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1 TB Nurse Case Management August 2022, 2019 San Antonio, Texas Pediatric Tuberculosis Lisa Y. Armitige, MD, PhD August 22, 2019 • No conflict of interests • No relevant financial relationships with any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity Lisa Y. Armitige, MD, PhD has the following disclosures to make: 1 2
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TB Nurse Case Management :: Pediatric Tuberculosis ......Aug 22, 2019  · 1 TB Nurse Case Management August 20‐22, 2019 San Antonio, Texas Pediatric Tuberculosis Lisa Y. Armitige,

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Page 1: TB Nurse Case Management :: Pediatric Tuberculosis ......Aug 22, 2019  · 1 TB Nurse Case Management August 20‐22, 2019 San Antonio, Texas Pediatric Tuberculosis Lisa Y. Armitige,

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TB Nurse Case ManagementAugust 20‐22, 2019San Antonio, Texas

PediatricTuberculosisLisa Y. Armitige, MD, PhD

August 22, 2019

• No conflict of interests

• No relevant financial relationships with any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity

LisaY.Armitige,MD,PhDhas the following disclosures to make:

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EXCELLENCE EXPERTISE INNOVATION

Pediatric Tuberculosis

Lisa Y. Armitige, MD, PhDMedical Consultant

Heartland National TB Center

Associate Professor Internal Medicine/PediatricsUniversity of Texas HSC Tyler

Nope, still no conflicts

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Epidemiologyof Pediatric TB

US Pediatric Tuberculosis

Definition of pediatric tuberculosis (TB):• TB disease in a person <15 years old

In 2017:• 9,105 TB cases were reported among all age groups 

• 429 (4.7%) were pediatric

Age group NPercentage of all 

cases

0–1 years 53 0.6%

1–4 years 175 1.9%

5–9 years 93 1.0%

10–14 years 108 1.2%

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State Total cases < 5 y/o 5‐14 y/oTotal  

Pediatric Cases

California 2057 39 38 77

Texas 1127 34 23 57

Minnesota 178 12 11 22

Georgia 294 13 9 23

New Jersey 284 10 8 18

US States with Most Pediatric TB Cases

U.S. TB Cases, All Ages, by Age Group, 1993–2017

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

Cases

<15 yrs 15–24 yrs 25–44 yrs 45–64 yrs 65+ yrs

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U.S. Pediatric TB Cases by Age Group, 1993–2017

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800Cases

N=22,037

Age <1 year Age 1–4 years Age 5–9 years Age 10–14 years

Number of U.S. Pediatric TB Cases among 

U.S.‐Born and Non‐U.S.–Born* Children, 1993–2017

N=22,037

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Cases

Non‐U.S.–born  U.S.‐born

*Non‐U.S.–born refers to persons born outside the United States or its territories or not born to a U.S. citizen

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Number of U.S. Pediatric TB Cases among U.S.‐Born  Children by Parent/Guardian Status, 2010–2017

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Cases

U.S.‐born with parents/guardians with unknown origin

U.S.‐born with Non‐U.S.–born parents/guardians*

U.S.‐born with U.S.‐born parents/guardians

Stages of TuberculosisExposure

to Contagious Adult with Pulmonary Disease

Latent TB InfectionLTBI

Adult

Active TB DiseaseChild

Active TB Disease

20-30%

5-10%Risk varies by age5-50%

Household contacts

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Percent Risk of Disease by Age

Age at Infection Risk of Active TB

Birth – 1 year* 43%

1 – 5 years* 24%

6 – 10 years* 2%

11 – 15 years* 16%

Healthy Adults 5‐10% lifetime risk

HIV Infected Adults+ 30‐50% lifetime

*Miller, Tuberculosis in Children Little Brown, Boston, 1963 +WHO, 2004

Risk of Progression to TB Disease by Age

Age @ primary infection

• Birth – 12 months

• 1 ‐ 2 years

Risk of Disease 

Disease  50%

Pulmonary Dis 30‐40%

Miliary or TBM 10‐20%

Disease 20‐25%

Pulmonary Dis 75%

Miliary or TBM 2‐5%

Marais BJ. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004;8:392-402

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Risk of Progression from TB Infection to Disease by Age

Peds in Review 2010;31:13

Differences In Adult and Pediatric TB

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Reactivation DiseaseAdults and older children

• Occurs years after infection

• Occasionally seen in teens

• Often cavitary disease

• High numbers of organisms (AFB +)

• Usually symptomatic and contagious

• Typical of childhood TB

• Usually not cavitary

• Classic x‐ray: – Lobar pulmonary infiltrates – Hilar lymphadenopathy or– Miliary infiltrates

• Low numbers of organisms - AFB smears negative in 95% of pedi cases- Culture negative in 60% of cases

• Most children <12 yrs not contagious

• Often asymptomatic (50%)

Primary DiseaseSmall children and immunosuppressed

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Adult TB Disease

Pulmonary

Extrapulmonary

78%Pulmonary

22%Extrapulmonary

CDC 2010

Adult Extrapulmonary TB Disease

Lymphatic

Pleural

GU

Other

Bone/Joint

Miliary

Meningeal

16%Pleural

40% Lymphatic

5%GU

18%Other

10% Bone/Joint

9%Miliary

5%Meningeal

CDC 2010

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Pediatric TB Disease

Pulmonary

Extrapulmonary

75%Pulmonary

25% Extrapulmonary

CDC

Percentage of TB Cases in Children with Any Extrapulmonary Involvement 

by Age Group (Age <5), Summed and Averaged Over 2013–2017

7.5

11.2

1.5

0.7

76.1

Age <1, n=267

17.3

6.4

0.5

1.6

2.6

71.6

Age 1–4, n=987

Lymphatic

Bone and Joint

Meningeal Miliary

Other Pulmonary Only

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Percentage of TB Cases in Children with Any Extrapulmonary Involvement 

by Age Group (Ages 5–14), Summed and Averaged Over 2013–2017

27.5

2.9

0.52.3

61.2

Age 5–9, n=443

21.4

2.6

0.6

2.8

14.6

58

Age 10–14, n=500

Lymphatic

Bone and Joint

Meningeal Miliary

Other Pulmonary Only

Diagnosing Tuberculosisin Children

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Adults – Mycobacterial‐based diagnosis• positive sputum AFB smear   60% ‐ 75%

• positive sputum culture  90%

• positive tuberculin skin test   80% [HIV < 50%]

Children• positive sputum/gastric AFB smear  10%

• positive sputum/gastric culture  10% ‐ 40%

• positive tuberculin skin test   50% ‐ 80% 

How is tuberculosis diagnosed?

Gastric Aspirates

• Inpatient procedure

• Overnight fasting

• Lavage with NS if volume < 20cc

• Generally done qAM x3

• Inpatient costs

• AFB smear yield: minimal

• AFB Culture yield: 20‐30%

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• Gold Standard –

Positive TB Culture 

OR, Clinical Diagnosis:

• Abnormal CXR, laboratory, or physical examination consistent with TB  AND

1 or more of the following:– Positive TST/IGRA 

– Contagious adult source case identified

– Clinical course consistent with TB disease, or

– Improvement on TB therapy

Diagnosis for TB in Children

• Can use IGRAs in immunocompetent children 2 y/o and older in all situations when a TST would be used

• Preferred test for children 2 years and older who have received a BCG vaccination

• Data shows IGRAs perform consistent well in children 2 years and older, some experts use down to 1 y/o

• Neither IGRAs nor the TST are perfect; always need clinical judgment!

IGRAs and the 2018 AAP “RED BOOK”

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Clinical Presentation of TB in children

Cough and/or respiratory distress

Pulmonary findings on examination

Lymphadenopathy or lymphadenitis

S/Sx of meningitis including seizures

Persistent fever (FUO)

Weight loss or failure to thrive

Unlike adults, up to 50% of children with TB disease have no symptoms

Common symptoms of TB disease in children

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Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary TB

Peds in Review 2010;31:13

• Hilar or mediastinal adenopathy

• Segmental/lobar infiltrates

• Calcifications (seen in 75‐80% of children with pulmonary TB)

• Miliary disease

• Pleural effusions

15% of patients with TB disease will have normal CXRs

CXR Findings in Pediatric TB

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Intrathoracic Lymphadenopathy

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Cavitary Lesions

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W.C. 2005

• More difficult diagnosis

• Nonspecific signs and symptoms

• Fewer mycobacteria

• Fewer positive bacteriologic tests

• Increases risk of progression to disease

• Higher risk of extrapulmonary and TB meningitis 

Unique Diagnostic Challenges of TB in Children

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Treating Tuberculosisin Children

Why treat exposed children?

• Very high rate of infection

• Takes up to 3 months for the skin test to turn positive

• U.S. studies – 10% to 20% of childhood TB cases can be prevented if children exposed in a household receive isoniazid

• WHO standards – children <5 years old in a TB household should be treated

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TB Prevention After Exposure

• Household contact with contagious person– Teen or adult with pulmonary TB disease– Usually > 4 hours of contact

• Initial TST negative– Window period for TST conversion– (8‐10 weeks)

• CXR and physical exam normal 

• Window prophylaxis recommended:– For children < 5 yrs of age– Immunosuppressed patients– Patients on tumor necrosis factor‐alpha blockers or other biologic– May prevent progression to disease during window period

• Repeat TST 8‐10 wks after exposure

• May stop medication if 2nd TST negative < 5mm in immunocompetent patients 

• Approved for children  ≥ 2 years of age

• Dosing:INH:15 mg/kg rounded up to the nearest 50 or 100 mg20‐30 mg/kg rounded up ages 2‐11 y/omaximum 900 mg

RPT:10.0–14.0 kg  300 mg 14.1–25.0 kg  450 mg 25.1–32.0 kg  600 mg 32.1–49.9 kg  750 mg

≥ 50.0 kg  900 mg maximum 

Treating TB infection ‐ 3HP 

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• Rifampin x 4 months– 10‐20 mg/kg daily dose ages 2 years and older (max 600 mg)

– 20‐30 mg/kg daily • Infants and toddlers

• Immunosuppressed

• Disseminated disease, ESPECIALLY meningitis

• Isoniazid (INH) – 10‐15 mg/kg single daily dose 

– 20‐30 mg/kg twice weekly given by DOT

– Duration: 9 months

Treating TB Infection

Pearls of wisdom for treating TB Infection in children

• Use INH suspension only in children ≤ 5 kg

• Compliance with 9 months of INH averages 50% ‐ be vigilant and skeptical, consider shorter course treatments 

• Use DOPT for:  recent contacts, infants, immune compromised

• When children aren’t tolerating treatment, the problem is more often with the parent than the child

• Routine LFTs only for:  other liver toxic drugs, liver disease, signs or symptoms of hepatitis

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Directly observed therapy for tuberculosis

• means a dispassionate 3rd party is actually present when medications are taken with every dose

• “standard of care” in U.S. for treating tuberculosis disease

• desirable for high risk infections ‐ newborns and infants, household contacts, HIV ‐ infected or immune compromised

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2012 31: 2

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• Start 4‐drug therapy (a change from 2006 Red Book)

– INH, rifampin (RIF), pyrazinamide (PZA), and ethambutol (EMB); INH/RIF are the backbone of therapy

• Use PZA only during 1st 2 months for susceptible TB

– This is your ‘shortening agent’: consolidate from 9 to 6 months of therapy

• Stop EMB once culture results known, if have pan‐susceptible TB

– This is your insurance in case you have drug‐resistant TB

• Anticipate minimum 6 month therapy, may need to extend it to longer periods, especially for extensive, CNS or bone disease

• Can dose BIW or TIW after first 2 weeks of daily dosing

• Always administered by directly observed therapy (DOT)

Therapy for TB Disease

2018 Red Book

• 12 months RIPE therapy – higher dosing of rifampin

– Consider a fluoroquinolone

• Steroids for 1‐2 month with 2‐3 week taper – decreases CNS inflammation

• Symptoms may initially worsen followed by gradual improvement

• Possible complications– Seizures – Hydrocephalus – CNS tuberculoma, stroke, MR, CP– Mortality usually 100% if not diagnosed and treated

TB Meningitis Treatment and Clinical Course

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• Risk of drug toxicity very low 

• Monitor clinical signs – regular clinical visits (4‐6 wks)

– patient education

– Weigh at least monthly and increase dose as needed 

• Routine blood work not necessary unless– symptoms 

– risk factors for toxicity

• Monitor and reinforce adherence

Monitoring Children on TB Treatment

Monitoring Children on TB Treatment

• When to follow up CXR’s for pulmonary TB– Beginning and end of therapy

– If clinical change

• Adequate nutrition

• Routine vitamin B6 not necessary except breast‐feeding, pregnant adolescents, poor diet

– Vitamin B6 doses 1‐2 mg/kg

• Completion of therapy certificate

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• Pulmonary– CXR takes months to improve

• Hilar lymphadenopathy– May take a year or more to regress on x‐ray

• Cervical lymphadenitis– Can get worse before improvement over months to years

• Meningitis– Inflammation increases initially with treatment– Steroids crucial for 1st month– Hospitalization recommended until clinically stable or improving

Expected Clinical Coursefor TB Disease in Children

• Older adolescents

• Children with certain findings on CXR

• Producing sputum

• Any draining skin lesions

When do we worry about  contagiousness?

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011;32:188

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QUESTIONS?

[email protected]

1-800-TEX-LUNG

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