1/ COVTKF]ÉÈK Mxxm moxack vmb pkt ecoalcfafm tmelmvct vmøtcha m htcvchabmovm xkdtm kx tkbaohmx ¸Fmxb}ofk¶ fm Aoa Bc taofa m ¸K vtcxvm ecb fm Pklchatpk Q}atmxb a¶ fm Lc ba Dattmvk, a ecb fm adktfat k ktcimb fa xkhcmfafm dtaxclmcta oa vmovavcua fm d}xhat hkbptmmofmt hkbk a Lcvmtav}ta m k Hcomba a}zclcab oa hkoxvcv}céèk fm }ba c fmovcfafm oahckoal/ Omxxm xmovcfk, hmovtatmc avmoéèk oa oattavcua jcxvøtcha mxvadmlmhcfa ok fmhkttmt fmxxmx tkbaohmx a ecb fm fcxh}vct m fmdavmt a tmlaéèk fk jkbmb hkb x}a pávtca, xm}x aoxmckx, xmovcbmovkx m pmtxpmhvcuax mb tmlaéèk a k b}ofk q}m k hmtha, hkbk vab dãb ok h kbptkbmvcbmovk fa c ovmlmhv}alcfafm dtaxclmcta fkx hcvafkx pmtâkfkx pata hkoxklcfat }b ptkgmvk fm oaéèk, abdkx kx a}vktmx patvchcpatab, hkb xm}x vmzvkx lcvmtátckx, hklkhaofk mb q}mxvèk kx ptkpøxcvkx ptmfkbcoaovmx, m, fm ektba fcemtmohcafa, aptmxmovatab }b x}gmcvk ãvochk fk fcxh}txk daxmafk oa mzpmtcçohca mzcxvmohcal fm hafa }b/ Tmalcwatab, axxcb, }b moetmovabmovk cfmkløichk m mxvãvchk, hkoxvt}cofk }ba cfmovcfafm pl}tal hapaw fm axx}bct ax ucuçohcax fm fcumtxkx xmibmovkx xkhcacx kptcbcfkx, pkt bmck fm ptkgmvkx lcvmtátckx lcdmtvátckx q}m cohktpktauab a hkovtafcéèk m a abdciücfafm fm }b paâx/ Hkbk daxm vmøtc ha, mxvatmbkx eawmofk }xk fkx vmzvkx ¸A pmtxkoaimb fa Echéèk¶ Fmdavmx ¸A pmtxkoaimb fk tkbaohm¶fm Aovöock Häofcfk, ¸A pmtxkoaimb Hcombavkitáecha¶ fm Pa}lk Mbâlck Xallmx Ikbmx m ¸Lcvmtav}ta hkbk bcxxèk¶ fm Xmuhmo nk Ochkla} m kx Eclbmx7 ¸Fmxb}ofk¶ m ¸Vtcxvm ecb fm Pklchatpk Q}atmxba¶ Axxcb hkbk x}ax htâ vchax, movtm k}vtkx/ Omxxa pmtxpmhvcua, kdxmtuatmc hkbk k }ocumtxk fa oattavcua jcxvøtcha hkb}ocha"xm hkb a oav}tmwa haøvcha fax pmtxkoaimox m pktq}m oèk fcwmt vabdãb fk lmcvkt fax kdtax, q}m ahada pktvmovat fmxbcxvcechat a mzcxvçohca fm hkoxvaovm bcxvãtck, bkucbmovk m vtaoxektbaéèk, tmvtavaofk axxcb, a tmptmxmovaéèk høxbcha fk hakx j}baok, fk valumw movmofmt"xm mxvat"ok"b}ofk, ok b}ofk q}m k hcth}ofa axxcb hkbk a x}a Pávtca/
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Eclbmx7 ¸Fmxb}ofk¶ m ¸Vtcxvm ecb fm Pklchatpk Q}atmxba¶ Axxcb hkbk x}ax htâvchax/
4/ CFMOVCFAFM OAHCKOAL XKD PMTXPMHVCUAX LCVMTÁTCAX M
HCOMBAVKITÁECHAX
8/3/2019 Tcc - Milka
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tcc-milka 5/34
4/1 A Lcvmtav}ta m x}a E}oéèk Xkhcal
A lcvmtav}ta ã hkoxcfmtafa }ba baocemxvaéèk fa atvm q}m pkt x}a umw ã vcfa hkbk }ba
mxpãhcm fm tmptmxmovaéèk fa tmalcfafm/ Axxcb hkbk k pcovkt xm mzptmxxa avtauãx fax hktmx, kb÷xchk avtauãx fk xkb, k atq}cvmvk avtauãx fax lcojax, a atvm lcvmtátca xm mzptmxxa avtauãx fa
e}oéýmx fa lcvmtav}ta m fa atvm> moq}aovk pata Plavèk a atvm *m, pkt mzvmoxèk, a lcvmtav}ta# mta
okhcua m ptmg}fchcal ak dmb"mxvat xkhcal, pata Atcxvøvmlmx a bcbmxm atvâxvcha, alãb fm ptkpchcat
hkojmhcbmovk, vcoja }ba ecoalcfafm havátvcha/ Hkb k afumovk fk Tkbaovcxbk, ekc fafa mxpmhcal
tmlmuäohca à muaxèk hkbk ecoalcfafm ÷lvcba fa lcvmtav}ta, moq}aovk q}m, ok coâhck fk xãh}lk ZZ,
hkb a mzpaoxèk fk pmoxabmovk xkhcalcxva m fa eclkxkeca mzcxvmohcalcxva, a e}oéèk xkhcal falcvmtav}ta axx}bc} }b papml xciocechavcuk, xkdtmv}fk pata kx mxhtcvktmx moiagafkx/ A fcumtxcfafm
fm e}oéýmx fa lcvmtav}ta xm tmelmvm ci}albmovm oax x}ax bkfalcfafmx fm mxv}fk, pkcx fcemtmovmx
fmxcioaéýmx vçb xcfk avtcd}âfax àx coumxvciaéýmx lcvmtátcax fmxfm a Aovciücfafm Hláxxcha/ Ok
xãh}lk ZCZ, fkbcoatab ax mzptmxxýmx Jcxvøtca Lcvmtátca m Htâvcha Lcvmtátca, moq}aovk q}m, ok
xãh}lk ZZ, a Vmktca Lcvmtátca m a Lcvmtav}ta Hkbpatafa ectbatab"xm hkbk fcxhcplcoax fcxvcovax
fax vtafchckoacx m hkb bmvkfklkica m habpkx fm coumxvciaéèk patvch}latmx/
M a hcçohca ã }ba avcucfafm mxxmohcalbmovm j}baoa m uklvafa pata a j}baocfafm/ Iattmvv
*1334# hkohmdm a atvm hkbk mzptmxxèk fa xkhcmfafm m a lcvmtav}ta hkbk tmelmzk fa ãpkha> fmemofm
q}m k mxhtcvkt fmum mxvat kdtciavktcabmovm hkbptkbmvcfk hkb k xm} vmbpk, mouklucfk oa
tmalcfafm, ok q}m baocemxva }ba hkohmpéèk vâpcha fk Tkbaovcxbk/
8/3/2019 Tcc - Milka
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tcc-milka 6/34
Ok movaovk, mxvm hkbptkbcxxk fk mxhtcvkt hkb a tmalcfafm oèk xciocecha afmxèk7 a kdta fm
atvm, a htcaéèk lcvmtátca, fmum cohl}ct }ba htâvcha vmtapç}vcha hkb k kdgmvcuk fm bmljktat,
apmtemcékat, hkttcict/ Vmovat movèk, mzalvat k pkuk pata a oahckoalcfafm avtauãx fkx ualktmx
pkp}latmx/
Gá k htâvchk m xkhcølkik Aovkock Haofcfk hkoxvtøc k xm} hkohmcvk fm lcvmtav}ta7
A atvm, m pktvaovk a lcvmtav}ta, ã }ba vtaoxpkxcéèk fk tmal pata kcl}xøtck pkt bmck fm }ba mxvclcwaéèk ektbal fa lcoi}aimb , q}m ptkpým}b vcpk atdcvtátck fm ktfmb pata ax hkcxax, kx xmtmx, kx xmovcbmovkx/
Omla xm hkbdcoab }b mlmbmovk fm ucoh}laéèk à tmalcfafm oav}tal k} xkhcal, m }b mlmbmovk fm baocp}laéèk vãhocha, cofcxpmoxáuml à x}ahkoeci}taéèk, m cbplchaofk mb }ba avcv}fm fm itav}cfafm// *HAOFCFK, 13397=8#/
Haofcfk *1339#, eala fa cofcxpmoxáuml ptmxmoéa fm }b mlmbmovk fm baocp}laéèk vãhocha,
k q}al ã eavkt fmvmtbcoaovm pata a hlaxxcechaéèk fm }ba kdta hkbk lcvmtátca k} oèk/ Mxxmmlmbmovk, movmofm"xm, ã a lcoi}aimb hlaxxcechafa pkt Datvjmx *13:6# hkbk a lcoi}aimb lcvmtátca,
a q}al mxvadmlmhm }ba okua ktfmb pata ax hkcxax tmptmxmovafax, baovmofk }ba lciaéèk hkb a
tmalcfafm oav}tal/ Mbdkta a lcvmtav}ta pmtbcva a htcaéèk fm okukx }ocumtxkx, mxxmx xèk daxmafkx,
k} coxpctafkx, oa tmalcfafm fa q}al k mxhtcvkt patvchcpa/ Faâ a aectbaéèk fm q}m a lcvmtav}ta ã
ucoh}lafa à tmalcfafm, bax fmla ekim avtauãx fa mxvclcwaéèk fm x}a lcoi}aimb/ axxcb, a lcvmtav}ta
ucoh}lafa à fmbkoxvtaéèk fk tmal, mxva axx}bm ali}bax e}oéýmx q}m av}ab fctmvabmovm ok
jkbmb, pkcx q}m mzptcbm k jkbmb m, fmpkcx, uklva"xm pata x}a ektbaéèk, moq}aovk et}cfkt fmxxa atvm/ Aovkock Haofcfk, mb A lcvmtav}ta m a ektbaéèk fk jkbmb *HAOFCFK,1339#
xèk p}tax/ Ã avtauãx fmxxa lciaéèk hkb k tmal, q}m a lcvmtav}ta paxxa a mzmthmt x}a xmi}ofa
e}oéèk7 a e}oéèk ektbafkta/
8/3/2019 Tcc - Milka
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tcc-milka 7/34
A lcvmtav}ta av}a hkbk coxvt}bmovk fm mf}haéèk, fm ektbaéèk fk jkbmb, }ba umw q}m
mzptcbm tmalcfafmx q}m a cfmklkica fkbcoaovm vmova mxhkofmt7
A lcvmtav}ta pkfm ektbat> bax oèk xmi}ofk a pmfaikica kechcal/ ^///R / Lkoim fm xmt }b apçofchm fa coxvt}éèk bktal m hâucha, ^///R, mla aimhkb k cbpahvk cofcxhtcbcoafk fa ptøptca ucfa m mf}ha hkbk mla/ ^///R/
Fafk q}m a lcvmtav}ta moxcoa oa bmfcfa mb q}m av}a hkb vkfa a x}a iaba, ã atvcechcal q}mtmt q}m mla e}ohckom hkbk kx bao}acx fm uctv}fm mdka hkof}va/ M a xkhcmfafm oèk pkfm xmoèk mxhkljmt k q}m mb hafabkbmovk ljm patmhm afapvafk akx xm}x ecox, pkcx bmxbk ax kdtaxhkoxcfmtafax cofcxpmoxáumcx pata a ektbaéèk fk bkék vtawmb
palautax fm Haofcfk, a lcvmtav}ta oèk hkttkbpm omb mfcecha, bax j}baocwa mb xmovcfk ptke}ofk,
pkt q}m eaw ucumt/*kp/ hcv/, p/ :05# A vmthmcta m ÷lvcba e}oéèk, fcw
tmxpmcvk à cfmovcechaéèk fk lmcvkt m fm xm} }ocumtxk ucumohcal tmptmxmovafkx oa kdta lcvmtátca/ Mxva
e}oéèk ã pkt mlm fmokbcoafa fm e}oéèk xkhcal / Mxxa e}oéèk ã q}m pkxxcdclcva ak cofcuâf}k k
tmhkojmhcbmovk fa tmalcfafm q}m k hmtha q}aofk vtaoxpkxva pata k b}ofk echhckoal, ptkbkumofk
a tmlaéèk fk lmcvkt ak }ocumtxk ucumohcal fax pmtxkoaimox tmvtavafax, q}aofk mzptmxxa fm baomctaecfmfcioa a tmalcfafm ucumohcal fm x}ax pmtxkoaimox/ Cxxk ha}xa a covmitaéèk movtm lmcvkt m
pmtxkoaimb, q}m h}lbcoa oa cfmovcechaéèk fm }ba tmalcfafm q}m oèk ã a x}a, bax q}m eaw patvm
fm }ba h}lv}ta ptøptca, fcemtmovm faq}mla fa q}al patvchcpa/ Mxxa covmitaéèk eaw hkb q}m k lmcvkt
cohktpktm a tmalcfafm fa kdta àx x}ax ptøptcax mzpmtcçohcax pmxxkacx/ Kta, xm a lcvmtav}ta
pkxx}c vkfax mxxax e}oéýmx q}m fcwmb tmxpmcvk mxvtcvabmovm à ektbaéèk covmlmhv}al fk cofcuâf}k m,
hkoxmqümovmbmovm, xm} dmb mxvat pxchkløichk, mla fmum xmt moq}aftafa fmovtk fa havmiktca fm
dmox a q}m vkfkx kx xmtmx j}baokx vçb fctmcvk a }x}et}ct/ Pmoxaofk fmxva ektba, Aovkock
Haofcfk *HAOFCFK, 13397110#, tmvkba a hkohmpéèk fk fkbcochaok Paftm Lk}cx"Gkxmpj Lmdtmv
*1356#, q}m eaw a fcxvcoéèk movtm dmox hkbptmxxâumcx m dmox cohkbptmxxâumcx/
Hkbptmmofmt ã aplchat, hkohtmvcwat a xciocechaéèk fk q}m xm aptmmofm oa ptøptca ucfa/ K
jcxvøtca fa hcuclcwaéèk itaofmx bkucbmovkx h}lv}tacx q}m hkttmxpkofcab a fmvmtbcoafkx pmtâkfkx
jcxvøtchkx dmb fmbathafkx/ Dkxc aectba q}m, faâ ptkuãb a afbcxxèk fkx mxvclkx fm ãpkhax mb
8/3/2019 Tcc - Milka
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tcc-milka 9/34
q}m xm coxmtmb avkx, eavkx m kdtax, vacx hkbk7 k Tmoaxhcbmovk, Baomctcxbk, Dattkhk, Tkhkhø,
Athafcxbk, Omkhlaxxchcxbk, Tkbaovcxbk, Tmalcxbk, Oav}talcxbk m k Xcbdklcxbk, cxxk xø pta
echat hkb kx mxvclkx bapmafkx avã k ecoal fk xãh}lk ZCZ/ m mxxmx mxvclkx ektab k ptcbmctk paxxk
pata ait}pat pmtxkoalcfafmx m kdtax fcxhtcbcoaofk k q}m jauca fm hkb}b movtm mlax, ok dkgk
cfmkløichk fk xm} vmbpk, hkbk vabdãb xmtuctab pata fcxvcoi}ct k jkbmb m xm} vmbpk, pkt
mzmbplk, k jkbmb dattkhk, k jkbmb tmoaxhmovcxva, hafa }b hkb x}ax hatahvmtâxvchax comtmovmx
ak xm} vmbpk/
Axxcb, pmthmdmbkx a cbpktväohca q}m a lcvmtav}ta mzmthm ok bmck xkhcal, xkdtmv}fk ok
jkbmb patvchcpaovm m tmxpkoxáuml pmla bao}vmoéèk fmxxm bmck/ Pkt k}vtk lafk, a lcvmtav}ta xø
mzmthmtá plmoabmovm vkfax ax x}ax e}oéýmx, xm a mla ekt hkohmfcfa a cbpktväohca q}m ljm hadm,
dmb hkbk }b mxekték fm covmtptmvaéèk m hkbptmmoxèk fm xm} xciocechafk bacx hkttmvk/ Mxxa
covmtptmvaéèk m hkbptmmoxèk tmx}lva fm }ba aéèk a q}al mxvabkx vkfkx memv}aofk ok fca"a"fca,fmxfm a bacx vmota cfafm7 a ptávcha fa lmcv}ta/ Bacx hmtvk fk q}m lcbcvat k papml fa lcvmtav}ta oa
ucfa xkhcal, ã afbcvct x}a pl}tce}ohckoalcfafm/ Alãb fa e}oéèk mxvãvcha *atvm fa palauta m
mzptmxxèk fk dmlk#, }ba kdta lcvmtátca pkfm pkxx}ct, hkohkbcvaovmbmovm, a e}oéèk l÷fcha
*ptkukhat ptawmt#, a e}oéèk hkiocvcua *ektba fm hkojmhcbmovk fm }ba tmalcfafm kdgmvcua k}
pxchkløicha#, a e}oéèk havátvcha *p}tcechaéèk fm xmovcbmovkx# m a e}oéèk ptaibávcha *ptmiaéèk fm
}ba cfmklkica#/ Umgabkx k q}m okx fcw Hmhâlca Bmctmlmx xkdtm ax e}oéýmx fa kdta fm atvm
tmuklvax q}m xèk ektomhcfkx k} x}imtcfkx pmla x}a xkhcmfafm m xm} vmbpk m ã fcxxk q}m mlmx ealab
m xmb xkbdta fm f÷ucfa, aectba Xmuhmonk *4008#, q}m a lcvmtav}ta ã aovmx fm q}alq}mt hkcxa }b ptkf}vk atvâxvchk fmxvcoafk a aitafat m hkbkumt/ Xmuhmonk *4008#, aectba q}m k mxv}fk fa
lcvmtav}ta hkof}wcfk pkt }ba pmxq}cxa jcxvktckitáecha mxvá hjmca fm xciocechafkx pmh}lcatmx m
fmum vtaf}wct ok xm} äbaik bacx }b aoxmck fm b}faoéax fk q}m kx bmhaocxbk fm pmtbaoçohca/
Omxxm xmovcfk, a lcvmtav}ta ã }b ptkf}vk fk fmxmgk m xm} hkbptkbcxxk backt ã hkb a eaovaxca fk
q}m hkb a tmalcfafm, ptmkh}pa"xm hkb aq}clk q}m pkfmtca k} fmumtca a xmt a ktfmb fax hkcxax,
moq}aovk q}m a jcxvktckitaeca d}xhat k xmt fa mxvt}v}tax xkhcacx, a lcvmtav}ta okx kemtmhm }ba
eauktáuml fa mxvãvcha omk"tmalcxva, }ba umw q}m, a pat fm }ba bathafa hkokvaéèk cfmkløicha, kx
xm}x fmemoxktmx ucxab, ahcba fm v}fk, tmelmvct xkdtm a hkofcéèk j}baoa m ã aâ q}m aptke}ofa a
8/3/2019 Tcc - Milka
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tcc-milka 12/34
mxxçohca fa x}a mxvãvcha/ Vtava"xm fm }b axpmhvk q}m ã fmxualktcwafk, pkcx ã bacx eáhcl htcvchat k
mbpmojabmovk pklâvchk fm fmvmtbcoafk hcomaxva, mb umw fm kljat hkb a fmucfa avmoéèk pata a
bmoxaimb q}m okx q}mt vtaoxbcvct/ Hkb memcvk, kx mzmbplkx atq}mvâpchkx fk omk"tmalcxbk , a pat
fm bkxvtatmb q}m k Jkbmb ã Lkdk fk Jkbmb, vabdãb ptkh}tab bkxvtat q}m ã hkb daxm oa
xklcfatcmfafm m oa abcwafm movtm kx jkbmox q}m k e}v}tk pkfmtá xmt }ba tmalcfafm bacx $x}aum$/
Omxxm xmovcfk, k mxpaék fa ucxcdclcfafm hcombavkitáecha pkfm xmt hkbptmmofcfk hkbk
palhk, atmoa, eøt}b fm omikhcaéýmx pklâvchax m fm xmovcfk/ M, mxxa ucxcdclcfafm ã k mxpaék fm
mbdavmx cfmkløichkx, pklâvchkx m xkhcacx/ Patvcofk fmxxa pmtxpmhvcua ã omhmxxátck aoalcxat m tmelmvct
a ektba hkbk k hcomba pkfm uct a xmt }b umâh}lk xkhcal, cxvk ã, a}zclcaofk oa ektbaéèk fk
hcfafèk, ag}faofk"k a hkbptmmofmt a fcumtxcfafm fm ualktmx q}m ktcmovab, vaovk xm}x bkfkx fm
pmoxat m aict hkbk kx fa xkhcmfafm, eauktmhmofk k movmofcbmovk fa tcq}mwa m fcumtxcfafm fa
cbaicoaéèk j}baoa, vktoaofk"k hapaw fm pmthmdmt x}a tmalcfafm hkvcfcaoa bacx ucuabmovm,tmhkojmhmofk m fmhkfcechaofk ektbax, xkox, imxvkx m bkucbmovkx q}m mxvèk à x}a uklva, hkbk
vabdãb k }ocumtxk q}m k mouklum, k b}ofk mb q}m ucum/
Fcaovm fk mzpkxvk pkfmbkx aptmmofmt q}m k hcomba ã }ba emttabmova fm vtadaljk
bkvcuafkta, cokuafkta, vtaoxektbafkta, dmb hkbk coxvt}bmovk hapaw fm mouklumt k xmt j}baok
o}b bmxbk bkbmovk/ Xmi}ofk Ktchhjck *4008#, k hcomba ptkf}wcfk ok Dtaxcl f}taovm mxxmx
aokx lmuk} mb hkova ax hkofcéýmx fk paâx/ Dmb k} bal, fmdt}ék}"xm xkdtm vmbax hkbk k adcxbk
fm hlaxxmx q}m hkbpým k pmtecl fa xkhcmfafm dtaxclmcta, vmovk} hkbptmmofmt a jcxvøtca fk paâx mmzabcok} kx cbpaxxmx fa bkfmtocfafm oa mxvt}v}ta fax itaofmx hcfafmx/ Ekc ak xmtvèk m àx
eaumlax m tmcovmtptmvk} mxvmx mxpaékx ptcuclmicafkx fm tmelmzèk fk hcomba oahckoal/ Hkbk pöfm,
mzabcok} k hatávmt fax okuax tmlaéýmx abktkxax x}ticfax hkb a bkfmtocwaéèk, moxack} uklva ak
tmickoalcxbk m ak bmvahcomba m tmelmvc} xkdtm vmbax fceâhmcx *m vèk motacwafkx ok cbaicoátck
oahckoal# hkbk k tmlahckoabmovk fk dtaxclmctk hkb k K}vtk ´ k mxvtaoimctk, aq}mlm q}m oèk eaw
patvm fk ½oøxµ ¶/ *p/ 46#, fcxvcovkx movtm xc, fcxh}vctab a tmlaéèk fk paâx hkb a x}a jcxvøtca m hkb a
tmhkttmovm q}mxvèk fa cfmovcfafm oahckoal/
Pktvaovk, fmxxa ektba, hkoxcfmta"xm av}albmovm q}m a e}oéèk fk hcomba uac b}cvk alãb
fm }b kdgmvcuk mxvãvchk a xmt mzcdcfk k} bmoxaimb a xmt vtaoxbcvcfa/ K hcomba xm hkoxvcv}c o}ba
memvcua ptávcha xkhcal pata xm}x tmalcwafktmx m pata a a}fcçohca/ Vtava"xm fm }b o÷hlmk kofm
ax fcbmoxýmx hkiocvcuax m cfmkløichax fk moq}aftabmovk fk hcomba m fa ukw fkafa akx avktmx
xkhcacx, hkbk vabdãb pata k moq}aftabmovk fk xmt j}baok ok b}ofk/
4/4 A G}oéèk Lcvmtav}ta m Hcomba
4/8/1 Hcomba m Lcvmtav}ta, Fcálkik pkxxâuml; Pkt lkoik vmbpk a palauta mxhtcva ekc a itaofm tmxpkoxáuml pmlk hkojmhcbmovkx j}baokx,
ekxxmb mxxmx pata k lawmt k} pata k xadmt/ M axxcb a axxcbclaéèk fa Lcvmtav}ta oa ucfa j}baoa ekc
coxmtcfa, q}m k j}baok fmxfm fm xmbptm ikxvk} fm umt tmvtavafax x}ax vtaiãfcax, xm}x ftabax, oa
umtkxxcbcljaoéa xmgab oa lcvmtav}ta, ok vmavtk k} ok hcomba, hkbk jcxvøtcax hkovafax m tmhtcafax/
M fmxfm fm k coâhck k hcomba ikxvk} fm vtaoxektbat pmtxkoaimox fa Lcvmtav}ta mb ekvkitaecax
aocbafax, vtaoxpkt k b}ofk cbaicoátck fa mxhtcva pata k b}ofk cbaicoátck fax itaofmx vmlax/
Xmi}ofk EMTTATMXC *400=#, xm}x htcafktmx pmthmdmtab lkik ok coâhck q}m a hkofcéèkomhmxxátca pata k plmok fmxmouklucbmovk hkbmthcal fk hcomba mxvaua oa htcaéèk fm }b okuk
p÷dlchk, }b p÷dlchk q}m cohktpktaxxm vabdãb a hlaxxm bãfca m kx xmibmovkx fa d}ti}mxca/ Mxxa
A d}xha fm }b okuk p÷dlchk lmua ak fmxmouklucbmovk fm }ba okua lcoi}aimb m kx
tmalcwafktmx uèk d}xhat ok tkbaohm m ok vmavtk k bkfmlk hapaw fm hkoemtct lmicvcbcfafm akhcomba/ Hkb val bkfmlk, cbpým"xm a oattavcua m a lcomatcfafm ok hcomba ptavchafk a patvct fm
movèk/ Ptkua fcxxk ã q}m k fctmvkt Faucf Y/Itceecvj lmuk} à vmla oafa bmokx fk q}m }b pmlkvèk
fm mxhtcvktmx hkbk Xjanmxpmatm, Fchnmox, Mlckv, Hkkpmt, Jmots movtm k}vtkx, pkcx mta ptmhcxk fat
lmicvcbcfafm ak hcomba, x}pmtat a tmaéèk m kx ptmhkohmcvkx fax hlaxxmx bacx cl}xvtafax, aplahat a
cta fkx hkoxmtuafktmx m bktalcxvax m xkdtmv}fk coxhtmumt k hcomba ok }ocumtxk fax dmlax"atvmx/
Axxcb pkfmbkx aectbat q}m oaxhm k haxabmovk fa Lcvmtav}ta hkb k hcomba, k} xmga, k fcálkik fa
palauta mxhtcva hkb a cbaimb mb bkucbmovk/ Xmi}ofk Danjvco *13::#7
¸K fcálkik, ok xmovcfk mxvtcvk fk vmtbk, oèk hkoxvcv}c, ã hlatk, xmoèk
coumxvciaéýmx vãhochax pxchkløichax m fmpkcx xm dmomechck} fkx tmx}lvafkx fmxvax/ Oa tmalcfafm
ucucfa, ektbabkx }ba pmthmpéèk fm hafa pmxxka, hkb cov}cvk fm hkoemtct }ocfafm à x}a mxxçohca,
k} xmga, ak xm} bkfk fm xmt/ Ok tkbaohm, k mxhtcvkt mxvadmlmhm }ba hkmxèk bmokx uatcáuml, q}m
ã a løicha fa pmtxkoaimb, }ba lcoja fm hkmtçohca eczafa pata xmbptm, fmlcbcvaofk axxcb, a h}tuafa x}a mzcxvçohca m a oav}tmwa fk xm} bkfk"fm"xmt/ Faâ, a pmtxkoaimb xmt tmlavcuabmovm bacx
løicha fk q}m oøx, oèk q}m xmgab bmokx ptke}ofax, bax q}m xm} }ocumtxk m xm}x fafkx mxvèk
vkfkx à bkxvta, ektab ptã"mxvadmlmhcfkx pmlk xm} htcafkt/ Pata Haofcfk, a ektéa fax itaofmx
pmtxkoaimox umb fk eavk q}m k xmovcbmovk q}m vmbkx fa x}a hkbplmzcfafm ã bázcbk> bax cxxk,
ã fmucfk a }ocfafm m mxvt}v}ta xcbplcechafa q}m ljm ekc fafa pmlk tkbaohcxva/ axxcb, vmbkx a
mzhl}xcucfafm pkt }ba hatahvmtâxvcha cb}váuml m xmbptm tmumlafa/ Gá ax ¸pmtxkoaimox fm
oav}tmwa¶ xèk aptmxmovafax pkt xm} bkfk fm xmt, oèk pkt vtaékx atvcechcacx, m cxvk cbpmfm q}m
vmoja a tmi}latcfafm fkx k}vtkx, oèk xèk eahclbmovm cfmovcecháumcx, a hafa bkfk fm aict, k a}vkt d}xha hatahvmtâxvchax fcxvcovax, aoalâvchax, oèk pcvktmxhax/ Xmi}ofk Haofcfk *133:# , k tkbaohcxva
fm ¸hkxv}bmx¶, mozmtia k jkbmb pkt xm} hkbpktvabmovk mb xkhcmfafm, pmla x}ax tmlaéýmx m
pmla xcbplmx ucxèk q}m vmbkx fk ptøzcbk, moq}aovk k tkbaohcxva fm ¸oav}tmwa¶ k mozmtia pmla
x}a ucxèk fm mzcxvçohca ptke}ofa, oèk pkt x}a tmlaéèk hkb a xkhcmfafm/
8/3/2019 Tcc - Milka
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tcc-milka 18/34
Av}albmovm, aectba Haofcfk, Ekxvmt tmvkbk} a fcxvcoéèk fm bkfk bacx
Hkbk gá ucbkx ahcba, A patvct fk bkbmovk mb q}m k hcomba fmxpmtvk} k covmtmxxm fax
coxvcv}céýmx ahafçbchax, paxxk} a xmt mohatafk hkbk }b bmck fm hkb}ochaéèk, }b hkog}ovk fm
lcoi}aimox m }b xcxvmba fm xciocechafkx ´ m oèk xcbplmxbmovm xãvcba atvm, m cochck}"xm k mxv}fk
pata bmljkt hkbptmmoxèk fkx xm}x axpmhvkx jcxvøtchkx m mxvãvchkx, m aq}c bacx mxpmhcechabmovm,
a hkoxvt}éèk fa pmtxkoaimb hcombavkitáecha/ Mb Xallmx Ikbmx, k Hcomba ã vtcd}vátck fm vkfax
ax lcoi}aimox, atvâxvchax k} oèk, m bal pkfm ptmxhcofct fmxxm apkckx q}m mumov}albmovm fcimtm m ã
e}ofabmovalbmovm atvm fm pmtxkoaimox m xcv}aéýmx q}m xm ptkgmvab ok vmbpk m ã ptcohcpalbmovm,
8/3/2019 Tcc - Milka
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tcc-milka 20/34
ak vmavtk m ak tkbaohm q}m a q}m xm hkomhva/ xmi}ofk Xallmx Ikbmx, a atvm hcombavkitáecha pkfm"
xm lcbcvat, xmb hkttmt k tcxhk fm fmektbaéèk eaval, ak q}m fmum ak vmavtk m à lcvmtav}ta m pkfm"xm
cochcalbmovm, xmb ad}xkx, fmecoct k hcomba hkbk vmavtk tkbaohmafk k} tkbaohm vmavtalcwafk m
mzplcha7
¸Vmavtk tkbaohmafk, pktq}m, hkbk ok vmavtk, k} bmljkt ok mxpmváh}lkvmavtal, vmbkx ax pmtxkoaimox fa aéèk mohatoafax mb avktmx/ Itaéax
pktãb akx tmh}txkx oattavcuk fk hcomba, vacx pmtxkoaimox afq}ctmb }babkdclcfafm, }ba fmxmouklv}ta ok vmbpk m ok mxpaék mq}cualmovm àx fax
pmtxkoaimox fk tkbaohm/ Tkbaohm vmavtalcwafk, pktq}m a tmelmzèktmpmvcfa, fmxva emcva, a patvct fk tkbaohm/ Ã a bmxba fmecocéèkfcumtxabmovm ektb}lafa/¶ *XALLMX IKBMX, 133=, p/ 105#
Omxxm xmovcfk, aectba Xallmx Ikbmx *133=#, xmtca a xcbdckxm movtm vmavtk m tkbaohm/ Xm
q}aovk a ptmxmoéa eâxcha okx eclbmx, moq}aovk q}m mb b}cva kdtax hcombavkitáechax av}acx m fm
bkfk uctv}al, mb itaofm o÷bmtkx fm eclbmx bacx aovcikx, ax pmtxkoaimox mxhapauab fa ktfmb
fa echéèk m mxvadmlmhmtab }ba tcha cofmvmtbcoaéèk pxchkløicha q}m ax aptkzcbauab fk bcxvãtck
fax htcav}tax fa tmalcfafm, hkov}fk, mxxa mxvtafa ekc pmthkttcfa mxpkovaomabmovm pmlk eclbm oa
tmvai}atfa fa lcvmtav}ta okumlâxvcha bkfmtoa/ Xmi}ofk Xallmx *133=#, a
pmtxkoaimb hcombavkitáecha fcemtmovm fa pmtxkoaimb fm echéèk, pkt bacx ektvm q}m xmga x}a
taâwmx oa tmalcfafm k} mb ptkf}éýmx ptã"mzcxvmovmx, xø mxvatá apva a ucumt, q}aofk mohatoafa oa pmxxka fk avkt/ Pata tmht}vat x}ax pmtxkoaimox k hcomba oèk fmbkoxvta k bmokt mxpâtcvk fm
Apøx tmh}pmtat"xm fa coxaocfafm, Q}atmxba fmcza a haxa fm xa÷fm m hkbpta k Xkxxmik,
}b xâvck ok covmtckt fk Tck fm Gaomctk> mxvá fmhcfcfk a vtadaljat oa vmtta/ Hkb Afmlacfm m k ptmvk
Aoaxváhck, b}fa"xm pata k habpk/ A cfãca fm vctat fa eãtvcl vmtta dtaxclmcta xm} x}xvmovk m
emlchcfafm aocba"k/ Afq}ctm uátckx coxvt}bmovkx m lcutkx xkdtm aitch}lv}ta m lkik aptmofm a
baomgat a mozafa/ Kti}ljkxk fa vmtta dtaxclmcta q}m, fm vèk dka, fcxpmoxa af}dkx, tmhmdm a ucxcvafm Tchatfk Hktaéèk fkx K}vtkx m fa aecljafa Klia, q}m oèk uç vkfk k ptkitmxxk ok habpk,
i}ataoc hkbk lâoi}a kechcal, x}ax pmxq}cxax eklhløtchax> v}fk ptkh}taofk fmxpmtvat k tcxk ok lmcvkt
q}m, ok ecoal, ptmxmohca x}a bktvm xklcvátca m vtcxvm7
¸Hkb val imovm mta bmljkt vç"lk fmczafk bkttmt xø m jmtkchabmovm o}bcljã} q}alq}mt, bax lmuaofk pata k v÷b}lk covmctabmovm covahvk k xm}kti}ljk, a x}a fké}ta, a x}a pmtxkoalcfafm bktal, xmb a báh}la fm }bmbpmojk, q}m fcbco}âxxm a cog}xvcéa fm x}a bktvm, q}m fm ali}b bkfk
ecwmxxm htmt akx alikwmx q}m mlmx vcojab fctmcvk fm bavá"lk¶/
Q}atmxba fmxcl}fcfk, abatik, fcaovm fa coitavcfèk fk paâx pata hkb xm}x dkox kdgmvcukx/ Omxxm
pkovk, k q}m umbkx ã }b pmtxkoaimb hkofmoafk à xklcfèk, gá q}m xm}x cfmacx davmb fm etmovm
hkb kx covmtmxxmx pklâvchkx m hkb k hapcval mxvtaoimctk/Fmxxm bkfk, vmbkx k pmtxkoaimb hmovtal
ucumofk vtçx bkbmovkx oa kdta7 ualktcwaofk ax hkcxax fa vmtta ± a jcxvøtca, a imkitaeca, a
8/3/2019 Tcc - Milka
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tcc-milka 27/34
lcvmtav}ta, k eklhlktm> ok xâvck fk xkxxmik a et}xvtafa d}xha fm }ba xkl}éèk pata k ptkdlmba
aitátck, k q}m eaw k tkbaohm xm umxvct fm }ba ptke}ofa av}alcfafm> ecoalbmovm, k mouklucbmovk
oa Tmuklva fa Atbafa, k q}m ahada ljm h}xvaofk a ucfa/
6/8/ AOÁLCXM HKBPATAVCUA FAX KDTAX
¸Fmxb}ofk¶, okx hklkha mb xcovkoca hkb a tmalcfafm fmxxm Dtaxcl fk xãh}lk ZUC,
fmxhkojmhcfk fm b}cvkx/ ]b paâx lcvmtalbmovm ¸dtkohk¶, }b vaovk q}aovk dátdatk/ Vèk uctcl m
mbdt}vmhcfk q}m k eclbm, apmxat fm dmlâxxcbk, b}cvk dmb eclbafk, hkb tmptkf}éèk fm ãpkha
mxbmtafa m avktmx fm ptcbmcta q}alcfafm, oèk ekc dmb ahmcvk pmlk itaofm p÷dlchk/
Pktvaovk, paxxafk mzavkx 841 aokx apøx k ahjabmovk fk Dtaxcl, Lcba Dattmvk mb 13:1,
okx vtaw }b pmtxkoaimb coiço}k m apaczkoafk pmla pávtca, }ba htâvcha à movèk coa}i}tafaPtcbmcta Tmp÷dlcha, akx pklâvchkx m a aéýmx fa ãpkha/ A kdta ekhalcwa eavkx jcxvøtchkx m pklâvchkx
khkttcfkx f}taovm a eaxm fm coxvalaéèk fa tmp÷dlcha, bacx ptmhcxabmovm ok ikumtok fm Elktcaok
Vabdãb q}mtca q}m a x}a lcvmtav}ta ekxxm bclcvaovm/ Mxhtmumt vcoja ecoalcfafm fm htcvchat k b}ofkhcth}ofaovm pata fmxpmtvat alvmtoavcuax tmokuafktax fkx hkxv}bmx m fm ptávchax q}m, oa xkhcmfafm,
ptcuclmicauab pmxxkax m it}pkx/ K htcafkt fm Pklchatpk Q}atmxba, mbmtim fk abdcmovm h}lv}tal
bklfafk mb avcv}fmx cbpktvafax fa M}tkpa, tmhlabaua k Dtaxcl fmovtk fk Dtaxcl, q}mtmofk vmt k
fctmcvk fm xm eawmt k}uct akx q}m oèk h}cfauab fm xm covmtmxxat pmlax hkcxax umtfafmctax fm okxxa
baovmofk k mlk hkb a tmalcfafm oav}tal m mzptcbcofk axxcb a e}oéèk j}baocwafa fa lcvmtav}ta
q}m xèk, hkbk ucbkx, pxchkløichax, ektbafkta m xkhcal, axxcb hkbk mxvá oa havmiktca fkx dmox
q}m vkfkx xmtmx j}baokx fmumtcab vmt fctmcvk fm }x}et}ct/
A lcvmtav}ta ok xm} hmtom ptkbkum a e}oéèk fa lcoi}aimb, omla k lmcvkt, xmovm ptawmt, fkt
m ã hjabafk a ptkf}wct xmovcfk, hkbk vabdãb xmlmhckoa kdtax m eavkx xciocechavcukx, omxxm
xmovcfk coxmtm avkx, eavkx m kdtax ait}paofk cfmklkicax q}m xmtuctab pata fcxvcoi}ct k jkbmb m
xm} vmbpk, ucxvk q}m a lcvmtav}ta ã fm mzvtmba cbpktväohca ok bmck xkhcal, mxpmhcalbmovm ak
jkbmb patvchcpavcuk mb xm} bmck, ok movaovk, mla xø mzmthmtá plmoa e}oéèk xm ekt ljm fafa k
fmucfk ualkt, k mxekték fa hkbptmmoxèk m }ba aoálcxm hkttmva fm xm}x xciocechafkx, m hkbk
aectbk} Xmuhmonk a lcvmtav}ta eala xkdtm a pkxxcdclcfafmx q}m xm pmtfmtab, xkdtm k hakx fkx xmtmxj}baokx m ã pkt mxxa uca q}m mla xm ptmxva pata mb bkbmovkx ptcuclmicafkx ak mxv}fk fa jcxvøtca
xkhcal, axxcb vabdãb hkbk k hcomba q}m xm g}ovk} à lcvmtav}ta a ecb fm afq}ctct a lmicvcbcfafm
q}m mxva ljm hkoemtm m axxcb vabdãb tmvtavat k jkbmb m xm} vmbpk pkt bmck fax x}ax
pmtxkoaimox/
Ax pmtxkoaimox q}m okx tmptmxmovab, bmxbk q}m et}vk fa cbaicoaéèk fk a}vkt, okx paxxa
a cbptmxxèk fa bacx lmiâvcba umtfafm mzcxvmohcal, q}m hkbk aectbk} Haofcfk, q}mt xmga ok eclbm
k} oax lmvtax, ã k q}m fm bacx ucuk okx patmhm ok tkbaohm, mbdkta a hkoxvt}éèk mxvt}v}tal ã k
backt tmxpkoxáuml pmla ektéa m mecháhca fa kdta m a pmtxkoaimb xø afq}ctm plmok xciocechafk ok
hkovmzvk fk tkbaohm/ Fmxxa ektba, pkfmbkx kdxmtuat k }ocumtxk fm Ktcdmla m Pklchatpk