specific objectives:

At the end of the lecture ,my collegues will be able to:

-Define teaching methods.

-Identify the different teaching methods.

-Discuss the advantage and disadvantages of each teaching method.

-Practice small group discussion during the nursing education course.

IntroductionOnce the teacher has determined the learning objectives associated with

the topic of the lesson, then she or he must determine the specific

learning/teaching activities and resources that will be used during the

course of the class session to accomplish these objectives. Matching

teaching methods to course objectives is an essential, good teaching

practice. Preparing your course has parallels to preparing your research.

You wouldn’t choose choose a research method without first knowing

your research questions; you should treat choosing your teaching strategy

with the same mindset. The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher

explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires

(William Arthur Ward).

Definition of traditional t eaching

Is the technique or approach the teacher uses to bring the learner into

contact with the content to be learned.

Types of traditional t eaching :

There are many traditional & none-traditional teaching methods; each has

its advantages and disadvantages.

Traditional teaching consist of :

1- lecture

2- Group discussion

3- Demonstration

4- One to one instruction

5- Problem solving

6- Using Audiovisuals methods

1- Lecture :

For many years, the lecture method was the most widely used

instructional strategy in college classrooms although the usefulness of

other teaching strategies is being widely examined today; the lecture still

remains an important way to communicate information.

Lecture can be defined as highly structured methods by which the

teacher verbally transmits information directly to group of learners for

purpose of instruction Content presented by instructor often accompanied

by handouts or visual aids.

Advantages Disadvantages

1-Saving of time.

2-Covers a large group of students

3-Gives a feeling of security pace

of learning.

4-Can be used with other teaching

strategies.

5-Useful strategy for clarifying

complex information.

6- Maximizes instructor control

7-the traditional lecture can be an

effective way to achieve

instructional goal.

1- The students in a passive situation.

2- Low interest.

3- Does not deal with higher levels

thinking skills.

4- Difficult of the development of the

learning

5-Visual aids, handouts may be costly.

6-disengages students from the learning

process causing information to be

quickly forgotten.

7- minimizes feedback from students

2- Group discussion:-

Is a method of teaching where by learners get together to exchange

information, feelings, and opinions with each other and the teacher.

Advantages Disadvantages

1- Encourage active participation of

learner

2- Permits a teacher/student

dialogue.

3- Easy learning.

4-Improves students' thinking skills

and ability to articulate thoughts and

feelings.

5- Cost-effective.

1- Requires supervision to keep

learners on-task.

2- Requires that learners have

sufficient knowledge.

3- Difficult or painful for the

quiet/shy learner.

4- If students are un prepared,

discussion will be ineffective.

5-Requires time.

3- Demonstration: -

Is a method by which the learners are shown by the teacher how to perform a

particular skill?

Demonstration is preceded by a lesson on the purpose of the skill, the steps

involved, equipment required, and what the learner is expected to do.

Advantages Disadvantages

1- Enhances retention.

2- Presence of teacher, increase feeling of

security.

3- Facilitate the question between the

teacher and student.

4- Aids in the understanding of more

complex psychomotor skills.

5-Learner has better understanding of what

is expected of him/her.

1- The student is limited.

2- Highly costs and time consuming.

3- Difficult in repeating the

demonstration in order to acquire

competence.

4-Sufficient number of instructors

needed to supervise student practice.

4- One to one instruction :-

In which the teacher delivers individual instruction designed specifically

for particular learner.

Advantages Disadvantages

1- Presence of teacher, increase feeling

of security.

2- Facilitate the question between the

teacher and student.

3- Ensure completely understanding.

4- Enhances retention.

1-Highly costs and time consuming.

2-No exchange information or

interaction between other student

3- Low interest.

4- Does not deal with higher levels

thinking skills.

5- in hospital we need to large number

of nurses for (one nurse to on patient )

5- Problem Solving: -

It is the most independent of learning methods, as it is completely empowers the

students to initiate their own learning.

The teacher makes all decisions about the content of the questions and therefore

the correct answers; however the role of arranging sequences that lead to the correct

solutions are placed in the hands of the learner.

The teacher therefore must assume the role of the facilitator, and be prepared to

provide students with feedback rather than solutions.

Positive reinforcement is a very important element of the problem solving process,

as it will further promote students to levels and personal confidence. provide their ideas,

developing individual motivation.

Advantages Disadvantages

1- Recognizes independent thinking.

2- Improve the learner's capacity to

generate and evaluate ideas and

solutions.

3- allows for the development of

creativity among students .

4- Allows students to control their own

learning situation.

5- Enhances retention.

1- Inability to achieve the answers may

result in a lack of motivation.

2- Effective only for students who are

already able to take responsibility for

their own learning.

3- Time consuming.

4- Need a supportive environment in

which to work out solutions.

5- The outcomes of the lesson may not

be achieved if the teacher's preparation

is not adequate.

6- Potential for a lack of teacher control

over the class.

Activity- Based teaching strategies

Non Traditional MethodsMethod of non-traditional method

1 -Simulation

2 -role playing

3 -Self-learning modules

4 -Computer-assisted instruction

5 -humor

6 -Problem Based Learning -PBL

1-Simulation :

Is a method where by an artificial or hypothetical experience is created

that engages the learner in an activity that reflects real-life conditions but

without the risk taking consequences of an actual situation? By this

method, participants can trial their problem solving techniques, and

psychomotor skills

Advantages :

Practice reality in safe setting-

Life-like experience can enhance retention-

Used as an independent study-

Facilitates development of problem- solving & decision making skills-

-All learners receive identical experience (not based on the teacher's

experience) .

Disadvantages :

-Costly

-Time-consuming

-Prerequisite knowledge and basic skill instruction required

Role playing: 2-

Is a method by which learners participate in an unrehearsed dramatization ?

They are asked to play assigned parts of a character, as they think the character

would act in reality This method is a technique to arouse feeling and elicit

emotional responses in the learner

Advantages:

-Develops understanding of others

-Promotes development of observational, problem-solving and decision

--making skills

-Cost-effective

Disadvantages:

-Requires

-faculty supervision

-Requires care when designing and developing

Self-learning modules 3-

It is a form of self-study, in which the learner is provided with

packets containing information and self-checks the packet is designed, so

that the learner can progress to a new section after mastering the prior

section.

Advantages:

Student can work at own pace-

Can be completed in class or outside classroom-

-Great for adult learners, because time and place of learning is under

their control .

Disadvantages:

Costly to prepare & update-

Requires careful design-

More costly if published materials used-

Lack of interaction with instructor and other students .

4-Computer-assisted instruction

It is a form of study using the technology of the computer to deliver

educational activities. (e.g., TOEFL, ICDL). .(

Advantages :

-Technology is effective for teaching in the cognitive and psychomotor

domains .

-Useful for promoting decision making and problem-solving skills.

-Learners can proceed at their own pace.

. -Learners receive immediate and continuous feedback

-Many types of application available.

Disadvantages:

.Can be very costly hardware & software-

-Selection of appropriate software may be difficult for inexperienced

teachers.

Requires that students be self-motivated.-

Student familiarity and skill with computer technology may differ-

Humor 5-

In which a joke, cartoon, or funny situation is added to a lesson.

This strategy provides students with a short break in content, and can

enhance comprehension and retention of material.

Advantages:

Increases learner interest-

Enhances teacher/student connection-

Improves learner apprehension (understanding)-

Aids in retention of content-

- Enhances mood, attitude, and general feeling of learning environment .

Disadvantages:

-Instructor must be aware of possible effects of humor on different

students.

Problem Based Learning -PBL)) 6-

PBL = Active learning

Students are more responsible for their own education and not solely

dependent on their teachers.

Problem-based learning (PBL) is a form of peer teaching, whereby

students work cooperatively in small groups to seek solutions to

problems.

-In the PBL learning process, small groups of students often encounter a

problem. Together, students must try to understand the problem,

reformulate the problem, and determine what information they need to

solve this problem

- They have to apply previous knowledge on the topic, as well as

researching a range of information resources relevant to help solve the

problem at hand.

-PBL allows students to make sense of the material in their own way,

integrating newly acquired knowledge with prior knowledge and

experiences.

-During this process students are encouraged to self and peer assess their

progress, which helps to develop their collaborative or team learning

skills.

The students clarified what happened in the scenario, defined the

problems, and wrote down unclear terms or concepts. The tutor helped

the students think about the scenario, discuss it, and arrive at an

understanding.

Advantages of Problem Based Learning:

-Engage the students in the problems they face in life and society

with relevant skills and enthusiasm

-Teaches effective problem solving skills using a flexible and

usable knowledge base

-Utilizes effective self-directed learning skills to continue learning

as a life-long habit

-Teaches to monitor and assess the depth of their knowledge,

problem solving and self-directed learning skills

Involves students in effective group based work

Disadvantages of Problem Based Learning:

Students may get distracted working in groups

-Teachers are required to provide effective guidance, so they may

require further tuition in this field

-Not all students can be expected to adapt to and succeed when

introduced to PBL. Factors to consider may include student backgrounds,

learning difficulties, social interaction skills, confidence levels and

behavioral qualities