1 1. INDUSTRY PROFILE THE DCW STORY GOES back to 1925 when the foundation stone of India's first Soda Ash factory at Dhrangadhra - a small principality in Gujarat in West India - was laid. The plant was taken over in 1939 and run under the name Dhrangadhra Chemical Works. To wish the venture luck, the company adopted the horse shoe as their corporate logo, which stands till today, and is widely recognized as a symbol of excellence. It is said that every oak begins as an acorn. The process of growth received a major impetus in 1959 with the commissioning of the chlor-alkali plant at Sahupuram in the southern state of Tamilnadu. At that time, the area was completely barren. Today this complex has made its mark on the chemical map of India as well as the world. Growth at the chlor-alkali complex was rapid as between 1965 and 1970 three plants were erected that turned the co-product chlorine into a money spinner; a liquid chlorine plant in 1965, the country's first Trichloroethylene plant in 1968 and an integrated PVC resin plant in 1970-making the company one of the first in the nascent petrochemicals field. In the same year, 1970, the company set up a plant to manufacture upgraded ilmenite, the first of its kind in Asia, and even today, one of the few of its kind in the world. In 1986, to reflect the expanded activity spectrum, and its emergence as a multi-product and multi- locational company, the corporate name was changed simply to DCW Ltd. PRODUCTS INSTALLED CAPACITY MT PRODUCTION MT CAUSTIC SODA DIVISION CAUSTIC SODA LYE 100000 77612 CAUSTIC SODA SOLID 155 CAUSTIC SODA FLAKES 25910 LIQUID CHLORINE 36000 18963 TRICHLOROETHYLENE 7200 4715 UPGR & W.G.ILM 48000 36394 UTOX 600 1612 IRON OXIDE 297 PVC DIVISION 90000 85758 Table 1.1 Industry Products
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1
1. INDUSTRY PROFILE
THE DCW STORY GOES back to 1925 when the foundation stone of India's first Soda
Ash factory at Dhrangadhra - a small principality in Gujarat in West India - was laid. The
plant was taken over in 1939 and run under the name Dhrangadhra Chemical Works. To
wish the venture luck, the company adopted the horse shoe as their corporate logo, which
stands till today, and is widely recognized as a symbol of excellence.
It is said that every oak begins as an acorn. The process of growth received a major
impetus in 1959 with the commissioning of the chlor-alkali plant at Sahupuram in the
southern state of Tamilnadu. At that time, the area was completely barren. Today this
complex has made its mark on the chemical map of India as well as the world.
Growth at the chlor-alkali complex was rapid as between 1965 and 1970 three plants
were erected that turned the co-product chlorine into a money spinner; a liquid chlorine
plant in 1965, the country's first Trichloroethylene plant in 1968 and an integrated PVC
resin plant in 1970-making the company one of the first in the nascent petrochemicals
field.
In the same year, 1970, the company set up a plant to manufacture upgraded ilmenite,
the first of its kind in Asia, and even today, one of the few of its kind in the world. In 1986,
to reflect the expanded activity spectrum, and its emergence as a multi-product and multi-
locational company, the corporate name was changed simply to DCW Ltd.
PRODUCTS INSTALLED
CAPACITY MT PRODUCTION MT
CAUSTIC SODA DIVISION
CAUSTIC SODA LYE 100000 77612
CAUSTIC SODA SOLID 155
CAUSTIC SODA FLAKES 25910
LIQUID CHLORINE 36000 18963
TRICHLOROETHYLENE 7200 4715
UPGR & W.G.ILM 48000 36394
UTOX 600 1612
IRON OXIDE 297
PVC DIVISION 90000 85758
Table 1.1 Industry Products
2
2. INTRODUCTION
2.1. HISTORY OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE
By 1896, work in Germany led to chlorinated solvents by partial or complete chlorination
of acetylene, and in 1908 to a full-scale plant producing 1,1,2-trichloroethene. Pioneered by
Imperial Chemical Industries in Britain, its development was hailed as an anesthetic
revolution. Originally thought to possess less hepatotoxicity than chloroform, and without
the unpleasant pungency and flammability of ether, TCE use was nonetheless soon found
to have several pitfalls. These included promotion of cardiac arrhythmias, too low volatility
for quick anesthetic induction, reactions with soda lime used in carbon dioxide absorbing
systems, prolonged neurological dysfunction when used with soda lime, and evidence of
hepatotoxicity as had been found with chloroform.
The introduction of halothane in 1956 greatly diminished the use of TCE as a general
anesthetic. TCE was still used as an inhalation analgesic in childbirth given by self-
administration. Fetal toxicity and concerns for carcinogenic potential of TCE led to its
abandonment in the 1980s.
Due to concerns about its toxicity, the use of trichloroethylene in the food and
pharmaceutical industries has been banned in much of the world since the 1970s.
Legislation has forced the substitution of trichloroethylene in many processes in Europe as
the chemical was classified as a carcinogen carrying an R45 risk phrase.
intersects the diagonal line that splits the VLE plot in half. A line with slope R/(R+1) is then
drawn from this intersection point as shown in the diagram below.
R is the ratio of reflux flow (L) to distillate flow (D) and is called the reflux ratio and is a
measure of how much of the material going up the top of the column is returned back to the
column as reflux.
xD Rm+1 = 0.66
Rm+1 = xD 0.994
= = 1.5 0.66 0.66
Rm = 1.5 – 1.00 = 0.5
R= 1.5 Rm = 0.75
xD 0.994
= = 0.568
R+1 0.75 +1
Number of trays from graph =12
L = RD = 0.568x6.686 = 3.797 k-moles
Fig 6.2.3 V-L-E Diagram
34
G =L+D = 1.838 + 6.686
= 10.483 k-moles q=1 (Feed is saturated liquid)
L = L+qf = 3.797 + 1(7.074)
= 10.871 k-moles
G = G+ (q –1) F = 8.475 +0
= 10.483 k-moles
Fig 6.2.4 McCabe Thiele Diagram
35
PROPERTIES
Enriching section Stripping section
Top Bottom Top Bottom
Liquid (k.moles/hr)
Liquid (kg/hr)
Vapor
(k.moles/hr)
Vapor (kg/hr)
x
y
T liquid (oC)
T vapor(oC)
ρvapor(kg/m3)
ρliquid (kg/m3)
(L/G)(ρg/ρL)0.5
liq (dyn/cm)
µ vapor
µ liq
Dvapor (m2/s)
Dliquid (m2/s)
3.797
499.30
10.483
1378.52
0.994
0.99
87
87.6
4.57
1460
0.0202
28.7
00038
0.27
0.0599
1.688x10-9
3.797
504.81
10.483
1393.71
0.952
0.95
89
89.7
4.51
1480
0.0199
28.7
0.0038
0.271
0.0059
1.688x10-9
10.871
1467.58
10.483
1415.2
0.93
0.932
89.5
90.3
4.46
1515
0.056
26.3
0.0038
0.449
0.148
1.952x10-9
10.871
1804.58
10.483
1740.18
0.036
0.036
100
101.5
5.1
1546
0.0595
26.3
0.0038
0.4491
0.149
1.952x10-9
Table 6.2.1 Properties of Vapor and Liquid in Distillation
column
36
AVERAGE CONDITIONS AND PROPERTIES
Properties Enriching section Stripping section
Liquid (k-moles/hr) (kg/hr)
3.797 502.05
10.871 1636.08
Vapor ( k-moles/hr)
(kg/hr)
10.483
1386.115
10.483
1577.69
Tliq (°c )
88
94.75
Tvapor (°c )
88.65 95.9
ρliq (kg/m3)
1470 1530.5
ρvapor (kg/m3)
4.54 2.483
ENRICHING SECTION
VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE OF VAPOUR
Assume ideal gas behavior
V = nRT/P
= 3.787 × 0.08206 x 361.5/1 × 3600
V=0.313 m3/s
Assuming vapor velocity = 0.5 m/s
Net cross sectional area of top column =Vol .flow rate / vap. Velocity
= 0.313/0.5
An = 0.624 m2
Table 6.2.2 Average Conditions and Properties
37
Area of the column, Ac=An/0.88
=0.624/0.88
=0.81m2
Ac= (/4) x Dc2
0.81=0.785Dc2
Dc = 1.015 m
STRIPPING SECTION
VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE OF VAPOUR:
Assume ideal gas behavior
V = nRT/P
= 10.871 x 0.08206 × 367.75/1 × 3600
V= 0.278 m3/s
Vapor velocity =0.5 m/s
Net cross sectional area of top column =Vol .flow rate / vap. Velocity
=0.278/0.5
An = 0.556 m2
Area of the column, Ac=An/0.88
=0.556/0.88
=0.632 m2
Ac= (/4) xDc2
0.632=0.785Dc2
Dc = 0.897 m
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CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF DOWN COMER
Ad = Ac - An
=0.81 – 0.556
Ad =0.254 m2
TOWER HEIGHT:
= ((Actual trays – tray for reboiler + tray for condenser) +2) x Tray spacing
Actual trays = (NTP/Tray overall efficiency)
= (12/ 0.17 – 0.616 log (μavg))
= (12 / 0.474) since, μavg = 0.32 cP
= 25.27 = 26
= ((26-1+0) +2) × Tray spacing
= 27 × Tray spacing
=27 × 0.5
Column height =13.5 m
FEED ENTERING ZONE
Feed enter in between the enriching to stripping section. From the above parameters feed
should enter in the 5th
tray which find out from the actual tray calculation and help of graph
chart.
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TRAY HYDRAULICS (TOP & BOTTOM)
Sieve tray are used
1) Plate spacing = 0.5 m
2) Hole diameter = 0.006 m
3) Hole pitch = 3 x Hole diameter =0.0018 m
4) Tray thickness =0.6 × 0.006=0.0036 m
Ratio of hole area to perforated area = (Ah / Ap)
= 0.9 × (6/18) 2
= 0.1
WEIR HEIGHT
For normal pressure weir height lies between
40-50 mm
Let weir height = 0.05 m
WEIR LENGTH
Weir length = 0.75 × Dc
= 0.75 × 0.879
Weir length = 0.66 m
40
7. COST ESTIMATION AND ECONOMICS
Cost of TCE plant of capacity 5430 TPY in 1968 Rs. 3.26×108
Therefore cost of 7602 TPY in 2011 is: C1 = C2 (Q1/Q2)0.6
= 3.26×108 (7602/5430)
0.6
= Rs.3.99 × 108 Chemical Engineering Plant Cost Index
Cost index in 1968 = 112
Cost index in 2011 = 511 (from chemical magazines) Thus, Present cost of Plant = (original cost) × (present cost index)/(past cost index)
= (Rs.3.99 × 108) × (511/112) = Rs. 18.20×108
i.e., Fixed Capital Cost (FCI) = Rs. 18.20×108 Estimation of Capital Investment Cost I. Direct Costs: material and labor involved in actual installation of complete facility (70-
ii. Local Taxes: (1-4% of fixed capital investment)
Consider the local taxes = 3% of fixed capital investment
i.e. Local Taxes = 0.03×20.253×108
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= Rs. 0.607×108
iii. Insurances: (0.4-1% of fixed capital investment)
Consider the Insurance = 0.7% of fixed capital investment
i.e. Insurance = 0.007×20.253×108
= Rs. 0.1417×108
iv. Rent: (8-12% of value of rented land and buildings)
Consider rent = 10% of value of rented land and buildings
= 10% of ((0.2730×108) + (1.8104×108))
Rent = Rs. 0.2083x108
Thus, Fixed Charges = Rs. 3.644×108
B. Direct Production Cost: (about 60% of total product cost) Now we have Fixed charges = 10-20% of total product charges – (given)
Consider the Fixed charges = 15% of total product cost
Total product charge = fixed charges/15%
Total product charge = 3.644×108/15%
Total product charge = 3.644×108/0.15
Total product charge (TPC) = Rs. 24.29×108 i. Raw Materials: (10-50% of total product cost) Consider the cost of raw materials = 25% of total product cost Raw material cost = 25% of TPC
= 0.25×24.29×108
Raw material cost = Rs. 6.0725×108 ii. Operating Labor (OL): (10-20% of total product cost)
Consider the cost of operating labor = 12% of total product cost
Operating labor cost = 12% of 24.29×108 = 0.12×24.29×10
8
Operating labor cost = Rs. 2.914×108 iii. Direct Supervisory and Clerical Labor (DS & CL): (10-25% of OL) Consider the cost
45
for Direct supervisory and clerical labor = 12% of OL
Direct supervisory and clerical labor cost = 12% of 2.914×108
= 0.12×2.914×108
Direct supervisory and clerical labor cost = Rs. 0.3497×108
iv. Utilities: (10-20% of total product cost)
Consider the cost of Utilities = 12% of total product cost
Utilities cost = 12% of 24.29×108
= 0.12×20.253×108
Utilities cost = Rs. 2.43×108 v. Maintenance and repairs (M & R): (2-10% of fixed capital investment)
Consider the maintenance and repair cost = 5% of fixed capital investment
i.e. Maintenance and repair cost = 0.05×20.253×108
= Rs.1.0126×108
vi. Operating Supplies: (10-20% of M & R or 0.5-1% of FCI)
Consider the cost of Operating supplies = 15% of M & R Operating supplies cost
= 15% of 1.085×108
= 0.15×1.0126×108
Operating supplies cost = Rs. 0.1518×108 vii. Laboratory Charges: (10-20% of OL)
Consider the Laboratory charges = 15% of OL
Laboratory charges = 15% of 2.914×108 = 0.15×2.914×108
Laboratory charges = Rs. 0.6204×108 viii. Patent and Royalties: (0-6% of total product cost) Consider the cost of Patent and royalties = 4% of total product cost
Patent and Royalties = 4% of 24.29×108
= 0.03×24.29×108
Patent and Royalties cost = Rs. 0.7287×108
46
Thus, Direct Production Cost = Rs. 14.279×108 -------- (59% of TPC)
C. Plant overhead Costs (50-70% of Operating labor, supervision, and
maintenance or 5-15% of total product cost); includes for the following: general plant
upkeep and over head , payroll overhead, packaging, medical services, safety and
protection, restaurants, recreation, salvage, laboratories, and storage facilities.
Consider the plant overhead cost = 60% of OL, DS & CL, and M & R
II. General Expenses = [Administrative costs + distribution and selling costs + Research and development costs] A. Administrative costs: (2-6% of total product cost) Consider the Administrative costs = 5% of total product cost
Administrative costs = 0.05 × 24.29×108
Administrative costs = Rs. 1.2145×108 B. Distribution and Selling costs: (2-20% of total product cost); includes costs for sales
offices, salesmen, shipping, and advertising.
Consider the Distribution and selling costs = 15% of total product cost
Distribution and selling costs = 15% of 24.29×108
Distribution and selling costs = 0.15 × 24.29×108
Distribution and Selling costs = Rs. 3.464×108
C. Research and Development costs: (about 5% of total product cost)
Consider the Research and development costs = 5% of total product cost
Research and Development costs = 5% of 24.29×108
Research and development costs = 0.05 × 24.29×108
47
Research and Development costs = Rs. 1.2145×108 D. Financing (interest): (0-10% of total capital investment)
Consider interest = 5% of total capital investment
i.e. interest = 5% of 23.291×108 = 0.05×23.291×108
Interest = Rs. 1.1645×108
Thus, General Expenses = Rs. 7.0575×108
IV. Total Product cost = Manufacture cost + General Expenses
= (30.499×108) + (7.0575×108)
Total product cost = Rs. 37.5565×108
V. Gross Earnings/Income: Wholesale Selling Price of TCE per kg = Rs.60 Total Income = Selling price × Quantity of product manufactured
= 60 x 0.7602 x 108
Total Income = Rs. 45.612×108 Gross income = Total Income – Total Product Cost
= (45.612×108) – (37.5565×108)
Gross Income = Rs. 8.056×108
Let the Tax rate be 45% (common)
Net Profit = Gross income - Taxes
= Gross income× (1- Tax rate)
Net profit = 8.056×108(1- 0.45)
= Rs. 4.431×108
Rate of Return Rate of return = Net profit×100/Total Capital Investment
Rate of Return = 4.431×108×100/ (23.291×108)
Rate of Return = 19.02%
48
Break-even Analysis Data available
Annual Direct Production Cost = Rs. 24.29×108
Annual Fixed charges, overhead and general expenses = Rs. 3.644×108
Total Annual sales = Rs. 148.24×108 Wholesale Selling Price MEK per ton. = Rs. 60000
Direct production cost per ton of MEK = (3.644×108)/ (148.24×108/60000) = Rs. 1474.9 per ton Let „n‟ TPA be the break even production rate. Number of tons needed for a break-even point is given by
(3.644×108) + (1474.9 ×n) = (60000×n) => n = 6226.39 tons/year n = 1.7199 tons/day
Hence, the break-even production rate is 1.7199 TPD or 8 .2% of the considered plant
capacity.
49
8. PLANT LAYOUT
The location of the plant can have a crucial effect on the overall profitability of a project,
and the scope for future expansion. Many factors must be considered when selecting a suitable
plant site. The principal factors are:
• Location, with respect to the marketing area
• Raw material supply
• Transport facilities
• Availability of labor
• Availability of suitable land
• Environmental impact and effluent disposal
• Local community consideration
• Climate
• Political and strategic consideration
Raw material availability
The source of raw material is one of the most important factors influencing the selection of a
plant site. This is particularly true if large volumes of raw material are consumed, because
location near the raw material source permits considerable reduction in transportation and
storage charge. Attention should be given to the purchased price of the raw material , distance
from the source of supply , fright or transportation expenses availability and reliability of supply
purity of the material and storage requirements.
Markets
The location of markets or intermediate centers affects the cost of product distribution and
the time required for shipping. Proximity to the major markets is an important consideration in
the selection of plant site , because the buyer usually finds it advantages to purchase from nearby
sources. It should be noted that markets are needed for by products as well as major final
products.
50
Energy availability
Power and steam requirements are high in most industrial plants , and fuel is ordinary
required to supply these utilities. Consequently power and fuel can be one major factor in the
choice of a plant site. Electrolytic processes require a cheap source of electricity and plants using
electrolytic processes are often located near hydroelectric installations. If the plant requires large
quantities of coal or oil, location near a source of fuel supply may be essential for economic
operation. The local cost of power can help determine whether power should be purchased or
self-generated.
Climate
If the plants is located in a cold climate, costs may be increased by the necessity for
construction of protective shelters around the process equipment, and special cooling towers or
air –conditioning equipment may be required if the prevailing temperature are high. Excessive
humidity or extremes of hot or cold weather can have a serious effect on the economic operation
of plant and these factors should be examined when selecting a plant site.
Transportation facilities
Water, railroads and high and ways are the common means of transportation used by major
industrial concerns. The kind and amount of products and raw materials determine the most
suitable type of transportation facilities. In any case, careful attention should be given to local
freight rates and existing railroad lines. The proximity to railroad centers and possibility of canal,
river, lake or ocean transport must be considered. Motor trucking facilities are widely used and
serve as a useful supplement to rail and water facilities. If possible ,the plant site should have
access to all three types of transportation, and certainly, at least two types should be available .
There is usually need for convenient air and rail transportation facilities between the plant and
the main company headquarters, and effective transportation facilities for the plant personnel are
necessary.
Water supply
The process industries use large quantities of water for cooling, washing steam generation and
as raw material. The plant therefore must be located where a dependable supply of water is
51
available. A large river must be located where a dependable supply of water may be satisfactory
if the amount of water required is not too great. The level of the existing water table can be
checked by constancy of the water table and the year-round capacity of local rivers or lakes
should be obtain. It the water supply shows seasonal fluctuations, it may be to construct a
reservoir or to several standby wells. The temperature, mineral content, silt or sand content,
bacteriological content, and cost for supply and purification treatment must also be considered
when choosing a water supply.
Waste disposal
In recent years, many legal restrictions have been placed on the methods for disposing of waste
material from the process industries. The site selected for disposing of a plant should have
adequate capacity and facilities for correct waste disposal. Even though a given area has
minimal restrictions on pollution. It should not be assumed that this condition will continue to
exist. In choosing a plant sit, the permissible tolerance levels for various methods of waste
disposal should be considered carefully and attention should be given to potential for additional
waste-treatment facilities.
Labor supply
The type and supply of labor available in the vicinity of a proposed plant site must be
examined. Consideration should be given to prevailing pay scales, restrictions on number of
hours worked per week, competing industries that can cause dissatisfaction or high turnover rates
among the workers, and variations in the skill and productivity of the workers.
Taxation and legal restrictions
State and local tax rates on property income, unemployment insurance and similar items
vary from form one location to another. Similarly, local regulations on zoning, building codes,
nuisance aspects and transportation can have a major influence on the final choice of a plant site.
In fact, zoning difficulties and obtaining the many required permits can often be much more
important in terms of cost and time delays than many of factors discussed in the preceding
sections.
52
Site characteristics
The characteristics of the land at a proposed plant site should be examined carefully. The
topography of the tract of land and the soil structure must be considered, since either of both may
have a pronounced effect on construction cost or living conditions. Future changes may make it
desirable or necessary to expand the plant facilities. Therefore , even through no immediate
expansion is planned, a new plant should be constructed at a location where additional space is
available.
Flood and fire protection
Many industrial plants are located along rivers near large bodies of water, and risks of flood
of flood or hurricane damage. Before selecting a plant site, the regional history of natural events
of this type should be examined and the consequences of such occurrence considered. Protection
from losses by fire is another important factor in selecting a plant location. In case of major fire,
assistance from outside fire department should be available. Fire hazards in the immediate area
surrounding the plant site must not be overlooked.
Community factors
The character and facilities of a community can have quite an effect on the location of
plant. If a certain minimum number of facilities for satisfactory living of plant personnel do not
exist, it often becomes a burden for the plant to subsidize such facilities. Cultural facilities of the
community are important to sound growth. Churches libraries, schools, civic theaters, concert
associations and other similar groups, if active and dynamic, do much to make a community
progressive. The problem of recreation deserves special consideration. The efficiency, character,
and history of both state and local government should be evaluated. The existence of low taxes is
not in itself a favorable situation unless the community is already well developed and relatively
free of debt.
53
PLANT LAYOUT
The economic construction and operation of a process unit will depend on how well the
plant equipment specified on the process flow sheet and laid out.
The principal factors to be considered are:
1. Economic consideration: construction and operation cost.
2. The process requirement
3. Convenience of operation
4. Convenience of maintenance
5. Safety
6. Future expansion
7. Modular construction
COSTS
The cost of construction can be minimized by adopting a layout that gives shortest run of
connecting pipes between equipment, and adopting the least amount of structural steel work.
However, this will not necessarily be the best arrangement for operation and maintenance.
PROCESS REQUIREMENT
All the required equipments have to be placed properly within process. Even the
installation of the auxiliaries should be done in such a way that it will occupy the least space.
OPERATION
Equipment that needs to have frequent operation should be located convenient to the
control room. Valves, sample points, and instruments should be located at convenient position
and height. Sufficient working space and headroom must be provided to allow easy access to
equipment.
54
MAINTENANCE
Heat exchangers need to be sited so that the tube bundles can be easily withdrawn for
cleaning and tube replacement. Vessels that require frequent replacement of catalyst or packing
should be located on the outside of buildings. Equipment that requires dismantling for
maintenance, such as compressors and large pumps, should be placed under cover.
SAFETY
Blast walls may be needed to isolate potentially hazardous equipment, and confine the
effects of an explosion. At least two escape routes for operator must be provided from each level
in the process building.
PLANT EXPANSION
Equipment should be located so that it can be conveniently tied in with any future
expansion of the process. Space should be left on pipe alleys for future needs, service pipes
oversized to allow for future requirements.
MODULAR CONSTRUCTION
In recent years, there has been a move to assemble sections of the plant at the
manufacturer site. These modules will include the equipment, structural steel, piping and
instrumentation. The modules then transported to the plant site, by road or sea.
55
H e a l t h 2
F i r e 1
R e a c t i v i t y 0
P e r s o n a l H
P r o t e c t i o n
9. Material Safety Data Sheet
Trichloroethylene MSDS
2 0
Product Name: Trichloroethylene
Catalog Codes: SLT3310, SLT2590
CAS#: 79-01-6
RTECS: KX4560000
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Trichloroethylene
CI#: Not available.
Synonym:
Chemical Formula: C2HCl3
Composition and Information on Ingredients
Composition
CAS #
% by Weight
Name
Trichloroethylene
79-01-6
100
Hazards Identification
Potential Acute Health Effects: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, permeator), of
eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation.
Potential Chronic Health Effects:
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified + (PROVEN) by OSHA. Classified A5 (Not
suspected for human.) by ACGIH. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIC
EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The substance is
toxic to kidneys, the nervous system, liver, heart, upper respiratory tract. Repeated or
prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage.
Fig 9.1 Hazard Identity
Symbol
56
First Aid Measures
Eye Contact
Check for and remove any contact lenses. Immediately flush eyes with running water for at
least 15 minutes, keeping eyelids open. Cold water may be used. Do not use an eye
ointment. Seek medical attention.
Skin Contact
After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of water. Gently and thoroughly wash
the contaminated skin with running water and non-abrasive soap. Be particularly careful to
clean folds, crevices, creases and groin. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. If irritation
persists, seek medical attention. Wash contaminated clothing before reusing.
Serious Skin Contact
Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream.
Seek medical attention.
Inhalation
Allow the victim to rest in a well ventilated area. Seek immediate medical attention.
Serious Inhalation
Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen tight clothing such as a
collar, tie, belt or waistband. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If the victim is
not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Seek medical attention.
Ingestion
Do not induce vomiting. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If
the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Seek immediate
medical attention.
Serious Ingestion Not available.
57
Fire and Explosion Data
Flammability of the Product: May be combustible at high temperature.
Auto-Ignition Temperature: 420°C (788°F)
Flash Points: Not available.
Flammable Limits: LOWER: 8% UPPER: 10.5%
Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2), halogenated
compounds.
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Not available.
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:
Risks of explosion of the product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available.
Risks of explosion of the product in presence of static discharge: Not available.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions:
SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder.
LARGE FIRE: Use water spray, fog or foam. Do not use water jet.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Not available.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Not available
Accidental Release Measures
Small Spill: Absorb with an inert material and put the spilled material in an appropriate waste
disposal.
Large Spill: Absorb with an inert material and put the spilled material in an appropriate waste
disposal. Be careful that the product is not present at a concentration level above TLV. Check
TLV on the MSDS and with local authorities.
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Handling and Storage
Precautions
Keep locked up Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Empty
containers pose a fire risk; evaporate the residue under a fume hood. Ground all
equipment containing material. Do not ingest. Do not breathe gas/fumes/ vapor/spray.
Wear suitable protective clothing In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable
respiratory equipment if ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the
container or the label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes
Storage
Keep container dry. Keep in a cool place. Ground all equipment containing material.
Carcinogenic, teratogenic or mutagenic materials should be stored in a separate locked safety
storage cabinet or room.
Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
Engineering Controls:
Provide exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep the airborne concentrations of
vapors below their respective threshold limit value. Ensure that eyewash stations and safety
showers are proximal to the work-station location.
Personal Protection:
Splash goggles. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or
equivalent. Gloves.
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill:
Splash goggles, Full suit, Vapor respirator, Boots, Gloves. A self contained breathing
apparatus should be used to avoid inhalation of the product. Suggested protective
clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this product.