Education: Education: Traditional Brick Traditional Brick Kilns, Kilns, San Luis Rio Colorado, San Luis Rio Colorado, Sonora Sonora Arizona State University: Dr. James R. Anderson In collaboration with Regional Center for Border Health: Claudia Ulloa Servicios de Salud de Sonora: Dr. Marco A. Ramirez Wakamatzu and Arizona Dept. of Environmental Quality UPDATE
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Targeted Monitoring, Outreach, Targeted Monitoring, Outreach, and Education:and Education:
Traditional Brick Kilns, Traditional Brick Kilns, San Luis Rio Colorado, SonoraSan Luis Rio Colorado, Sonora
Arizona State University: Dr. James R. Anderson
In collaboration with
Regional Center for Border Health: Claudia Ulloa
Servicios de Salud de Sonora: Dr. Marco A. Ramirez Wakamatzu
and
Arizona Dept. of Environmental Quality
UPDATE
Funding from USEPA Region 9 (through BECC in 2007)
Outline:
1. Indoor monitoring of PM10 in two houses and a school in two colonias ladrilleras.
2. Survey of families in colonias.
3. Relocation issues
1. About 130 brick kiln sites in the urban area of San Luis Rio Colorado, Sonora, concentrated within three small colonias ladrilleras (that were part of previous relocation program by city).
2. Brick-makers’ families live at the brick-making sites.
3. Some of the local schools are either near to or surrounded by brick kiln sites.
4. Lead in the aerosol is an issue because of use of painted boards as fuel.
5. On-going effort by city to relocate brick-makers (again) to area south of city limits near wastewater treatment plant (but have families stay at current locations).
Background
Active burning stage – about 1 day, black smoke dominated by soot, fine soil dust, and “brown carbon”. Smoldering phase another 2 days.Plume tends to stay close to surface for significant distances.
Indoor monitoring of PM10
House in Colonia Mezquite II - in kitchen area (also had an outdoor monitor)House in La Grullita – in main room of house on shelfSchool in La Grullita – in Director’s office
Used DustTrak (TSI, Inc.) instruments, small portable laser-based PM monitors
House in Colonia Mezquite II,
Outdoor monitor:10/31-11/14/07 Average PM10 = 259 micrograms/cubic meter(AQI = 153, Unhealthy)
Kitchen area:10/31-11/14/07 Average PM10 = 228(AQI = 137, unhealthy for sensitive groups)
(5-minute measurements)
PM10 AQI0-54 0-50 Good55-154 51-100 Moderate155-254 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups255-389 151-200 Unhealthy390-424 201-300 Very unhealthy>425 > 300 Hazardous
For 24-hour averages of PM10 (micrograms/cubic meter)
Time
PM
10
0:0020:0016:0012:008:004:000:00
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Inside house in Colonia Mezquite, Nov. 5, 2007
Ave. PM10 = 505
AQI= 400, Hazardous
Time
PM
10
0:0020:0016:0012:008:004:000:00
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Inside house in Colonia Mezquite, Nov. 12, 2007
Ave. PM10 = 58
AQI = 52, just into Moderate Range
Time
PM
10
0:0020:0016:0012:008:004:000:00
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Inside house in Colonia Mezquite, Nov. 10, 2007
Ave. PM10 = 169
Time
PM
10
0:0020:0016:0012:008:004:000:00
2500
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1500
1000
500
0
Inside house in Colonia Mezquite, Nov. 1, 2007
Ave. PM10 = 406
(Unhealthy)
(Unhealthy for sensitive groups)
House in La Grullita, Colonia Topahue, about 0.5 km from school
10/31/-11/14/07 Average PM10 = 270 micrograms/cubic meter (AQI = 158, Unhealthy)(Maximum value was 10,900)
Time
PM
10
0:0020:0016:0012:008:004:000:00
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
PM10 inside house, Colonia Topahue, Nov. 5, 2007
Ave. PM10 = 402(Very unhealthy)
Time
PM
10
0:0020:0016:0012:008:004:000:00
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Ave. PM10 = 331
PM10 inside house, Colonia Topahue, Nov. 6, 2007
(Unhealthy)
Time
PM
10
0:0020:0016:0012:008:004:000:00
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
PM10 inside house, Colonia Topahue, Nov. 8, 2007
Ave. PM10 = 274(Unhealthy)
School in La Grullita, Colonia Topahue10/31-11/14 Average PM10 = 86 (Moderate)
Time
PM
10
0:0020:0016:0012:008:004:000:00
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Average PM10 = 183, AQI = 115 Unhealthy for sensitive groups
School in Colonia Topahue, Nov. 8, 2007
Time
PM
10
0:0020:0016:0012:008:004:000:00
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Average PM10 = 133, AQI = 90 Moderate
School in Colonia Topahue, 11/ 06/ 07
Time
PM
10
0:0020:0016:0012:008:004:000:00
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Ave. PM10 = 177, AQI = 100 Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
School in Colonia Topahue, 11/ 05
Surveys
10 nurses under the direction of Dr. Wakamatzu conducted the surveys in December and January.
Approximately 350-400 households were contacted and asked to take the survey.
A total of 197 agreed to participate, 69 in La Grullita and 128 in Colonia Mezquite II.
60 children under 3 years of age351 under 19 years of age
Brochures about Asthma were given out to the families. (Approx. 500 brochures distributed)
Estudio de Exposición a los Humos de las Ladrilleras San Luís Rió Colorado Sonora México
Cuestionario
Fecha:_________________ Domicilio: _______________________________ AGEB: ________________ Manzana: _____________
Ciudad: ________________ Código Postal: _______________ Persona Entrevistada: ______________________ Teléfono: _____________
Niños Incapacitados: Si [ ] No [ ] Que Forma de Incapacidad? [ ] Autismo Niños con Asma: Si [ ] No [ ] [ ] Síndrome Down Enfermedades del pulmón? Si [ ] No [ ] [ ] Espina Bifida Colonia: _______________________ [ ] 1. Otro: ___________________ [ ] 2. Otro: ___________________
No. de
Casa
Adulto/Niño
Edad Sexo Trabaja usted como
Ladrillero? Si si, ver pagina 2 sección B.
A que escuela asiste el niño/a?
Información sobre los niños
Hay fumadores en su hogar?
Falta mucho el niño/a a la escuela por problemas de Asma o enfermedades
del pulmón? Con que frecuencia?
Toma usted medicamentos por Asma o enfermedades del pulmón?
Sección A: Si No 1. Esta usted conciente sobre los efectos secundarios que causa el humo? 2. Sabia usted que el plomo causa problemas de la salud? 3. Sabia usted que ciertos materiales como quemar cartones con pintura contienen plomo?
Sección B: Si No Cada Cuanto? 1. Usa usted cartones con pintura? Si si, cada cuanto? 2. Quema usted llantas para hacer ladrillos? Si, si cada cuanto? 3. Sabe usted si otros ladrilleros queman cartones con pintura? Si queman llantas?
4. Le gustaría a usted que movieran las ladrilleras al sur de la ciudad? 5. Si se les enseñara otros métodos de hacer ladrillos, cambiarían a las nuevas maneras?
Para el Promotor: Si No Comentarios 1. Le Proporciono información sobre la salud a la familia? 2. Estaba la familia dispuesta a discutir o proporcionar información? 3. Le proporciono usted información sobre el asma y la relación a la contaminación del aire? Si si, que materiales?
4. Hay servicios disponibles en la comunidad sobre la contaminación del aire?
5. La familia necesita seguimiento? Si si, cuando? 6. Numero de contactos que se necesitaron para completar encuesta. Comentarios: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Firma del Promotor: ___________________________________________________ Fecha Completado: ___________________________________
COPD:
La Grullita (69 households)
Children with Asthma – 6
Adults with Asthma- 3
People with other pulmonary diseases – 3
Colonia Mezquite II (128 households)
Children with Asthma- 10
Adults with Asthma – 5
People with other pulmonary diseases – 10
(Other respiratory problems reported: pneumonia, bronchitis, respiratory infections, allergies.)
Mezquite IIAwareness
•Are you aware of the secondary effects caused by the smoke of the brick kilns?87% responded yes
•Did you know that lead causes health problems?86% responded yes
•Did you know that some materials, like smoke from burning painted boards, contain lead?55% responded yes 2% did not answer or did not have any comment.
La GrullitaAwareness
•Are you aware of the secondary effects caused by the smoke of the brick kilns?83% responded yes
•Did you know that lead causes health problems?83% responded yes
•Did you know that some materials, like smoke from burning painted boards, contain lead?57% responded yes 10% did not answer or did not have any comment.
Brick Makers
Grullita – 17 homes out of 69 homes visited were brick makers. (25%)
Mezquite II– 13 out of 128 homes visited were brick makers. (10%)
(These colonias were created in an earlier relocation effort and originally meant to have only have brick makers living in them)
For Brick Makers in Mezquite II
1. Do you use painted boards? 100% said no
2. Do you use tires to make bricks? 92% said no; 8% no comment
3. Do you know if other brick makers use painted boards or tires for making bricks? 85% said no; 15% no comment
4. Would you like the brick kilns to be moved to the south of the city?
62% said yes; 23% said no; 15% no comment
5. If they teach you new ways to make bricks, would you change?
85% said yes; 8% said no; 7% no comment.
For Brick Makers in La Grullita
1. Do you use painted boards? 100% said no
2. Do you use tires to make bricks? 100% said no
3. Do you know if other brick makers use painted boards or tires for making bricks? 12% said yes; 88% said no
4. Would you like the brick kilns to be moved to the south of the city?
47% said yes; 24% said no; 29% no comment
5. If they teach you new ways to make bricks, would you change?
76% said yes; 12% said no; 12% no comment.
Relocation to new site south of city:
In November 2007 we were told by the brick makers that 9-12 brick operations had moved, involving about 30 men.
Brick makers mentioned the following problems -Limited waterMosquitoes from wastewater lagoonStartup costs for infrastructure (some modest outside
funding would be helpful)Economic disadvantage relative to those who have
not relocated.Distance to family home
The southern edge of San Luis R.C. will probably reach here in 5 years, so relocation is only a temporary solution.
Things to do:
1. Further treatment of survey results.
2. School absentee data and burning permits for La Grullita.
3. Design and print handout on health problems associated with brick kiln smoke, including lead from burning painted boards.
4. Continuing education and outreach efforts by Regional Center for Border Health and Servicios de Salud de Sonora.
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