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ความรู้วัณโรค และ กลยุทธ์สาคัญของคลินิกให้คาปรึกษาโรคเอดส์ในการ ดาเนินงานผสมผสานงานวัณโรคและโรคเอดส์ พญ.พรพิศ ตรีบุพชาติสกุล อายุรแพทย์โรคติดเชื้อฯ รพ.พุทธชินราช พิษณุโลก
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Page 1: TB HIV Pornpit

ความรวณโรคและ

กลยทธส าคญของคลนกใหค าปรกษาโรคเอดสในการ

ด าเนนงานผสมผสานงานวณโรคและโรคเอดส

พญ.พรพศ ตรบพชาตสกล

อายรแพทยโรคตดเชอฯ

รพ.พทธชนราช พษณโลก

Page 2: TB HIV Pornpit

ท าไมตองร... HIV-TB

1. รไวใชวาฯ

2. ดแลปองกนตนเอง

3. ดแลปองกนผอน

4. สนองนโยบาย

5. เพอใหโลกสงบสข

Page 3: TB HIV Pornpit

What we‟ll learn…

ท าไมคณจ าเปนตองรเรองวณโรคเปนอยางด ??

อะไรบางทควรร ขนาดของปญหา (magnitude of problem)

การแพรกระจาย (transmission)

การด าเนนโรค (natural history)

Clinical manifestations ใน TB in HIV+ กบ TB in non-HIV ตางกนตรงไหน

แนวทางการวนจฉย (diagnosis) TB in HIV+

หลกการรกษา (treatment) TB in HIV+

MDR-TB / XDR-TB คออะไร เกดขนไดอยางไร

National Tuberculosis Program คออะไร

บทบาทของคณใน ‘STOP TB strategy’

Page 4: TB HIV Pornpit

Leading infectious killers (1998 estimate)

Estim

ate

d D

ea

ths (

mill

ion

s)

< 5 years old

> 5 years old

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

ARI AIDS Diarrhea TB Malaria Measles

Page 5: TB HIV Pornpit

Overlap between infected populations

HIVTuberculosis

Co-infection

Page 6: TB HIV Pornpit

Common Infections among Thai AIDS Patients

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000

Culmulative Number of Reported AIDS Cases in

Thailand (as by May 1998)

Recurrent

Pneumonia

Esophageal

Candidiasis

Cryptococcosis

PCP

Tuberculosis

Page 7: TB HIV Pornpit

00

100100

200200

300300

400400

500500

600600

700700

800800

900900

10001000

00 11 22 33 44 55 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010 1111

CD

CD

4+

4+

ce

ll C

ou

nt

ce

ll C

ou

nt

AsymptomaticAsymptomatic

HZVHZV

OHLOHL

OCOCPPEPPE PCPPCP

CMCMCMVCMV,, MACMAC

TBTB

TBTB

MonthsMonths Years After HIV InfectionYears After HIV Infection

การด าเนนโรคของการด าเนนโรคของ HIV infection HIV infection และและ OI OI ทระยะตางๆทระยะตางๆ

Acute HIVAcute HIVinfectioninfectionsyndromesyndrome

Relative level of

Plasma HIV-RNA

CD4+ T cells

Plasma HIV-RNA

Page 8: TB HIV Pornpit

0

200

400

600

800

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

HIV prevalence, adults 15-49 years

Estim

ate

d T

B in

cid

en

ce

(per 100

K, 1999)

Source: Dye C et al, JAMA 1999

อบตการณ TB และ HIV

Page 9: TB HIV Pornpit

TB กบ HIV มผลตอกนอยางไร

HIV-TB Interaction

TB เปนสาเหตการตายอนดบหนงของ

ผปวยเอดส

HIV เปนปจจยส าคญทสด ทท าให latent

TB กลายเปน active TB

Page 10: TB HIV Pornpit

TB กบ HIV มผลตอกนอยางไร

HIV-TB Interaction

HIV TB

Mortality X 4 เทา > TB in non-HIV

HIV TB

Mortality X 2.7 เทา > HIV without TB

Page 11: TB HIV Pornpit

ขนาดของปญหา

Magnitude of the TB Problem

มคนปวยเปนวณโรค 16–20 ลานคนตอปทวโลก

มผปวยวณโรครายใหม 8 ลานคนตอป

มผปวยวณโรคตาย 2 ลานคนตอป

วณโรคเปนสาเหตการตายอนดบ 1 ของผปวยเอดส

นากลวมกๆ

Page 12: TB HIV Pornpit

วณโรคประเภทไหน ทแพรกระจายได

1. ตอมน าเหลอง

2. ไขกระดก

3. ล าไส

4. ตบ

5. มาม

6. กระดกและขอ

7. ทางเดนปสสาวะ

8. เยอหมสมอง

วณโรคปอด

ท smear +

และยงไมไดรกษา จะ

Page 13: TB HIV Pornpit

TB Transmission การแพรเชอวณโรค

Person to person จากคนสคน

Via ผาน

Airborne transmission ทางอากาศ

In ใน

Confined environment พนทจ ากด

Page 14: TB HIV Pornpit

Risk Factors for Infection

Exposure to TB bacilli

Duration of exposure to a person with

PTB

Intensity of exposure

Untreated AFB smear positive PTB

cases are the most infectious

Detection and Rx of infectious

cases

reduces the spread of Tuberculosis!

Page 15: TB HIV Pornpit

Natural history of TB infection

Expose

TB infection

(30%)

No TB infection

(70%)

Primary infection

(5%)

HIV+ (~40%)

Latent infection

(95%)

HIV+ (~60%)

Reactivation TB

(5-10%)

HIV+ (2-10% /yr)

Lifelong

containment

(~90%)

HIV+ (?)

Page 16: TB HIV Pornpit

Natural History of TB

Page 17: TB HIV Pornpit

Primary Tuberculosis

Primary disease in children

มกเปนท middle หรอ lower lobe

หายเองได ภายใน 6 เดอน

Latent tuberculosis

Page 18: TB HIV Pornpit

TB Infection vs TB Disease

TB infection

Latent TB

มเชอ ซอนอย

ไมมอาการ

ไมตดตอ

TB disease

Active TB

มเชอ

มอาการ

ตดตอไดถาอยในปอด

Page 19: TB HIV Pornpit

„Reactivation‟ Tuberculosis

Post primary disease

Active Tuberculosis

Localized to

apical lobe

posterior segment

of upper lobes

superior segment

of lower lobe

Page 20: TB HIV Pornpit

TB infection จะเปน active TB (TB disease) เมอใด

When TB Infection TB Disease?

สวนใหญเกดภายใน 2 ป หลงตดเชอ

หรอ เมอภมคมกนต าลง เชน

HIV

Cancer

Chemotherapy

Poorly controlled diabetes

Malnutrition

Page 21: TB HIV Pornpit

HIV infection คอ risk factor ทส าคญทสด

ทท าให Latent TB Active TB

HIV –

โอกาสเปน active TB เพยง 10% ตลอดชวต

โดยความเสยงสงใน 2 ปแรกหลงไดรบเชอ TB ~ 5%

ตอไปโอกาสลดลง จนกวาจะมปญหาภมคมกนต า

HIV +

โอกาสเปน active TB 10% ตอป

Page 22: TB HIV Pornpit

HIV+ with

latent TB

HIV+ with

active TB

HIV- with

latent TB

HIV- with

active TB

Transmit

TB to

others

Progression of

5-10% per year

Progression of

5-10% per lifetime

Latent TB vs Active TB

Page 23: TB HIV Pornpit

Dangerous alone– deadly together

Risk of active TB following TB infection

Risk factor Cases/100,000 pop.

Long-standing infection 1

Recent infection 10

Superimposed HIV infection 50-100

Underlying HIV infection >500

Page 24: TB HIV Pornpit

ตดเชอ HIV ดวย เปนวณโรคดวย..

มอะไรซวยมากกวานอกไหม

นอกจากนนแลว วณโรคของเธอยง....

อาการประหลาดกวาปกต?

เปนหลายอวยวะมากกวาปกต?

วนจฉยยากกวาปกต?

รกษายากกวาปกต ?

หายยาก กวาปกต ?

ดอยางายกวาปกต ?

มปญหาสารพด ?

อกดวยจะ.............

Page 25: TB HIV Pornpit

TB in HIV: Clinical presentations

CD4 สง

Usual presentation = typical ‘reactivation’ TB

CD4 ต า

Atypical มากขน

เปนวณโรคนอกปอด (Extra-pulmonary TB) มากขน

เปน Disseminated form มากขน

เปน NTM (Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterium) เพมขน

เกดผลขางเคยงจากยามากขน

มโอกาสดอยามากขน

Page 26: TB HIV Pornpit

HIV+/ non-HIV ตางกน ตามภมคมกนทลดลง

With diminishing numbers of CD4 lymphocytes, both cellular immunity and delayed-type hypersensitivity are

compromised. This results in more widespread disease and exotic or atypical presentations of tuberculosis.

30 - 40% 50%70 - 80%Sputum smear

positivity

(in culture + cases)

Pulmonary, 20-30%

Extrapulm, 20-50%

Both, 30-70%Intermediate

Pulmonary , 80%

Extrapulm, 16%

Both, 4%

Sites involved

Adenopathy, effusions,

lower lobe and miliary

infiltration; cavitation

Mixed typical and

atypical

(see AIDS)

50-70% typical

upper

lobe infiltration;

~ 50% cavities

Chest x-ray

(CXR)

10-30% positive,

10 mm

40-70% positive,

10mm

75-80% positive,

10mmTuberculin skin

test (TST)

AIDSEarly HIV+HIV -

Page 27: TB HIV Pornpit

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70 HIV -

Early HIV

Late HIV

โอกาสท sputum smear + AFB

Page 28: TB HIV Pornpit

TB in HIV: Atypical presentations

ยงภมคมกนต ามากเทาไร กยง atypical มากขน

Atypical คอคลาย primary infection มากขน

CXR patterns หลากหลาย

lobar infiltrates +/- hilar lymphadenopathy

diffuse infiltrates คลาย ๆ PCP

normal ~ 20 %

Cavity พบไดนอยลง แปรผกผนกบจ านวน CD4

In the setting of an HIV epidemic, it is not possible to look at

a CXR and say that it is or is not TB

โอกาสท Sputum smear จะเปนบวก ลดลง 20-30%

ท าใหตองพงการวนจฉยวธอนมากขน เชน tissue Bx

Page 29: TB HIV Pornpit
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X-ray in a TB patient may look like this one of a patient with confirmed PCP.

Page 32: TB HIV Pornpit

ดคลาย primary tuberculosis infection

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Differential diagnosis of pulm TB in HIV host

Acute bacterial pneumonia

- common cause is S. pneumoniae

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

sub-acute course

history of dry, irritating cough

progressive shortness of breath

Pleuritic chest pain or a pleural effusion is uncommon and

suggests a different diagnosis.

unusual in patients taking prophylactic cotrimoxazole

Fungal disease – cryptococcosis, Histoplasmosis

Nocardiosis

Rhodococcosis

Page 40: TB HIV Pornpit

Extra pulmonary TB

Lymphadenopathy

Serous effusions

Pleural

Pericardial

Peritoneal

Meningitis

GI tract

Spine

Bone& joints

liver

KUB

adrenal gland

URI

genital tract: prostate

Page 41: TB HIV Pornpit
Page 42: TB HIV Pornpit

Extra pulmonary TB

Extra pulmonary TB ทพบบอย ไดแก

Lymphadenopathy

Meningitis

Serous effusions- pleural, pericardial, peritoneal

Extra pulmonary TB จ านวนไมนอยม pulmonary TB รวมดวยโดยไมมอาการเลย ดงนนจงควร work up เสมอ

sputum AFB x 3 (> 1 specimen ทเกบตอนเชา)

CXR

Page 43: TB HIV Pornpit
Page 44: TB HIV Pornpit

TB lymphadenopathy

DDX

Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy

(PGL)

Fungus

MAC

Lymphoma, metastatic CA

Drug reactions: dilantin, dapsone

Page 45: TB HIV Pornpit
Page 46: TB HIV Pornpit

Disseminated TB

ตงแต 2 organs ขนไป

ปอด: CXR miliary pattern

Bone marrow: CBC ม cytopaenia

Liver: isolated alkaline phosphatase

Splenomegaly

LN: intra-abdominal, superficial

Skin: papule, umbilicated

Page 47: TB HIV Pornpit

Disseminated TB

DDx

bacteraemia (โดยเฉพาะ salmonella)

MAC- mycobaterium avium complex

fungal disease: disseminated

cryptococcosis, histoplasmisis,

penicillosis

Lymphoma

Page 48: TB HIV Pornpit
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ผปวยชาย 20 ป, OC & OHL +

หอบเหนอย บวม นอนราบไมได 3 วน

ออนเพลย เบออาหาร น าหนกลด 1 เดอน

Differential Diagnosis?

Page 51: TB HIV Pornpit

DDx

1. CHF?

2. PCP?

3. TB?

4. CA?

Page 52: TB HIV Pornpit

ผปวยชาย 20 ป, OC & OHL +

หอบเหนอย ไอ แนนหนาอก 10 วน

ออนเพลย เบออาหาร น าหนกลด 1 เดอน

Differential Diagnosis?

Page 53: TB HIV Pornpit
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ผปวยชาย 40 ป, PPE +

ไขเรอรง เปนๆ หายๆ 1 เดอน ออนเพลย เบออาหาร น าหนกลด

ปวดทองทวๆไป ปวดมากเปนครงคราว เคยมา

ER 2 ครง ใน 1 เดอน ไดรกษาแบบ PU

ตรวจรางกาย ตบโต ซด

ผลเลอด bicytopenia

Alkaline phosphatase 1000

Page 55: TB HIV Pornpit
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Diagnosis

Disseminated

Infection

Intra-abdominal LN

Liver

Spleen

Bone marrow

DDx pathogen causing

dissemination

TB

MAC

Cryptococcosis

Histoplasmosis

Penicillosis

Mixed

Lymphoma

Page 57: TB HIV Pornpit

ผปวยชาย 30 ป, HIV+, on Bactrim 2x1

ปวดศรษะ 2 สปดาห แขนขาขวาออนแรง 2 วน

DDx

1. Toxoplasmosis

2. Cryptococcoma

3. CNS Lymphoma

4. TB meningitis with

complication

5. Brain abscess

Next step?

1. CT

2. LP

3. CXR

4. Toxo IgG

5. Toxo IgM

6. EBV PCR

Page 58: TB HIV Pornpit
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Diagnostic approach

วธไมตางจาก non-HIV แต yield ตางกน

the acid-fast smear

more rapid but less sensitive than culture.

detect 10,000 - 100,000 organisms/ml of fluid or

tissue.

Positive smears cannot differentiate MAC,TB

cultivation of the organism

> 4 wk

identification of the organism

Tissue patho

PCR

Page 60: TB HIV Pornpit

Where‟s this AFB seen?

Page 61: TB HIV Pornpit
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Concept of TB Rx

Initial (intensive) phase rapid killing of actively growing bacilli and the

killing of semidormant bacilli

shorter duration of infectiousness

Infectious patients become non-infectious within

about 2 weeks

Continuation phase eliminates bacilli that are still multiplying

reduces failures and relapses

Page 63: TB HIV Pornpit

TB Rx

Regimen is equally effective in HIV positive and HIV

negative patients

Pyridoxine 25mg daily while taking INH (reduce risk

of peripheral neuropathy)

If R cannot be used, a streptomycin (S) containing

regimen for at least 9 months may be substituted

If H and R cannot be used, treatment needs to be

given for at least 18 months

If R is not part of the consolidation phase, prolonged

consolidation is necessary

Page 64: TB HIV Pornpit

Toxicities of antiTB agents

Drug

I

R

Z

E

Drug Reaction

Hepatitis (age related)

Discoloration of secretions

GI Intolerance

Flu-like syndrome

Hyperuricaemia

Hepatotoxicity

Optic Neuritis

Peripheral Neuropathy

Hepatotoxicity

Non-gouty polyarthralgia

Page 65: TB HIV Pornpit

Aim

to detect 70 % of active TB cases

to successfully treat 85 %

Who?

IPD: nursing staff

OPD: staff of a nearby health facility, a trained community health worker, or a trained family member

TB Rx: Directly observed treatment (DOT)

Page 66: TB HIV Pornpit

Benefits of DOTS

Produces cure rates of up to 95 %

Prevents new infections

Prevents the development of MDR-TB

Cost effective

Page 67: TB HIV Pornpit

Treatment: HIV+ vs non-HIV

ใน HIV + แพทยมแนวโนมตดสนใจรกษาแบบ

Presumptive treatment ไดงายกวา

สตรยาอาจแตกตางกนในกรณทตองใชยาARV

ตองระวง drug interactions มากขน

ผลขางเคยงของยาสองกลมนคลายกนมาก

เกด paradoxical reaction หรอ immune

reconstitution syndrome ไดบอยกวา

Page 68: TB HIV Pornpit

TB Rx: Duration in HIV+ pt.

Controversy

อยางนอย 6 เดอน

ถาตอบสนองชา (clinical or bacteriological

response) ควรใหนานขนเปน 9 เดอน

หรอ 4 เดอนหลง culture negative

Page 69: TB HIV Pornpit

ในกรณท Sputum smear บวก ควร monitor smear

ดงตอไปน

At the time of diagnosis

At the end of initial phase

During the continuation phase—at the end of month 5

On completion of treatment—month 6 or 8

ผปวยสวนใหญท smear-positive จะ convert เปน smear-

negative ไดภายใน 2 เดอน

กรณท monitor smearได ไมตองmonitor CXR -- ไมจ าเปน

และสนเปลอง

TB Rx: Monitoring during treatment

Page 70: TB HIV Pornpit

แลวถาเปนวณโรคนอกปอด หรอวณโรคท smear negative จะfollow up ดอะไร

Parameter ทมประโยชนทสดคอ น าหนก

อาการทวไป

อาการ หรอ lab เฉพาะต าแหนงทเปน เชน

Initial presenting symptoms

Bone Marrow – CBC

Liver – alkaline phosphatase

Page 71: TB HIV Pornpit

TB Rx: Outcomes in HIV+ pt.

Mortality

High at 1 and 2 yrs despite response to antiTB Rx

Response is the same as HIV negative TB pts

Early deaths attributed to TB, later deaths more often

HIV-related illnesses

Relapse

Probably slightly higher in HIV positive than HIV

negative TB pts: 5 – 10%

Recurrence with same strain the rule

Page 72: TB HIV Pornpit

Predictors of Mortality

in HIV-TB co-infection

Level of immune suppression

CD4 count

WHO or CDC clinical stage

Site of infection – extrapulmonary disease

Tuberculosis-induced immune activation

TNFa over-expression

Neopterin, b2-microglobulin

Age

Drug resistant strain

Performance Status

Page 73: TB HIV Pornpit

ปญหาทอาจเกดขน หากเรม ART และ antiTB ใกลกนเกนไป

Overlapping drug toxicities

Drug interactions

Adherence

Paradoxical worsening (IRIS)

Page 74: TB HIV Pornpit

ผลขางเคยงทคลายคลงกนของARV และ antiTB

ZidovudineRifabutin, rifampinLeukopenia, anemia

Nevirapine, HIV-1 protease

inhibitors, immune reconstitution

after starting antiretroviral

therapy among patients with

chronic viral hepatitis

Pyrazinamide, rifampin,

rifabutin, isoniazid

Hepatitis

Zidovudine, ritonavir,

amprenavir, indinavir

Pyrazinamide, rifampin,

rifabutin, isoniazid

Nausea, vomiting

Nevirapine, delavirdine,

efavirenz, abacavir

Pyrazinamide, rifampin,

rifabutin, isoniazid

Skin rash

Antiretroviral DrugsAntituberculosis DrugsSide Effect

Possible Causes

Page 75: TB HIV Pornpit

Drug-Drug Interactions Between

Rifampicin and Antiretrovirals

NNRTI on Rifampin

N/A

no change

Rifampin on NNRTI

37%↓

13-26%↓

NNRTI

Nevirapine

Efavirenz

Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)

PI on Rifampin

N/A

no change

N/A

N/A

no change

N/A

Rifampin on PI

80%↓

35%↓

92%↓

82%↓

81%↓

75%↓

Protease Inhibitors (PIs)

PI

Saquinavir

Ritonavir

Indinavir

Nelfinavir

Amprenavir

Lopinavir/ritonavir*

* Data provided are the effects on the drug level of lopinavir; N/A = data not available

Adapted from: MMWR 1998; 47:RR-20:1-58 and MMWR 2000; 49:185-7.

Page 76: TB HIV Pornpit

Immune recovery syndrome

Many words: immune reconstitution syndrome

immune restoration syndrome (IRS)

immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome

immune restoration inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)

immune reconstitution disease (IRD)

paradoxical reaction (PR)

Page 77: TB HIV Pornpit

Paradoxical reactions

= อาการกลบแยลงอกหลงไดรบการรกษา

ไมไดหมายถง treatment failure

พบบอยขนเมอมการให antiretroviral รวมกบ anti-TB

มกเกดในชวงเวลาเปนสปดาหหลง start ARV

( median 15 วน)

Incidence in HAART era: ~30%

Risk factors:

- low baseline CD4 count (<50)

- high burden of pathogen or hidden pathogen in

close proximity to initiation of HAART

Page 78: TB HIV Pornpit

Immune reconstitution syndrome

“paradoxical worsening”

Clinical manifestations:

fever

worsening pulmonary lesions

new/increased inflammatory lymphadenopathy

(possible to spontaneously rupture)

pleural/pericardial effusions

ascites

new/expanding CNS symptoms

Page 79: TB HIV Pornpit

Mechanisms:- increases CD4+ cells especially memory cell phenotype

- dysregulation of immune process

Usually occur during 1-3 months after initiation of HAART

Immune Reconstitution Syndrome

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Differential diagnosis:- treatment failure

- drug hypersensitivity

- other common infections

Diagnosis: - to rule out other causes

Treatment:

- prednisolone 1-1.5 mg/kg and gradually reduced after 1-2 weeks

- NSAIDs tend not to be helpful

- recurrent needle aspiration of tense/inflamed nodes or abscesses can prevent spontaneous rupture

Paradoxical reaction of TB

Page 82: TB HIV Pornpit

HAART should be delayed in patient with active OI

in order to prevent IRS, however, benefit must be weighed against the risks (develop other life-threatening conditions) in advanced AIDS (CD4 < 50)

HAART should not be interrupted once IRS is happened, however, interruption of therapy might be considered for severe, life-threatening complications of IRS (such as fulminant hepatitis)

Corticosteroid must be considered if indicateddespite pathogen-specific treatment, however, other hidden infections should be rule out before initiating steroid.

Immune Reconstitution Syndrome

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Immune reconstitution syndrome

Rx

Severe reaction: Prednisolone0.5 –1 mg/kg/day ×1 to 2 wks,

then taper

Continue TB and HIV Rx

Mild to moderate reaction: symptomatic Rx

continue TB and HIV Rx

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เรม HAART เมอไรด

Initiation of HAART after TB Rx

WHO Guidelines

CD4< 200 /μl:

Start ART at 2 to 8 wks after TB treatment

CD4200 to 350 /μl

Consider ART after initial TB phase

CD4> 350 /μl

Defer ART

Page 87: TB HIV Pornpit

เรม HAART เมอไรด

Initiation of HAART after TB Rx

BHIVA guideline CD4< 100 /μl:

As soon as possible-depend on phycisian assessment

Some physician delayed up to 2 months

CD4 100-200 /μl

After 2 months

CD4> 200 /μl

After complete 6 months

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สรปปญหาและแนวทางแกไข การให ARV รวมกบยา TB

Defer ARV until after tuberculosis Rx if CD4 cell

count is relatively high (>300/L)

Among pts with lower CD4 cell counts, defer ARV

until tuberculosis is substantially improved (2 mo)

Assure patient are aware of paradoxical reactions

Schedule clilnical follow-up soon after starting ARV

to detect paradoxical reactions and/or drug side

effects early

Paradoxical reactions

after starting ARV

Frequent communication between tuberculosis and

HIV care providers

Use rifampin with efavirenz or ritonavir (at doses of

> 400 mg twice daily)

Drug interactions

between

Rifampin and ARV (PI,

NNRTI)

Defer ARV until there has been time to identify and

manage side effects from antiTB drugs (1-2 mo)

Overlapping side effect

profiles of antiTB and

ARV

Management SuggestionsIssue

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MDR-TB, XDR-TB: Definitions

MDR-TB: Resistance to both INH and

rifampin

XDR-TB: Resistance to INH and rifampin

and at least 3 of the 6 main classes of 2nd

line agents

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MDR-TB: Global RatesZignol, Dye et al, JID 2006:194

2002 : 272,906 (1.1%)

2004 : 424,203 (4.3%)

Estimated 43% of global MDR-TB cases have had prior treatment

China, India and Russian Federation accounts for 62% of the MDR burden

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MDR-TB เกดไดอยางไร

สงยาผด

ยาถก แตกนไม

สม าเสมอ

ยาถก กนสม าเสมอ

แตกนไมครบ 6 เดอน

The wrong drugs

or combination of

drugs are prescribed

The right drugs

are not taken

onsistently

The right drugs

are not taken for the

entire 6 mths of Rx

Page 92: TB HIV Pornpit

MDR-TB

Treatment interruption and default are risk factors

for development of MDR-TB

MDR-TB in a high HIV-prevalence setting is

associated with very rapid spread and high mortality

Management of HIV-infected patients with TB who

are taking ARV is complex and requires experienced

HCW

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MDR-TB

Consequence of poor TB programs

Low completion rates/poor clinical practices

Erratic supply and poor quality of drugs

Results in:

Longer treatment (6mos→24mos)

Toxic, complicated regimens (4-6 mos)

Cost/case increases by 10 to 100-fold

Leads to:

Lower cure rates (<80%)

Higher death rates (with HIV)

Poor infection control + MDR TB + HIV = disaster

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First-line Drugs and Rx of

Drug-susceptible TB

1. Isoniazid

2. Rifampicin

3. Pyrazinamide

4. Ethambutol5. Aminoglycosides

6. Capreomycin

7. Quinolones

8. Thioamides

9. Cycloserine

10. PAS

Standardized TB Rx

4 drugs, 6-9 months

Safe, effective, inexpensive

95% cure, $20 (drug costs)

Based on evidence from ~ 30 years of drug discovery and clinical trials

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Second-line Drugs and Rx of MDR-TB

1. Isoniazid

2. Rifampicin

3. Pyrazinamide

4. Ethambutol

5. Aminoglycosides

6. Capreomycin

7. Quinolones

8. Ethionamide

9. Cycloserine

10. PAS

Rx based on laboratory drug-

resistance testing and

epidemiology information

4-6 drugs, 2 years

Less effective, ↑ toxicity,

expensive

<80% cure

$3,500 - $5,000 (drug costs)

No clinical trials evidence to

guide treatment or prevention

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Impact of drug resistance on TB cure rates

with standard 4-drug therapy

% Success

New Case Retreated

Pan-susceptible

85

67

Any resistance, not MDR 81 56

INH resistance, not MDR 82 54

RIF resistance, not MDR 73 53

MDR 52 29

Espinal, JAMA 2000; 283:2537

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Percentage of TB patients with drug resistant isolates by

drugs and HIV sero-status USA, 1993-1996; Thailand, 1996

10.9 3.59.4 2.9

- -9.9 5.12.1 0.25.2 0.4

11.3 5.58.9 1.65.1 1.86.7 4.13.9 1.56.2 1.3

IsoniazidRifampinPyrazinamideStreptomycinEthambutolIsoniazid and Rifampin (MDR-TB)

Thailand**HIV HIV

Positive Negative(240) (851)

USA *HIV HIV

Positive Negative( n= 5,112) (n=3,754)

Drug

*MMWR 1998; 47:RR-20:1-58

**Punnotok J, et al. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2000; 4:537-543

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MDR-TB with further resistance to ≥ 2/3 most potent classes of 2nd line drugs

Due to inadequate MDR-TB treatment

CDC & WHO report XDR-TB found in 347 isolates worldwide, particularly in countries/regions with high rates of MDR with access to 2nd line drugs

Extensively Drug Resistant TB

XDR-TB

Emergence of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis with Extensive Resistance

to Second Line Drugs—Worldwide 2000-2004. MMWR.2006;55:301-305

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XDR-TB

“Found in 28 hospitals in

South Africa”

Initial cases identified “several” years ago

HIV can fast track XDR-TB to uncontrollable epidemic

KwaZulu-Natal deaths associated with 1 healthcare worker and ARVs

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National Tuberculosis Control Program (NTP)

Objectives

Reduce mortality, morbidity and disease transmission and avoid the development of drug resistance

In the long term, to eliminate suffering due to TB

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Goals of the NTP

Detect at least 70% of the infectious cases

Cure at least 85% of newly detected cases of smear-positive TB

Reduce prevalence of and deaths due to TB

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What is STOP TB Strategy

Pursuing quality DOTS expansion and

enhancement

Addressing TB/HIV and MDR-TB

Contributing to health system strengthening

Engaging all care providers

Empowering patients and communities

Enabling and promoting research

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Complete Rx คอเปาหมายสงสด

ม TB program ทไมด แยยงกวาไมม TB program

เพราะ TB program ทไมด ท าใหเกด resistance

เรวยงขน

Treating non-pulmonary cases and those with

infection, without active disease are of lesser

public health importance!

Priorities of TB Control

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Treatment of Latent infection in HIV pt.

Meta-analysis of 4 studies

RR of TB (95%CI) RR of Death (95%CI)

TST + 0.41 (0.24 - 0.71) 0.61 (0.28 - 1.33)

TST - 0.84 (0.52 - 1.37) 1.02 (0.89 - 1.17)

p value 0.06 0.44

significant protective effect of INH preventive

therapy among TST positives but not negatives.

This protective effect was not seen in a mortality

analysis.

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Treatment of Latent infection

Extremely controversial and problematic.

Required to target appropriate individuals,

need to exclude active disease, and must

achieve adherence

At the present time, WHO does not

recommend the widespread use of INH

preventive therapy for HIV positive people in

high prevalence countries.

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the steps you should take …

before starting INH preventive therapy

Rule out active TB with a clinical exam and CXR.

Rule out contraindications to INH

Previous Rx for TB or previous INH preventive therapy

Previous INH adverse reaction

Acute or unstable liver disease

Treat with INH 5mg/kg (max 300mg) daily and

pyridoxine 25mg daily for 9 months.

Monitor for side effects and development of active

disease

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Screening Questionnaires for TB:

ค าถามงายๆ ทชวยชวตผตดเชอฯ

Page 108: TB HIV Pornpit

แคค าถามงายๆ ชวยชวตผตดเชอฯไดอยางไร

Screening Questionnaire EARLY REFERRAL for detection & treatment.

Early treatment CHANCES OF SURVIVAL

QUALITY OF LIFE

TRANSMISSION OF TB in the community

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WHO recommendations

INTERIM GUIDELINES FOR FIRST-LEVEL FACILITY HEALTH WORKERS AT

HEALTH CENTRE AND DISTRICT OUTPATIENT CLINIC: WHO OCT 2005

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What is a good symptom screening Questionnaire ?Screening for tuberculosis among HIV-infected gold miners in South Africa

Total HIV infected gold miners

in South Africa

participating (899 screened)

TB +

Symptom +

TB +

Symptom -Sensitivity

New or worsening cough 14 30 32%

Cough for over 3 wks 6 38 14%

New or worsening sputum production 12 3227%

Haemoptysis 2 42 5%

Night Sweats 15 29 34%

Fever 8 36 18%

Reported weight loss 15 29 34%

=>Need to combine

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TB Symptom questionnaire Screening in adults with

advanced HIV infection Setting: Three hospital-based adult HIV clinics in Cape Town, South Africa.

TB found in 11 of 129 pts screened (8.5%)

weight loss > 2.5% in 4 wks 9/11

Cough for > 2 wks 9/11

Night sweats > 2 wks 8/11

Fever 2 > weeks 8/11

Combine 2 or more 11/11

14 others had 2 + symptoms and no TB

104 correctly screened negative

INT J TUBERC LUNG DIS 8(6):792–795; 2004 IUATLD

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TB Screening Using Questionnaire Rwanda

Dec. 2005 – March 2006

Yes No

Prolonged cough > 3 wks ? [ ] [ ]

Presence of night sweats > 3 wks ? [ ] [ ]

Weight Loss > 3 kg in the last 4 wks? [ ] [ ]

Fever > 3 wks? [ ] [ ]

Hx of close contact with SS+ pulmTB [ ] [ ]

RESULT :

113 (25%) of 443 patients screened positive

38 (34%) of those 113 had TB

Page 113: TB HIV Pornpit

ขอดของการ detect วณโรค และรกษา

วณโรคในผตดเชอ HIV ไดแก…

Page 114: TB HIV Pornpit

The Minimum for effective TB-HIV

collaboration – the HIV side

Active TB case finding for all HIV infected

patients

TB staff training/awareness

Mechanism for referral for Dx and TB

treatment(?)

Mechanism for continuation of HIV treatment

TB transmission prevention

Patient confidentiality

Page 115: TB HIV Pornpit

The Minimum for effective TB-HIV

collaboration – the TB side

Counseling and Testing for to identify HIV infected

HIV/AIDS staff training/awareness

Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis for TB patients who are

HIV infected

Mechanism for referral for antiretroviral therapy for

TB-HIV co-infected patients who need it (?)

Primary and secondary HIV prevention education for

TB patients

Patient confidentiality

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Thank you …

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