Tapslides Lesson09

Internal Threats

Chapter Nine

Chapter Nine

Chapter 9 Slide 1

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

1. What are ‘internal threats’?

2. What were some of the internal threats that the people of ancient India, China and Southeast Asia faced?

3. How were these threats dangers to the people?

4. How did the ancient people deal with the threats?

Chapter 9 Slide 2

What do you think has happened oris happening in the above photographs?

How do you think the people feel?

Chapter 9 Slide 3

What Are Internal Threats?What Are Internal Threats?

They are possible dangers that come from within a kingdom or empire.

Examples are floods, famine, rebellions, civil wars

Chapter 9 Slide 4

Natural Disasters in India Natural Disasters in India

1. Floods

Archaeological evidence shows that Indus cities were rebuilt several times

Flooding of Indus River caused the Indus Valley Civilisation to decline

Flooding along Ganges River also caused serious damage, e.g. parts of Hastinapur damaged by overflowing of Ganges River c. 800 BCE Chapter 9 Slide 5

2. Famines Famines, or a period of severe

food shortage, were caused by droughts, a prolonged period with little or no rain

Floods wash away plants and crops famines

Kings and temples expected to feed the starving

Chapter 9 Slide 6

Warfare Between Indian Kingdoms

Warfare Between Indian Kingdoms

i. It divided Indian society into those who spoke out against war, and those who accepted existence of warfare.

ii. Many ancient Indians remained loyal to different kingdoms they came from, idea of a unified India did not exist

Ancient India frequently troubled by wars between rival kingdoms

This had a two-fold effect:

Chapter 9 Slide 7

Rebellions in IndiaRebellions in India Rebellions against king led by those

close to him

Kings sent spies to watch over princes in distant provinces

Princes had to leave families in capital cities

Still, kings were not very effective in curbing rebellions

Chapter 9 Slide 8

Natural Disasters in ChinaNatural Disasters in China1. Floods

Most common and serious cases of flooding were along Yellow and Yangtze rivers

From 1000 CE, emperors built and maintained dykes using large numbers of people

Chapter 9 Slide 9

Chinese peasants building a dyke

2. Famines

Occurred when population increased e.g. China’s population doubled during Ming dynasty

Measures: emperors stocked granaries with rice, controlled prices, shipped rice to affected areas

Chapter 9 Slide 10

Civil WarsCivil Wars During Eastern Zhou

dynasty (771–221 BCE), shi fought among themselves for control of land

By 453 BCE, only seven states were left, fought in the Period of the Warring States (453–221 BCE)

Chapter 9 Slide 11

The seven competing kingdoms during the Period of the Warring States

Civil war cause instability, hundreds of deaths

Led to the invention of iron weapons

Ended when Qin Shihuang, unified China in 221 BCE, abolished feudalism

Chapter 9 Slide 12

An artist’s impression of soldiers fighting during the Period of the Warring States

RebellionRebellion

Occurred when peasants (farmers) were unhappy with the emperor, or felt that the emperor was losing his Mandate of Heaven

Example was Wang Mang (an usurper), killed by the Red Eyebrows (peasants)

1. Peasant rebellion

Chapter 9 Slide 13

2. Military rebellion

Occurred when an army, led by its leader, seeks to overthrow the ruler

An Lushan, a military commander, revolted against the Tang emperor, Xuanzong, in 755 CE

Declared himself emperor, but was deposed in 763 CE

Took Tang rulers many years to put provinces under its control again

Chapter 9 Slide 14

1. Volcanic eruptions

Were devastating because many villages were built near active volcanoes

Mount Merapi erupted in 1006 CE, killed many and covered the Borobodur complex with ash

Natural Disasters in Southeast Asia

Natural Disasters in Southeast Asia

Chapter 9 Slide 15

People sweeping volcanic ash after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991

Occurred when transfer of authority from one ruler to another is not agreed upon succession crisis

1. the several sons of a king claimed the right to succeed his throne

2. a man whose mother had nursed a prince challenged the prince’s succession

Succession DisputesSuccession Disputes

Chapter 9 Slide 16

Fall of Melaka to Portuguese in 1511 CE attributed partly to traders who helped Portuguese because they were unhappy with Sultan Mahmud:

1. He tried to force traders to hand over their ships to attack a pirate base

2. He made non-Muslims pay higher taxes

3. He refused to trade with the Portuguese, angering the Chinese and Tamil traders, who saw that it was profitable to trade with Portuguese

Warfare and RebellionWarfare and Rebellion

Chapter 9 Slide 17

Traders would only trade with kingdoms that could guarantee their safety from pirates

Rulers employed orang lauts to keep watch over important trade routes

PiracyPiracy

Chapter 9 Slide 18

What are the internal threats faced by Singapore today?

How can we respond to such threats?

Think!!Think!!

Chapter 9 Slide 19

Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes1.1. Internal threats are…Internal threats are…

2. Some of the internal threats that the people of ancient India, China and Southeast Asia faced were…

3. These threats were dangers to the people because…

4. The ancient people dealt with these threats by…

Chapter 9 Slide 20