Teaching Aids Dr Dmk

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Appropriate use of mediain teaching

Dr D. Murali Krishna Dr D. Shankar Reddy

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Activity

Group A : Flip chart Group B : Black/white board teachingGroup C : OHPGroup D: Power point presentation.

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TASK

Stage One Using your AV Aid prepare

the topic given to you . Time alloted : 15 mts

Stage Two Presentation – 4 mts

Stage Three Comments from facilitators and other groups 2

mts

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IntroductionLearning objectivesDefinitionClassificationAdvantages and disadvantages of

each audio visual aid

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Introduction

Teaching is an art it requires

1) Expertise at the subject2) Grasp of the language3) Skills to communicate Choosing the appropriate teaching

aid

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Why use teaching aids?

Teaching aids are useful to: reinforce what you are saying, ensure that your point is understood, signal what is important/essential, engage students’ other senses in the learning

process, facilitate different learning styles.

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50% of what we HEAR and SEE

We Learn and Retain:

20% of what we HEAR

30% of what we SEE

70% what we SAY and WRITE

10% of what we READ

Higher levels of retention can be achieved through active involvement in learning.

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Learning Objectives

By the end of this session, you should be able to: Choose the most appropriate visual aid for your

purpose and context, Use the black-/white-board effectively, Make the most of the overhead projector, Flip chart Produce a basic presentation with MS PowerPoint, Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of

other media.

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Def:-

Audio-Visual Aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning. -Burton

Audio-Visual Aids are any device which can be used to make the learning experience more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic.

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Types of AV AIDS

1.Non – projected visual aids: a) Chalkboard

b) Display boards, cards and charts 2.Projected visual aids:

a)Overhead projector b) LCD projector

c) Direct projector

3.Audio aids: a) Public address system b) Audio tape system

4.Written aids

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Types contd.

5.Patients and real objects 6.Three-dimensional representations:

a) Models b) Simulators

7.Simulation and Role play 8.Audiovisual aids:

a) Video tape system b) Tape – slide system and cine film c) Video scope d) LCD panel e) Virtual reality (VR)

9.Mass communication media: a) Radio b) Television

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Blackboard

1801 James Pillans invented black board in Scotland *

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WHITE-/BLACKBOARD

Advantages No advanced preparation required, except when displaying

a complex table/chart/ diagram.

Technology independent .

Can be used by students for problem-solving, etc.

Disadvantages Time-consuming if you have a lot to write. Handwriting may be difficult to read (legibility, size, glare,

etc.). Turn your back on audience. Cleaning the board (chalk dust, permanent marker, etc.) Can’t go back to something you’ve erased.

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WHITE-/BLACKBOARD

TIPS Get to the lecture hall early to make sure that the

board has been cleaned. Bring your own chalk/markers and eraser. If you have problems writing level, draw

horizontal lines in advance using a pencil and metre stick.

Draw complex diagrams, charts, etc. in advance Cleaning

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Flip chart

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Advantages

Notes, diagrams or flowcharts can be prepared in advance

Pages can be removed from the pad and taped on the walls

Can be preserved for display even after the class

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Disadvantages

Not effective for large groupThe chart cannot hold large amount

of materialWriting on the chart while the

session is going on is time consuming

Handwriting

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FLIPCHART

When to USE: if electricity is

unavailable, to enable students

to illustrate group reports,

to provide a written record of points made by students.

TIPS Check the room and equipment beforehand. Get your own pad of newsprint. Write out important pages in advance. Don’t put too much on a page. Carry a collection of felt-tip pens.

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OHP

Over head projector Invented in mid 20th centuryUses large Fresnel lens that

collimates the light Used to project previously

prepared transparencies Magnification is about 5

times

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OVERHEAD PROJECTOR

Advantages Allows you to prepare all your slides in advance. Best suited for complex diagrams, charts and Can build up information point-by-point through

the use of overlays. Don’t have to turn your back on the audience. easily available and inexpensive Can be prepared easily , quickly and preserved for

future.

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Disadvantages

A blown bulb or power failure can spoil all your hard work.

Image quality can also be a problem.

Transparency can go out of focus if it is moved on the stage

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Operation of Projector

2 mt away from screen Good picture is obtained when

mirror is 45º to horizontal plane. Before switching off , ensure cool

air comes out of exhaust.

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OVERHEAD PROJECTOR

Preparing Transparencies By hand, or Computer application (eg. MS PowerPoint, MS

Word, HTML documents) Printing - colour or B/W Printer (laser or inkjet), or Photocopier

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OVERHEAD PROJECTOR

Avoid overcrowdingAvoid continuous proseBullet or numbered points preferredThe rule of sixProgressive disclosure KILLS

Keep It Legible, Lean and Simple

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OVERHEAD PROJECTOR

1st Qtr. 2nd Qtr. 3rd Qtr. 4th Qtr. East 20.4 27.4 90.0 20.4 West 30.6 38.6 34.7 31.5 North 45.9 46.8 45.0 43.9

Tables are best avoided:

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OVERHEAD PROJECTOR

0

50

100

150

200

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

North

West

East

Use Charts/Graphs instead:

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Slide projector

Uses 35 mm slides

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Advantages Suitable for large and small group

Easy to carry can be stored and reused

With automatic slide projector and remote control the speaker can manage slide independently

Allows projection of x-ray images, scans, specimens etc.

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Disadvantages

Need to darken the hall for slide projection

Loss of eye contact with the students

Excessive numbers will result in loss of communication

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Good slide

Convey only one idea per slide

Slide should be simple with adequate margins

Six lines per slide Title 5 words or less and

outlines 7 words or less

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Power Point presentation

Used widely as computers are available

Offers tremendous multimedia capabilities

Great impact can be created by proper use

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Advantages

Keeps the attention on the topicSlide lay out, colour, font can be modified All types of multimedia can be presentedAnimation can be given for cues or

emphasisVideo clips can be incorporated

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Disadvantages

Dim light can cause loss of eye contactSpeaker cannot be seenOvercrowding the slide, Tendency to overload informationRequires good functioning of technology, Lot of time and energy to prepare

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Connections

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How to connect a projector

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Using Power Point Slides

Total number of slides = 1/2 number of minutes in presentation

One topic per slide3-7 bullets/slideKey words

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Don’t make the first presentation to your class.

Add speaker notes.Go blank SOS

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Bad slide

This page contains too many words for a presentation slide. It is not written in point form, making it difficult both for your audience to read and for you to present each point. Although there are exactly the same number of points on this slide as the previous slide, it looks much more complicated. In short, your audience will spend too much time trying to read this paragraph instead of listening to you.

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Audiovisual Errors

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1st Q tr 2nd Q tr 3rd Q tr 4th Q tr

East

West

North

this font is way too small don’t try to put too much on

one slide there is just too much here

to read and what is here is too small to see, anyway

can you even tell which color is which on the bar graph?

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Audiovisual Errors

Use “special effects” sparinglyThey rarely add anything to the

presentationAnd can be extremely annoying and

distracting!Graphics can be distracting

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BACKGROUND – BAD

Avoid backgrounds that are distracting or difficult to read from

Always be consistent with the background that you use

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Font Errors: Selectionfunky fonts are distracting and hard to

readthis is a sans serif font (Arial)

this is a serif font :This is Times New Roman Serif fonts lead the eye forwards and

provide extra clues for the readerNewer fonts Serif fonts : Georgia

San serif fonts : Verdana , Trebuchet MS

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Font Errors: Size

too small is hard to see, and this is smaller than the minimum resolvable acuity for most of the audience

make big enough to see easily

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Font Size

titles - 40 to 72 pt

text - 28 to 40 pt

NEVER smaller than 28 pt

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Font Errors: Case Selection

ALL CAPS IS NOT VERY READABLE FOR LONG PASSAGES; AVOID THIS EXCEPT FOR SHORT TITLES AND ABBREVIATIONS

Sentence case is much more readable!

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Font Errors: Alignment

This passage is more difficult for you to read because it is centered, instead of left

justified. Don’t do this.

This passage is more easier for you to read because it is left justified.

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Font Colors

chromatic aberration of the eye causes different colors in the slide to appear to be at different depths; and makes it hard to read

don’t do it!

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Smart buttons (action buttons)

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Other Media AUDIO TAPES or CDs

When to USE: Particularly suited for

language learning, media studies

Valuable when referring to recorded historical events

Background music can also be played before class starts and during group activities.

TIPS Check the room and equipment beforehand. Find the right spot on the tape/CD and queue it up in

advance. Don’t play more than a few minutes of audio at one time. Break up longer clips into segments, interspersed with

discussion or other activities.

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Other Media VIDEO TAPES or DVDs

When to USE: Adds a dimension not

available through audio alone - helps students to visualise.

Essential when illustrating things that are impractical to do in class room .

TIPSSame as for CDs/audio tapes Check equipment

beforehand. Can images be seen

from the back of the room?

Queue up the tape in advance.

Break viewing into short segments, integrated with discussion or activities.

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Virtual reality programmes

Computer based 3D dimensional models

Eg: Electronic glove ,Surgery simulations

Helps in psychomotor domain

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Thank you for your time!

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Quiz

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