TC GSM Overview

2G1330 ireless Networktures

Maguire 02.fm Total pages: [email protected]

Institutionen fr mikroelektronik ochinformationsteknik

1998, 1999, 2000,2002 G.Q.Maguire Jr. .All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced, storedin a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,without written permission of the author.

Last modified: 2002.03.14:11:59

GSM, GPRS ational Roaming, OAM. Maguire Jr.

For use in conjunction ile Network Architectures, by Yi-BingLin and Imrich Chlam s, 2001, ISBN 0-471-39492-0 Mobile and WArchitec

P4-Lecture3-20 2002.03.14

, SMS, InternLecture notes of G. Q

with Wireless and Mobtac, John Wiley & Son

S, SMS, International Roaming, OAM:2 of 80Mobile and Wireless Network Architectures

2), International RoamingMaguire Lecture 3 GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

Lecture 3 GSM (Chapters 9,10, and11), GPRS (Ch. 18), SMS (Ch. 1

(Ch. 13), Operation/Administration/Maintainence (Ch. 14)

SM)GSM, GPRS, SMS, International Roam-Mobile and Wireless Network Architectures

obileSM)

etworkperators, andMaguire Global System for Mobile Communications([email protected] 2002.03.14

Global System for MCommunications(G

designed to be a digital (wide area) wireless n driven by european telecom manufacturers, o

standardization committees very widely used around the world

PRS, SMS, International Roaming, OAM:4 ofMobile and Wireless Network Architectures

tsg countries with internationally at different rates!)e

ration with ISDN networks

a mix-and-match systemto a lesser extent to limit

og systemsmsMaguire GSM Requirements GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

GSM Requiremen Service portability

mobile should be able to be used in any of the participatinroaming and standardized numbering & dialing (but possib

usable for both wireline line services and for mobile servic usable when: walking, driving, boating, (upto 250 km/h)

Quality of service and Security quality at least as good a previous analog systems capable of offering encryption

Good radio frequency utilization high spectrum efficiency co-existance with earlier systems in the same bands

Modern network following ITU recommendations - to allow efficient interope supporting voice and low rate data standardized mobility and switching support standardized interfaces between the subsystems - to allow

System optimized to limit cost of mobiles (andthe cost of the whole system) GSM required higher complexity mobiles than earlier anal subscriber cost less than or equal to existing analog syste


e

PSTNN

LRtabase

EIRDatabase

Gateway MSC(GMSC)

FMaguire GSM ArchitectureGSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

GSM Architectur

Figure 1: GSM Architecture

MS Mobile Station

BSS base station system

NSS network and switching subsystem

MSCBSC

BTSMS

IWF

MESIM

Radio Link

BTS

BTS

Abis

BSS

A

PSD

HLRDatabase

AuCDatabase

VDa

NSS

TE

Um OMCX.25

X.25

BC D


le accessllocated bandwidth into station

period approx. 0.577 ms longx. 4.615 ms) = basic unit for the

l channel

subject to frequency hopping and

S7)Maguire Foundation GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

Foundation Hybrid frequency-division/time-division multip

FDMA - division by frequency of the (maximum) 25 MHz a124 carrier frequencies spaced 200 kHz apart. One or more carrier frequencies assigned to each base

Each carrier frequency divided in time, using TDMA Fundamental unit of time in this TDMA scheme is a burst Eight burst periods are grouped into a TDMA frame (appro

definition of logical channels A physical channel is one burst period per TDMA frame Slow frequency at upto 217 times per second

hopping algorithm is broadcast on the broadcast contro helps alleviate multipath fading co-channel interference is effectively randomized Note: broadcast and common control channels are not

are always transmitted on the same frequency Infrastructure based on Signalling System 7 (S

WasyhunTypewritten Text

WasyhunStamp

WasyhunLine

WasyhunTypewritten Texttotal of 25MHz band











WasyhunStamp

WasyhunTypewritten Texttime division of a single carrier frequency

WasyhunTypewritten Textf1



nsMaguire GSM contributions GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

GSM contributio Location-based mobility management Mobile assisted handover Temporary Mobile Subscriber ID (TMSI)

GPRS, SMS, International Roaming, OAM:8Mobile and Wireless Network Architectures

f GSM many countries

stems (especiallyy between base stations

ll the innovations in time

error correction done by a forwardformation is repeated when it hasMaguire Distintive features of GSM GSM,[email protected] 2002.03.14

Distintive features o Cooperative development by many actors from preserved open interfaces between the subsy

between infrastructure elements -- particulariland switches)

specified a large number of interfaces! Phased release - since they could not make a

for their targeted 1991 introduction Phase 1 GSM spec. - 100 sections and 5,320 pages!

telephony - with some added features emergency calls data transmission at 2.4/4.8/9.6 kbit/s (transparent {the

error correction (FEC) mechanism}/non-transparent {innot been correctly received})

short message service (SMS) Phase 2

non-voice services and enriched telephony


S)Maguire Mobile Station (MS) GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

Mobile Station (M Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) Mobile Equipment (ME) Mobile Terminal (MT)

GSM, GPRS, SMS, International Roaming,Mobile and Wireless Network Architectures

ule (SIM)d can be moved from one

mber (PIN) is locked for all but

king key (PUK)twork provider(s))s, phone list, SMS messages, )

lication/ built using SIM Toolkit

required to be able to

tity (IMSI)

Maguire Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)[email protected] 2002.03.14

Subscriber Identity Mod small form factor - which can be removable an

terminal to another smart card (generally too large for handsets!) plug-in SIM (the processor and contact from a smart card)

user authenticated via a Personal Identity Nu if PIN entered incorrectly, N times, then phone

emergency calls, until you enter a PIN unbloc contains subscriber information:

some which is fixed by operator (may include preferred ne some which is changable by the user (list of short number

can be updated via: keyboard attached terminal equipment over the air (OTA) via SMS message sent by operator/app

often the SIM is owned by the operator profiles - operator/subscription info; SIMs are

hold at least two profiles contains International Mobile Subscriber Iden



WasyhunTypewritten Text(used to be like credit card size)

WasyhunTypewritten Text(they have both processor and memory)

WasyhunTypewritten Text(telecomm operators provides the SIM)

WasyhunTypewritten Text(4-digit number)


WasyhunTypewritten Textthe PUK number is 8-digit number that can be inserted in 10 attempt before it block the phone and unlock by service provider

















PRS, SMS, International Roaming, OAM:11Mobile and Wireless Network Architectures

(ME) keyboard, etc.

ation, handover, encoding

calls:cy band

ntity (IMEI)Maguire Mobile Equipment (ME) GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

Mobile Equipment the phone itself - radio and radio interface, display,

performs: radio transmission and reception, authenticand channel encoding.

note: ME with SIM can only make emergency (112) Radios operate in one or more of the following bands GSM900 since 900 MHz - the original frequen

Uplink: 890..915 MHz (= mobile station to base station) Downlink: 935..960 MHz (= base station to mobile station)

GSM1800 (also known as DCS1800) Uplink: 1710..1785 MHz Downlink: 1805..1880 MHz

GSM1900 (also known as PCS 900) Uplink: 1850..1910 MHz Downlink: 1930..1990 MHz

ME identified by International Mobile Equipment Ide








WasyhunStamp

WasyhunStamp

WasyhunTypewritten Text(the USA & UK standard for GSM band)



inimize interference onMS does not transmit -X)s to the paging channel, of the paging channelnserve power, both therate at the lowest powerality

from the peak power for the class

1/8 of the time - so its radiated

al strength or signal qualityhe base station controller (whichMaguire Mobile Equipment (ME) GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

Power saving and interference reduction To reduce the MSs power consumption and m

the air interface, during pauses in speech the this is called: Discontinuous transmission (DT Comfort noise is artificially generated by the MS

Discontinuous reception (DRX) - mobile listenbut only needs to wake up for its sub-channel

To minimize co-channel interference and to comobiles and the base transceiver stations opelevel that will maintain an acceptable signal qu Power levels can be stepped up or down in steps of 2 dBm

down to a minimum of 13 dBm (20 milliwatts for MS) only one step at a time and each step takes 60ms there are 16 power levels (i.e., 30 db of range) terminal is typically only transmitting in one time slot (i.e.,

power is on average 8db lower than the set power level) Both mobile station and BTS continually measure the sign

(based on the bit error ratio), and pass the information to tmanages power levels).


n

s

sMaguire Mobile Equipment (ME) GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

Classmark

32 bit quantity indicating properties of a mobile statio revision level RF power capability

(available) encryption procedures frequency capabilities (i.e., which bands) if the device is SMS capable

Figure 2: Power classes

Class GSM900 DCS1800

1 20 W 1 W vehicle mounted system

2 8 Wa

a. 1W average if using a single time slot per frame

0.25 W vehicle mounted system

3 5 W

4 2 Wb

b. 250mW average if using a single time slot per frame

portable terminals

5 0.8 W

RS, SMS, International Roaming, OAM:14 ofMobile and Wireless Network Architectures

ID

M card the user (or at leastS).

l assembly plants.Maguire User ID Device IDGSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

User ID Device

An important distinction in GSM is that due to the SIIMSI) can be identified separately from the device (MTMSI is assigned by the VLR to a visiting subscriber

IMEI consists of: Type Approval Code (TAC) Final Assembly Code (FAC) to identify the fina Serial number - allocated to the manufacturer

IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity 15 digits

IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity 15 digits

TMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity 32 bits

WasyhunTypewritten Text(temporary ISMI assigned by VLR)

WasyhunTypewritten Text(used to connect to any other network other than current network)





WasyhunTypewritten Textthis also give the advantage that IMSI safe from eavesdropping on the air interface





WasyhunTypewritten Text(its used by GSM network to stop usage of invalid device in network)


WasyhunTypewritten Text(IMEI also help to lock stollen MS which listed in the "Blacklist". It can be displayed by typing *#06# in the phone keyboard).

WasyhunTypewritten Text(uniquely identify wireless device)


T)

ble, PCMCIA, IrDA;

Description

SMS Message Received

New MessageACKnowledgement to ME/TE

Preferred Message Storage

Service Center Address

Select Broadcast Message Type

Show Text Mode Paramaters

Set Text Mode Parameters

Restore SettingMaguire Mobile Terminal (MT)GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

Mobile Terminal (MGenerally a PDA, PC,

Interface can be serial (DTE-DCE) interface: serial caBluetooth,

AT commands:AT Command Description AT Command

+CNMI New message inication to TE +CMT

+CBM New Cell-Broadcast Message (CBM) +CNMA

+CMGC Send Command +CPMS

+CMGD Delete Message +CSCA

+CMGL List Message +CSCB

+CMGR Read Message +CSDH

+CMCS Send Message +CSMP

+CMGW Write Message to Memory +CRES


(BSS)dMaguire Base Station System (BSS)[email protected] 2002.03.14

Base Station System one or more base transceiver station (BTS) an base station controller (BSC)

WasyhunStamp


n (BTS)ecryption

as, the interface to the PCM

ng speech channel to/fromMaguire Base transceiver station (BTS)[email protected] 2002.03.14

Base transceiver statioPerforms: channel coding/decoding and encryption/d

BTS includes: radio transmitters and receivers, antennfacility,

About 1/2 the processing is associated with transcodiGSM coding

WasyhunTypewritten Text* It provides a limited coverage area inside a network due to limited transmission power. The cell is created and users are free to roam and communicate inside the cell.size of cell determined by radio wave propagation characteristics, local morphology and expected user density












WasyhunTypewritten Text(this done by using Transcoding and Rate Adaption Unit(TRAU)














WasyhunStamp

WasyhunStamp

WasyhunStamp


WasyhunTypewritten TextTx./Rx. Antenna

WasyhunTypewritten TextPCM connection


r (BSC)io resourcesength sent by mobile

d, shed load by: (1) rejectingnd (3) ignoring handoffsMaguire Base station controller (BSC)[email protected] 2002.03.14

Base station controlleBTSs are connected to a BSC which manages the rad call maintenance using the received signal str

stations normally every 480 ms initiate handovers to other cells, change BTS transmitter power, Task breakdown:

BSCs engineed for about 80% utilization, if overloadelocation updates, (2) rejecting MS originating calls, a

call activities ~20-25%

paging and SMS ~10-15%

mobility management ~20-25%

hardware checking/network triggered events ~15-20%

WasyhunStamp


WasyhunTypewritten Text(its connected to NSS through MSC.)

) GSM, GPRS, SMS, International Roaming,Mobile and Wireless Network Architectures

system (NSS)orksMaguire Network and Switching Subsystem ([email protected] 2002.03.14

Network and Switching Sub MSCs

Gateway MSC (GMSC) has interconnections to other netw Databases Gateways


WasyhunStamp


WasyhunStamp

WasyhunTypewritten TextPerform switching and network related functions. its gateway b/n radio and traditional telephone network like PSTN,ISDN.


, SMS, International Roaming, OAM:20 of 80Mobile and Wireless Network Architectures

s the international mobile subscriberN) and current visitor location register

for call control and servicegeographical area controlled by this

MSC

y stored in each subscribers SIM cardver the radio channel

ithin the network, where each mobileent identity (IMEI) - split into 3

certainMaguire Databases GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

DatabasesHome LocationRegister (HLR)

database for management of mobile subscribers, storeidentity(IMSI), mobile station ISDN number (MSISD(VLR) addresskeeps track of the services associated with each MSan HLR may be used by multiple MSCs

Visitor LocationRegister (VLR)

caches some information from the HLR as necessary provisioning for each mobile currently located in the VLR

connected to one MSC and is often integrated into the

AuthenticationCenter (AuC)

a protected database which has a copy of the secret kethis secret is used for authentication and encryption onormally located close to HLR

Equipment IdentityRegister (EIR)

contains a list of all valid mobile station equipment wstation is identified by its international mobile equipmdatabases:

White list: all known, good IMEIs Black list: bad or stolen handsets Grey list: handsets/IMEIs that are un


ster (EIR)

ber.Maguire Equipment Identity Register (EIR)[email protected] 2002.03.14

Equipment Identity RegiOptional in a GSM network, i.e., not required

EIR block (bars) calls from a MS, not from a subscriSometimes the AuC and EIR are combined.


(OSS)

s, modifying and removingMaguire Operation Sub-System (OSS)[email protected] 2002.03.14

Operation Sub-System Operation and Maintenance Center Service management

subscription management for registering new subscriptionsubscriptions, as well as billing information

billing fraud detection

)GSM, GPRS, SMS, International Roaming,Mobile and Wireless Network Architectures

Center (OMC)d indirectly the BTSs)etwork

overs,

cating, and correctingMaguire Operation and Maintenance Center ([email protected] 2002.03.14

Operation and Maintenance Manages the GSM functional blocks: MSC, BSC (anTask: to maintain satisfactory operation of the GSM n

Based on observing system load, blocking rates, hand

Activities: Network Management System (NMS)

modify network configuration equipment maintenance aiming at detecting,lo

faults

RS, SMS, International Roaming, OAM:24 ofMobile and Wireless Network ArchitecturesMaguire GSM Interfaces GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

GSM InterfacesInterface Description

Um Radio link between MS and BTS

Abis between BTS and BSC, PCM 2 Mbit/s, G. 703

A between BSC and MSC, PCM 2 Mbit/s, G. 703

B between MSC and VLR (use MAP/TCAP protocols)C between MSC and HLR (MAP/TCAP)D between HLR and VLR (MAP/TCAP)E between two MSCs (MAP/TCAP + ISUP/TUP)F between MSC and EIR (MAP/TCAP)G between VLRs (MAP/TCAP)


SM recommendations.

B

S

S

M

A

P

T

U

P

I

S

U

P

I

N

A

P

M

A

P TUP,ISUP,INAP,MAP

)TACP TACP

)

SCCP SCCP

MTP MTP

)64kbps(08.54)

64kbps(08.54)

C PSTNISDNMaguire GSM Interfaces GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

Numbers in parentheses indicate the relevant ETSI-G

Layer

3 CM(04.08)

CM(04.08)

MM(04.08)

MM(04.08)

RR(04.08)

RR BSSAP(08.06)

DTAP

RR(04.08)

BTSM(08.58)

BTSM(08.58)

BSSAP(08.06

2 LAP-Dm(04.06/08)LAP-Dm(04.06/08)

LAP-D(08.56)

LAP-D(08.56)

SCCPMTP(08.06)

SCCPMTP

(08.061 Radio

(04.04)Radio(04.04)

64kbps(08.54)

64kbps(08.54)

64kbps(08.54)

64kbps(08.54

MS BTS BSC MS


ec. 08.54 on A bis interface and

annels

ference calls, etc.)Maguire GSM Layers GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

GSM Layers Layer 1: Physical layer

physical transmission channel quality measurements GSM Rec. 04.04, PCM 30 or ISDN links are used (GSM R

08.04 on A to F interfaces) Layer 2: Data link layer

Multiplexing of layer 2 connections on control/signaling ch Error detection (based on HDLC) Flow control Transmission quality assurance Routing

Layer 3: Network layer Connection management (air interface) Management of location data Subscriber identification Management of added services (SMS, call forwarding, con


e

ol (similar to ISDNpoint signaling channelsint signaling channelstection and error correctionor control signaling

e stable connection betweenl and to maintain connection

required for mobility:Maguire GSM Air interface GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

GSM Air interfac Layer 1 (GSM Rec. 04.04): Um interface Layer 2 (GSM Rec. 04.05/06): LAP-Dm protoc

LAP-D): connectionless transfer of point-to-point and point-to-multi Setup and tear-down of layer 2 connections of point-to-po connection-oriented transfer with in order delivery, error de

Layer 3 (GSM Rec. 04.07/08) with sublayers fchannel functions (BCH, CCCH and DCCH): Radio resource management (RR): to establish and releas

mobile stations (MS) and an MSC for the duration of a caldespite user movements - functions of MSC: cell selection handover allocation and tear-down of point-to-point channels monitoring and forwarding of radio connections enabling encryption change transmission mode

Mobility management (MM) handles the control functions authentication assignment of TMSI,


down calls connections:

ervices,text messages

essages, these messages areect transfer application part

ped to or from the basee with the MSC:

easurements, uplink)Maguire GSM Air interface GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

management of subscriber location Connection management (CM) - set up, maintain and tear

Call control (CC): Manages call connections, Supplementary service support (SS): Handles special s Short message service support (SMS): Transfers brief

Neither the BTS nor the BSC interpret CM and MM mexchanged between the MSC or the MS using the dir(DTAP) protocol on the A interface.Radio Resource Management (RR) messages are mapstation system application part (BSSAP) for exchang

Transmission mode (change) management Cipher mode management Discontinuous transmission mode management Handover execution Call re-establishment RR-session release Load management SACCH procedures

radio transmission control (power&timing, downlink), (m -general information

Frequency redefinition General information broadcasting (BCCH)

RS, SMS, International Roaming, OAM:29 ofMobile and Wireless Network ArchitecturesMaguire GSM Air interface GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

cell selection information information for idle mode functions information needed for access cell identity


dio links, metropolitan areaRG},

d 64 kbit/s formats - for

d 64 kbit/s formats - for

uires a signaling channel onRate Adapter Unit)1 framesused for user data and 2.4on)Maguire Abis interfaceGSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

Abis interfaceDividing line between the BSC function and the BTS

BSC and BTS can be connected using leased lines, ranetworks (MANs), LANs {see UC Berkeleys ICEBETwo channel types exist between the BSC and BTS: Traffic channels (TCH): configured in 8, 16 an

transporting user data Signaling channels:configured in 16, 32, 56 an

signaling purposes between the BTS and BSCEach transceiver (transmitter + receiver) generally reqthe Abis interface, data is sent as TRAU (Transcoder(for a 16 kbit/s traffic channel (TCH), 13.6 kbit/s are kbit/s for inband signaling, timing, and synchronizati

1. It is not defined where TRAU is placed, i.e., it could be part of BTS, BSC, or MSC.


facility channels (4 per timeslot)

and BSCotocol (inherited from ISDN)

ections identified by SAPIo the radio interface BTS and BSCell as for layer 2 managementMaguire Abis protocolsGSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

Abis protocols Layer 1 (GSM Rec. 08.54)

2.048 Mbit/s (ITU-T: E1) or 1.544 Mbit/s (ANSI: T1) PCM with 64/32/16 kbit/s signaling channels and 16 kbit/s traffic

Layer 2 (GSM Rec. 08.56) LAP-D protocol used for data messaging between the BTS SAPI refers to the link identifier transmitted in the LAPD pr

Layer 3 (GSM Rec. 08.58/04.08) BTS management (BTSM) via three logical signaling conn

(Service Access Point Identifier): SAPI 0 is used by all messages coming from or going t SAPI 62 provides O&M message transport between the SAPI 63 is used for dynamic management of TEIs as w

functions.


transcoder equipment, two, i.e., TRAU) is located:

ontrol and signaling

n the 2 Mbit/s or 1.544 Mbit/s PCMMaguire A Interface GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

A InterfaceDefines interface between the BSC and MSC

TCHs are converted from 64 kbit/s to 16 kbit/s in thecases based on where the transcoder equipment (TCE

At least 2 time slots on the PCM link are needed for cpurposes.

at BSC orBTS

traffic channel (TCH) occupies a complete 64 kbit/s timeslot ilink (layer 1, GSM Rec. 08.04)

at MSC the TCHs are 16 kbit/s on the A interface


olsbased on the SS7 standard

PCM facility. Normally

(ITU-T: E1) or

lsrity between the BCS and MSC

) or an MSC

r request).Maguire A interface protocolsGSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

A interface protocSignaling protocol (layer 2+3) between BSC and MSCand is transmitted along with the user data within thetimeslot 16 (TS16) of the 64 kbit/s frame is used.The following protocols are employed: Layer 1 (GSM Rec. 08.04) either 2.048 Mbit/s

1.544 Mbit/s (ANSI: T1) PCM link Layer 2 (GSM Rec. 08.06) SS7-based protoco

Message transfer part (MTP) protocol - transmission secu Signaling connection control part (SCCP) protocol SCCP connection can be initiated by a mobile station (MS An SCCP connection can involve the following protocols: From the MS:

MM: CM service request RR: Paging response MM: Location updating request MM: CM re-establishment request

From the MSC: Initiation of an external handover (BSSMAP: handove

MSC manages the SCCP connections


rotocol - counterpart to the RRts CC and MM messages trans-Maguire A interface protocolsGSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

Layer 3 (GSM Rec. 08.08) Base station system application part (BSSAP) protocol On MSC end:

Base station management application part (BSSMAP) pprotocol on the air interface

Direct transfer application part (DTAP) protocol transmimitted transparently through the BTS and BSC


) are buffered then coded

D/DTX)

rm prediction (RPE-LTP)

4.75 kbit/sMaguire GSM Audio GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

GSM Audio Speech coding - 20ms (i.e., 160) samples (8kHz @13 bits Error protection (codec specific) Error detection (CRC) Bad Frame Handling (substitution) Voice Activity Detection / Discontinuous Transmission (VA

Manufacturer specific audio features: noise cancelling spectrum equalization echo cancellation

CODECs

Full rate (FR) 13 kbit/s , Regular pulse excitation - long teHalf rate (HR) 5.65 kbit/s VSELPEnhanced full rate (EFR) 12.2 kbit/s ACELPAdaptive Multi Rate (AMR) ACELP, 12.2, 10.2, 7.95, 7.4, 6.7, 5.9, 5.15,AMR wideband codec (under standardization)


DigitalNewtorks

ISUP

INAPIN

POTSTUPMaguire MSC interfacesGSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

MSC interfaces

HLR MSCC

VLRD

B

EIRF

MSCE

VLR

BG


02)dio network (HLR, VLR, and EIR) MSC-MSC handover, security

rt)s to distributed application

ublic Land Mobile Networksc functionalities as TUP

all, time-dependent routing

rkslaced by ISUPMaguire MSC protocolsGSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

MSC protocols MAP (Mobile Application Part) (GSM Rec. 09.

controls queries to the different databases in the mobile ra responsibilities include access and location management,

functions, O&M, SMS, and supplementary services. TCAP (Transaction Capabilities Application Pa

provides universal calls and functions for handling requestprocesses

ISUP (ISDN User Part) controls interworking (e.g. call setup/tear-down) between P

(PLMNs) and other networks, and provides the same basi INAP (Intelligent Network Application Part)

implements intelligent supplementary services (e.g. free cfunctions in a central service center)

TUP (Telephone User Part) implements interworking between PLMNs and other netwo used to provide international connections and is being rep


nelsTwo way

orrection base-to-mobile

tion (SCH)ntrol (BCCH))t (AGCH)ess (RACH) mobile-to-base dedicatednel (SDCCH)

two-way

ated control

ted controlMaguire GSM Logical Channels GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

GSM Logical ChanTraffic channels Full-rate (TCH/F) @ 22.8 kbit/s

Half-rate (TCH/H) @ 11.4 kbit/s

Signalingchannels

Broadcast channelsFrequency c(FCCH)Synchroniza

Broadcast co

Common control channelsPaging (PCHAccess Gran

Random acc

Dedicated control channels

Stand-alonecontrol chan

Slow associ(SACCH)Fast associa(FACCH)


H)g))

e by 3 burst periodsltaneouslytersMaguire Traffic channel (TCH)GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

Traffic channel (TCMultiframe - group of 26 TDMA frames (120 ms lon

24 are used for traffic (voice or user data) 1 is used for the slow associated control channel (SACCH 1 is currently unused

TCHs for the uplink and downlink are separated in tim mobile station does not have to transmit and receive simu simplifies the electronic circuitry; avoids antenna duplex fil reducing complexity helps to cut power consumption


(BCH)ronization and frequency

ltipoint communications in to several mobiles.

C), network operator, accessgnals via the BCCH from many

g the boundaries betweene

ation of base stationrmation needed to synchronizeMaguire Broadcast channels (BCH)[email protected] 2002.03.14

Broadcast channels Carry only downlink information - mainly for synchcorrection.

However, it is the only channel capable of point-to-muwhich short messages are simultaneously transmitted Broadcast control channel (BCCH)

General information, cell-specific; e.g. local area code (LAparameters, list of neighboring cells, etc. A MS receives siBTSs within the same network and/or different networks

tells MS what their initial power level should be Frequency correction channel (FCCH)

correction of MS frequencies transmission of frequency standard to MS also used for synchronization of an acquisition by providin

timeslots and position of the first time slot of a TDMA fram Synchronization channel (SCH)

frame synchronization (TDMA frame number) and identific reception of one SCH burst provides a MS with all the info

with a given BTS


ls (CCCH)and the BTS.

ovide access to the network.

.

the MS access to the network.

due to a call potential collisions with RACH

the paging and access grantMaguire Common control channels (CCCH)[email protected] 2002.03.14

Common control channeUplink and downlink channels between the MS card

Convey information from the network to MSs and pr Paging channel (PCH)

Downlink only MS is informed (by the BTS) of incoming calls via the PCH

Access grant channel (AGCH) Downlink only BTS allocates a TCH or SDCCH to the MS, thus allowing

Random access channel (RACH) Uplink only allows MS to request an SDCCH in response to a page or MS chooses a random time to send on this channel (note:

transmissions from other MSs)PCH and AGCH are transmitted in one channel calledchannel (PAGCH) - they are separated in time.


ls (DCCH)H)

) is allocated

(e.g. field strengths) {informationnly), timing advance1, and upto 6 neighbors about twice

have a color code assigned toh are using the same frequency)

he TCHde is used (i.e., additional

sages associated with callecisions,

nsate for the propagation delays by advancing itsMaguire Dedicated control channels (DCCH)[email protected] 2002.03.14

Dedicated control channeResponsible for roaming, handovers, encryption, etc. Stand-alone dedicated control channel (SDCC

communications channel between MS and the BTS signaling during call setup -- before a traffic channel (TCH It takes ~480ms to transmit a message via SDDCH

Slow associated control channel (SACCH) always allocated to a TCH or SDCCH used for non-urgent procedures: radio measurement data

is used for handover decisions}, power control (downlink o 260bps channel - enough for reporting on the current cell

per second (if there is no other traffic for this channel) note that the MS is told what frequencies to monitor (BTSs

them so the that the MS can report on multiple BTSs whic Fast associated control channel (FACCH)

similar to the SDCCH, but used in parallel to operation of t if the data rate of the FACCH is insufficient, borrowing mo

bandwidth borrowed from the TCH), this happens for mesestablishment authentication of the subscriber, handover d

1. Transmission and reception of bursts at the base station must be synchronized, thus the MS must competransmission 0 .. 233 ms which is enough to handle cells of radius up to 35 km.

GSM, GPRS, SMS, International Roaming,Mobile and Wireless Network ArchitecturesMaguire Dedicated control channels (DCCH)[email protected] 2002.03.14

It takes ~40ms to transmit a message via FACCH


f a bit (900ns) to ans)!

51 frames (235.4 ms) s)Maguire GSM Timing GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

GSM TimingA very elaborate timing structure ranging from 1/4 oencryption hyperframe (3 hours 28 minutes and 53.76

Unit Time

bit 3.69us

slot 156.25 bits (577 us)frame 8 slots (4.615 ms)traffic multiframe 26 frames (120 ms) or control multiframesuperframe 51 traffic multiframes or 26 control multiframes (6.12hyperframe 2048 superframes (3 hours 28 minutes and 53.76s)


MS

PSTN1Maguire Incoming CallGSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

Incoming Call

Figure 3: Call from fixed network to

GMSC

BSC

BTS

MS

MESIM

Radio Link

BTS

BTS

HLRDatabase

VLRDatabase

MSC

2 3

4

5

6

7

BSCBTS

BTS

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

9

9

111012

12


obule is in only its rough

MSC)

LR is requested to provide a mobile sta-

bile subscriber

all necessary secuity procedures

pletedMaguire Incoming CallGSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

Here we assume that we dont know which cell the mlocation

1 incoming call is passed from the fixed network to the gateway MSC (G2 based on the IMSI numbers of the called party, HLR is determined

3 HLR checks for the existence of the called number, then the relevant Vtion roaming number (MSRN)

4 reply transmitted back to the GMSC

5 connection is switched through to the responsible MSC

6 VLR is queried for the location range and reachability status of the mo

7 if the MS is marked reachable, then a radio call is enabled

8 radio call is executed in all radio zones assigned to the VLR

9 reply from the MS in its current radio cell

10 when mobile subscriber telephone responds to the page, then complete

11 if this is successful, the VLR indicates to the MSC that call can be com

12 call can be completed


t (MM)s are powered on and active

f the MS in the VLR and

cation areas (LAs), thushe MS in the last known

lled a location area identityMaguire Mobility Management (MM)[email protected] 2002.03.14

Mobility ManagemenGSM network keeps track of which mobile telephonein the network.

The network keeps track of the last known location oHLR.

Radio sites connected to the MSC are divided into lowhen a call comes for an MS, the network looks for tlocation area.

Each BTS is assigned (by the operator) a 40 bit ID - ca(LAI), with three parts: mobile country code mobile network code location area code


end IMSI over the air (thusy a given user).cryption

se ciphering requires a user of the subscriber before it

ut it can be upto 128 bitsMaguire Security GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

SecurityUse of TMSI rather than IMSI - reduces the need to ssimply listening to the radio link it is harder to identif

Two major aspects of security: Authentication and En

Cipher mode management

Connection always starts in non-ciphered mode, becauspecific key and the network has to know the identitycan be used!

A3 Authentication algorithm

A5 Ciphering algorithm

A8 Ciphering key computation

Ki secret encryption key - operator determines length , b

Kc cypher key, computed based on Ki


is turned on (user must keydware before this automatic

tgoing call. This is based onhe AuC matches the KiMaguire AuthenticationGSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

AuthenticationUser authentication normally takes place when the MSin a PIN code on the handset in order to activate the harprocedure can start).Authentication occurs with each incoming call and ouchecking that Ki (secret encryption key) stored in tstored in SIM card of the MS.


cryption

A8

Ki

Kc

A5heringphering

datadata

umber Kcstem

Authentication

Home System

EncryptionMaguire Authentication and [email protected] 2002.03.14

Authentication and En

RAND

A3

Ki

A8 A3

SRESSRES =

rejectNo

Yesaccept

Kc

A5 cipheringdeciphering

datadata cip

deci

frame n

ciphered info

visited syEncryption

Authentication

MS


5]Maguire GSM data rates GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

GSM data ratesThe following table of data rates is from page 39 of [

Connection Typea

a. T = Transparent, NT = Non-transparent

Two-way delay

TCH/F9.6 T 330 ms

TCH/F9.6 NT > 330 ms

TCH/F4.8 T 330 ms

TCH/F2.4 T 200 ms

TCH/H4.8 T 600 ms

TCH/H4.8 NT > 600 ms

TCH/H2.4 T 600 ms


ng (MSC, BSC, BTS, ) to them,

ng term traffic is not cost

activitytes and cell parameterse economically continuous an easy task)Maguire System engineeringGSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

System engineeriThe operator must choose how many of each elementorder, what capacity each must have, where to install

Since traffic does not remain constant simply installing a large enough capacity for lo

effective Therefore, system engineering is an on-goingNote: goal of cellular planning is to choose the cell si(frequency allocation, capacity, power, etc.) to providcoverage and support the required traffic density (not

RS, SMS, International Roaming, OAM:53 ofMobile and Wireless Network ArchitecturesMaguire System engineeringGSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

Table of parameters, from page 101 of [5]

Area Parameters

Cell planning frequenciesbeacon frequencieshopping sequencespower control parametershandover parameterscell selection parametersBSIC

Dimensioning # of common channels# of traffic channelslocation areasperiodic location updating

Load control overload control parameters


zationber behavior, and (QoS)

CM frame are monitored

ent at the PCM level and

es leased from fixed network

ability can be determined (uplink)urement of the downlink BER}e) measurement in which the 260andom bit sequence (PRBS)er 1 alarmscluding:network load regarding signalingillance, bit error ratio of a BTS, frequency interference (due toindications of system overload.Maguire GSM Network [email protected] 2002.03.14

GSM Network OptimiBased on network performance & utilization, subscri

Test methods: Traffic analysis:the signaling channels in the P

and analyzed on the A bis and A interfaces Bit error ratio test (BERT): bit error measurem

the GSM-specific level (TRAU frame) PCM bit error ratio (BER) is used to verify the quality of lin

operators By evaluating the control bits in the TRAU, a bit error prob

during actual communications (in-service) {No easy meas More accurate radio link BER measurement (out-of-servic

data bits in the TRAU frame are checked using a pseudo-r Alarm monitoring - checking PCM links for lay Network quality test: lots of measurements - in

island problems, detection of coverage holes, interference,and traffic,handover failures, Receive level (RXLEV) surve(RXQUAL), multipath interference and propagation delaysnearby frequency reuse), call completion/disconnect rate,


receive an audible beep to alert them

old},ceive a busy signal}e additional calls or to receive

er numbers under conditions defined

n certain criteria (no answer, busy, not

one no.) to the GSM network; GSMMaguire Features GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

FeaturesCall Waiting (CW) {network-based feature} users with a call in progress

that there is an incoming call for their MSThe incoming call can be:

accepted {the original call is put on h sent to voice mail, or rejected {in this case the caller will re

Call Hold (CH) allows the MS to park an in progress call, to makincoming calls

Call Forwarding(CF)

{network-based feature} allows calls to be sent to othby the userConditions can be either unconditional or dependent oreachable)

Calling Line ID callers network to delivers the calling line ID (telephtelephone displays the originating telephone number

, SMS, International Roaming, OAM:56 of 80Mobile and Wireless Network ArchitecturesMaguire GSM Phase 2+GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

GSM Phase 2+ High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

D) GSM, GPRS, SMS, International Roam-Mobile and Wireless Network Architectures

Data (HSCSD)

l can be implemented using time for the synthesizer tohe offset of 3 slots between

changes faster, but at 3 slotse time.

ependent receivers

g, frequency hopping, and

e data connectionMaguire High Speed Circuit Switched Data ([email protected] 2002.03.14

High Speed Circuit Switched

In the basic GSM model TX/RX activities, the terminaone frequency synthesizer (even though it takes somechange from one frequency to another) - because of ttransmit and receiver.

If you only use 2 slot, you just need a synthesizer thatyou potentially need to transmit and receive at the sam

At eight time slots (i.e., continuous transmission): monitoring neighboring base stations would require an ind the terminal will be more expensive than one slot terminal power consumption will be much higher

Multi-slot systems have required changes in: cipheringenerally radio resource management functions.

Idea is simple use several time slots out of each TDMA frame for on

Reality this is taxing for the RF power systems

D) GSM, GPRS, SMS, International Roam-Mobile and Wireless Network Architectures

le time slot) operation

ithout data compression)re

PSTNN

VLRatabase

EIRDatabase

Gateway MSC(GMSC)Maguire High Speed Circuit Switched Data ([email protected] 2002.03.14

HSCSD depends on: Terminal Adapation Function (TAF) Interworking Functions (IWF) enhanced RLP to handle multilink (aka multip

Nokias Card Phone 2.0: HSCSD at upto 43.2 kbps (w Figure 4: GSM/HSCSD Architectu

MSCBSC

BTSMS

IWF

MESIM

Radio Link Protocol (RLP)

BTS

Abis

BSS

A

PSD

HLRDatabase

AuCDatabase

D

TE

Um OMCX.25

X.25

BC D

TAF


ice (GPRS)d air interface resources

over GPRS, (and X.25Maguire General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)[email protected] 2002.03.14

General Packet Radio ServGPRS features: True packet radio system - sharing network an Volume based charging TCP/IP (Internet & Intranet) interworking, SMS

interworking) Peak data rate from 9.05 kbps .. 171.2 kbps Protocols designed for evolution of radio

EDGE - new GSM modulation Migration into 3rd Generation


iphering & compression, mobility,MSC/VLR, charging & statistics,

y it is a network router)ding them to right SGSN,ination, filtering end userstical information of data

obile IP to GSM systems.Maguire GPRS nodesGSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

GPRS nodesGPRS introduces new network elements Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)

authentication & authorization, GTP tunneling to GGSN, cmanagement, session management, interaction with HLRas well as NMS interfaces.

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) interfacing to external data networks (basicall

encapsulating data packets in GTP and forwarrouting mobile originated packets to right desttraffic, as well as collecting charging and statinetwork usage

GPRS is the result of committees trying to adapt M


also interwork to PSDNs.

e

VLRatabase

EIRDatabase

Gateway MSC(GMSC)

GGSN

Internet

Gn Gi

GrGc

CGF Billingsystem

Ga

fMaguire GPRS nodesGSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

The figure is over simplified - since the GGSN could

Figure 5: GSM/GPRS Architectur

MSCBSC

BTS

MS

MESIM

Radio Link (with radio media access protocol)

BTS

BSS

PLMN

HLRDatabase

DTE

SGSN

BSCBTS

BSC

BTS

BTS

BTSGPRS

Backbone

GsGb

GnGa

GAuC

Database

GGSN Gp


se.g. a SGSN or a

d a SGSN

of GPRS networkMaguire GPRS Interfaces GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

GPRS InterfaceGa Charging data collection interface between a CDR transmitting unit (

GGSN)Gb between a SGSN and a BSS

Gc between a GGSN and a HLR

Gd between a SMS-GMSC and a SGSN, and between a SMS-IWMSC an

Gf between an SGSN and a EIR

Gi reference point between GPRS and an external packet data network

Gn between two GSNs within the same PLMN

Gp between two GSNs in different PLMNs (Gp interface allows support services across areas served by the co-operating GPRS PLMNs.)

Gr between an SGSN and a HLR

Gs between a SGSN and a MSC/VLR


mestems)

142.5 dB and the maximum

CS4

kbps 21.4 kbps

None

B 128.5 dB

290 m

bits 625 bits

8 bits 19345 bitsMaguire GPRS Coding SchemesGSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

GPRS Coding ScheFour schemes (but only CS1 and CS2 are in early sys

For comparison for GSM the worst-case link budget iscell range is 730 m.

Coding Scheme CS1 CS2 CS3

User Data Rate 9.05 kbps 13.4 kbps 15.6

CorrectionCapability

Highest

Worst-link Buget 135 dB 133dB 131 d

Maximum CellRange

450 m 390 m 350 m

40 bytes (320 bits)of payloadsee [9], pg. 33

1956 bits 1132 bits 1018

1500 bytes (12000bits)

55787 bits 32490 bits 2721


o spread the effect of burstMaguire GPRS Coding SchemesGSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

But the real problem is that GPRS uses interleaving terrors - but this means that the delay is always high!

SSD) GSM, GPRS, SMS, InternationalMobile and Wireless Network Architectures

Service Data

to the network as USSD.

ys.d to servers (which actually

ay transactions.Maguire Unstructured Supplementary Service Data ([email protected] 2002.03.14

Unstructured Supplementary(USSD)

When MS can not recognize text - it simply passes it

USSD supports all digits, asterisk (*), and punt (#) keA USSD server is connected to the HLR via MAP anprovide a specific service) via TCP/IP.USSD is thought to be ~7x faster than SMS for two-w


e (SMS)message) delivery (similar

held for later delivery. ToS, the network expects toessage was correctly

rs of GSM default Alphabet

of content

ered by any GSM network

point service

Maguire Short Message Service (SMS)[email protected] 2002.03.14

Short Message ServicShort Message Service (SMS) offers connectionless (to two-way-paging)If the GSM telephone is not turned on, the message isEnsure that each time a message is delivered to an Mreceive an acknowledgement from the MS that the mreceived.

SMS supports messages up to 140 octets (160 characte- see GSM 03.38) in length.SMS concatination - combines several messages

SMS compression - defined standard for compression

With internation roaming these messages can be delivaround the world to where ever the MS currently is.

Two types of messages: cell broadcast and point-to-


rchitecture

N

GSMnetwork

OriginatingMS

WMSCMaguire Short Message Service [email protected] 2002.03.14

Short Message Service ASM-SC Short Message Service Centre

SMS GMSC SMS Gateway MSC

IWMSC Interworking MSC

Figure 6: SMS Architecture

SMS GMSCBSC

BTS

MS

IWF

MESIM

BTS

BSS

PSD

TE

ISM-SC

SM-SC


protocolsS capacity in bulk, they

ators that they haveMaguire SM-SCs GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

SM-SCs High reliability High availability High performance existing SM-SCs talk TCP/IP as well as other There exist SMS brokers from whom you can buy SMreceive your messages and then transfer them to operagreements with.


Ss

ss card, modify the default icon, Maguire Three kinds of SMSsGSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

Three kinds of SMUser-specific display to a user

ME-specific ME processes the message when it is receivedNokia has special function to play ring tone, display a busine

SIM-specific SIM processes the message when it is received(for use via SIM toolkit applications)


agesxt)d)n keyboard)eir frequency and of [11])out probably string (see page 45

s 47-48 of [36])48-49 of [36]) and, and Korean (see page 49 of [36])Maguire Entering Short MessagesGSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

Entering Short MessTo improve the speed of entering SMSs (and other te Full keyboards (such as Ericssons Chat Boar Onscreen keyboard (such as Plams on-scree Fitaly keyboard - arranges letters based on th

probability transitions in English (see page 43 Predictive text input algorithms

Tegic T9 - utilizes numeric keypad and probability to work of [11])

e-acutes Octave keyboard (see pages 46-47 of [36]) Handwriting recogntion

Word recognition, such as Psions CalliGrapher (see page Character recognition, such as Palms Graffiti (see pages CJKOS - an OS extension for Palm for Chinese, Japanese

Speech recognition


m (VMS) (i.e., forwards them) to aeft unattended (after ringing

) to the MS to let the user

ty - to over-write last VMAtatus voice messages (forg).Maguire Voice Messaging System (VMS)[email protected] 2002.03.14

Voice Messaging SysteA value-added service which redirects incoming callsvoice mailbox when MS is turned off, low on battery, lfor xx seconds) or temporarily out of coverage.A Voice Message Alert (VMA) can be send (via SMSknow there is a waiting voice message.

Note that you can use SMSs replace message facili- thus there will only be one message with the latest sexample saying: You have N voice messages waitin


ail (VPIM)rrently a Proposed Standardn of Internet Mail originallyessaging systems

tml

xtensions, voice directorytial non-deliveryMaguire Voice Profile for Internet Mail (VPIM)[email protected] 2002.03.14

Voice Profile for Internet MVoice Profile for Internet Mail (VPIM) Version 2 is cu(RFC 2421) Applicability Statement, it is an applicatiointended for sending voice messages between voice mhttp://www.ema.org/vpimhttp://www.ietf.org/html.charters/vpim-charter.h

VPIM v3 Specification add extensions: IMAP voice eprofiles, content negotiation details for voice and parnotifications.


ingeive calls in any GSM

orldwide.

l operators.

etwork (for example, in(MSISDN) still looks like itpid aspects of GSM.}s the person you are calling,

tromboning. For four

same phone number everywhere!

n you think!Maguire International Roaming GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

International RoamGSMs roaming feature allows a user to make and recnetwork and to use the same user-specific services w

Requires a roaming agreement between the individua

The basic problem is that when you roam to another nanother country) - your Mobile Station ISDN numberis in your home network. {This is one of the more stuWorst is if you are in the same (non-home) network aas this results in two international calls! This is due tosolutions see section 13.2 of [12], pages 242-249.

Good news With worldwide roaming the MS is accessible via the

Bad news It could be very expensive - much more expensive tha


aintainencellows ITU-T;sodel, which has several

lk the talk to walk the walk!

to provide overall of mobile equipment, HLR

Elements (NEs): HLR,

Communication Function

equipmentkstation functions (WSFs)Maguire Operation/Administration/[email protected] 2002.03.14

Operation/Administration/MOperation/Administration/Maintainence (OA&M) foTelecommuncations Management Network (TMN) mcomponents:

I personally find this ITU-T speak! But you have to ta

Operations system (OS) OS uses Operating System Function (OSF) management, billing, account, managementmeasurement,

Network Element Functions(NEFs)

provides monitoring and control of NetworkVLR, AuC, EIR, MSC, BSC, and BTS

Data CommunicationNetwork

OS, NEs, and other TMN elements via Data(DCF)

Mediation device (MD) adapts the OS to a specfic NEQ-Adapter (QA) uses Q-adapter function to adapte non-TMNWorkstation (WS) OA&M personnel interact with OS via Wor

DGE) GSM, GPRS, SMS, InternationalMobile and Wireless Network Architectures

SM Evolution

crease network capacity

pete with 3G networksde area)Maguire Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution ([email protected] 2002.03.14

Enhanced Data Rates for G(EDGE)

enhanced modulation technique designed to inand data rates in GSM networks

provide data rates up to 384 Kbps. EDGE lets operators without a 3G license com

(since the data rates are comparable in the wi

N) GSM, GPRS, SMS, International Roam-Mobile and Wireless Network Architectures

work (GERAN)SM Evolution (EDGE)Maguire GSM/EDGE Radio Access network ([email protected] 2002.03.14

GSM/EDGE Radio Access netthe radio interface used in Enhanced Data Rates for G

Maximum data rate: 384 kbps


including 4 new Data a incremental redundancy traffic channels.ith different QoS profiles.

re small delay is required taking place, needs somewhat

rrors (may require multipleMaguire EGRPS GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

EGRPSEGPRS = EDGEan extension/enhancement of GPRSPacket Traffic Channels using 8-PSK modulation andmechanism extended to the GMSK based data packet

Support for simultaneous, multiple radio access bearers w New bearer classes:

Conversational Class - Voice & video conferencing whe Streaming Class - Capable of processing as transfer is

constant delay and throughput Interactive Class - on-line applications Background Class - Delay insensitive but requires few e

re-transmissions to hide errors)


obile Communications,

he GSM systems, IEEE, 1995.ations Systems, Chapter 7,dison-Wesley, 1997,

on Vol. 2, Acterna Eningen

_notes/gsm_SW-EN-PG02-11

ital Mobile Communicationpere, FinlandMaguire Further reading GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

Further readingGSM

[1] M. Mouly and MB Paulet, The GSM System for MMouly and Paulet, 1992

[2] M. Mouly and MB Paulet, Current evolution of tPersonal Communications, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 9-19

[3] David J. Goodman, Wireless Personal CommunicGSM: Pan-European Digital Cellular System, AdISBN 0-201-63470-8

[4] Marc Kahabka, GSM Pocket Guide revised versiGmbH, 72795 Eningen u. A., Germanyhttp://www.acterna.com/downloads/application00-AE.pdf-

[5] Petri Jarske, The GSM System, Principles of DigSystems, 2001 edition, Technical University Tam


01.PDF

lity Profiles for Locationertation, NorwegianTelematics, 12 Jan. 1998.

tml

ata Services, Dr. Tech.Department of Information

ccess Networks, Dr. Tech.Department of Information

ving the performance of, Cingular Wireless LLC,Maguire Further reading GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

http://www.cs.tut.fi/kurssit/83150/DigiCom20

[6] Sudeep Kumar Palat, Replication of User MobiManagement in Mobile Networks, Dr. Ing. dissUniversity of Science and Technology, Dept. of

[7] GSM securityhttp://www.isaac.cs.berkeley.edu/isaac/gsm.h

GPRS

[8] Jari Hmlinen, Design of GSM High Speed Ddissertation ,Tampere University of Technology,Technology, 4 October 1996.

[9] Jouni Mikkonen, Quality of Services in Radio Adissertation,Tampere University of Technology, Technology, 19 May 1999.

[10]Don Zelmer, GPRS, EDGE, & GERAN: ImproGSM & TDMA Wireless by Packet Capabilities


day, June 6, 20011/Presentationfolder/T1P

r, Klaus Rintdoff, andgy and Architecture of002, ISBN 0-201-72215-1

Mobile Network2001, ISBN 0-471-39492-0

Mobile Network001, ISBN 0-471-39492-0Maguire Further reading GSM, [email protected] 2002.03.14

SUPERCOMM 2001, Atlanta, Georgia, Wedneshttp://www.atis.org/atis/Pictures/Supercomm01zelmer3Gtemplate2.PDF

SMS

[11]Jochen Burkhardt, Dr. Horst Henn, Stefan HeppeThomas Schck, Pervasive Computing: TechnoloMobile Internet Applications, Addison-Wesley, 2

International Roaming

[12]Yi-Bing Lin and Imrich Chlamtac, Wireless and Architectures, , Chapter 13, John Wiley & Sons,

Operation/Administration/Maintainence

[13]Yi-Bing Lin and Imrich Chlamtac, Wireless and Architectures, Chapter 14, John Wiley & Sons, 2

GSM, GPRS, SMS, International Roaming, OAMLecture notes of G. Q. Maguire Jr.Lecture 3Global System for Mobile Communications(GSM)GSM RequirementsGSM ArchitectureFoundationGSM contributionsDistintive features of GSMMobile Station (MS)Mobile Equipment (ME)Power saving and interference reductionClassmark

User ID Device IDMobile Terminal (MT)Base Station System (BSS)Base transceiver station (BTS)Base station controller (BSC)Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)DatabasesEquipment Identity Register (EIR)Operation Sub-System (OSS)Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)GSM InterfacesGSM LayersGSM Air interfaceAbis interfaceAbis protocolsA InterfaceA interface protocolsGSM AudioCODECs

MSC interfacesMSC protocolsGSM Logical ChannelsTraffic channel (TCH)Broadcast channels (BCH)Common control channels (CCCH)Dedicated control channels (DCCH)GSM TimingIncoming CallMobility Management (MM)SecurityCipher mode management

AuthenticationAuthentication and EncryptionGSM data ratesSystem engineeringGSM Network OptimizationFeaturesGSM Phase 2+High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)GPRS nodesGPRS InterfacesGPRS Coding SchemesUnstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD)Short Message Service (SMS)Short Message Service ArchitectureSM-SCsThree kinds of SMSsEntering Short MessagesVoice Messaging System (VMS)Voice Profile for Internet Mail (VPIM)International RoamingOperation/Administration/MaintainenceEnhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)GSM/EDGE Radio Access network (GERAN)EGRPSFurther readingGSMGPRSSMSInternational RoamingOperation/Administration/Maintainence

TC GSM Overview

Documents

system gsm

gsm chapters

international roammobile

gsm architectur figure

qwith wireless

mobile servic usable

bands modern network

gprs ational roaming