13/09/2011 Pyn/Anatomi/2011 1 ANATOMI By. Paryono 13/09/2011 1 Pyn/anatomi/2011 13/09/2011 2 Pyn/anatomi/2011
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ANATOMIBy. Paryono
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Allah SWT berfirman :Allah SWT berfirman :QS AtQS At--Tiin (95) : 4Tiin (95) : 4
“Sesungguhnya kami telah menciptakan manusia dalam bentuk yang sebaik-baiknya”.
“Dialah yang membentuk kamu dalam rahim sebagaimana dikehendaki-Nya tak ada tuhan (yang berhak di sembah) melainkan
Dia, yang Maha Perkasa lagi Maha Bijaksana”.
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PROSES KEJADIAN MANUSIAAllah menciptakan Manusia dalam 4 model
� Proses Penciptaan Nabi Adam AS
� Proses Penciptaan Bunda Hawa
� Proses Penciptaan Nabi Isa AS
� Proses Penciptaan Kebanyakan Manusia
QS Al-Mu’minuun (23) 12-14
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PROSES KEJADIAN MANUSIAQS Al-Mu’minuun (23) 12-14
Dan sesungguhnya Kami telah menciptakan manusia dari
suatu sari pati (berasal) dari tanah.
Kemudian Kami jadikan sari pati itu air mani (yang
disimpan) ditempat yang kukuh (rahim).
Kemudian air mani itu Kami jadikan segumpal darah, lalu
segumpal darah itu kami jadikan segumpal daging, dan
segumpal daging itu kami jadikan tulang belulang, lalu
tulang belulang itu kami bungkus dengan daging .
Kemudian kami jadikan dia makhluk yang (berbentuk) lain.
Maka Maha Sucilah Allah, Pencipta yang paling baik.
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Dari sudut medis, anatomi terdiri dari berbagai
pengetahuan tentang bentuk, letak, ukuran, dan
hubungan berbagai struktur dari tubuh manusia
sehat sehingga sering disebut sebagai anatomi
deskriptif atau topografis.
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WHAT IS ANATOMY ?
• Anatomy (Greek: ana: apart; temmein: to cut)
»“Cutting up apart” (Latin equivalent:
dissecare � dissection)
AnatomyAnatomy((DiscplineDiscpline/field of /field of
scientific study)scientific study)
DissectionDissection(One of the methods/ (One of the methods/
techniques used in techniques used in
studying the body)studying the body)
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WHAT IS ANATOMY ?
ANATOMY
• The part of biological science that deals
primarily with structure and function of the
body
• The study of living human beings
»Cannot be learned completely by
studying the bodies of dead persons
• The basis of medical language
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Studying Anatomy
• The study of etymology (derivation of words) » Helps remember anatomy and find the process
enjoyable
• Cecum � caecus (Lat.): blind• The cecum is a blind pouch lying inferior to the terminal portion of ileum (Lat.: roll up/twist)
» The ileum is a highly coiled/rolled up part of the small intestines
MEMORISINGMEMORISING(New language:4500 (New language:4500
words)words)
UNDERSTANDINGUNDERSTANDINGThe links between structure & The links between structure & functionfunctionIntellectually more satisfyingIntellectually more satisfyingIt makes its long term It makes its long term retention easierretention easier
vs
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SEJARAH ANATOMI• Ilmu dasar medis paling tua dipelajari (500 thn S.M
• Pertama kali ditulis oleh Papyruses antara 3000-2500 S.M.
• Diajarkan oleh Hippocrates Thn 460-377S.M.sekaligus disebut sebagai bapak kedokteran
• Aristoteles (384-322 SM)
sebagai orang pertama yang menggunakan istilah anatomi
• Andreas Vesalius’s 1514-1564) mempublikasikan anatomi & era baru. Anatomi menjadi disipline ilmu yang obyektif. Dasar pertama seni ilmu kedokteran13/09/2011 10Pyn/anatomi/2011
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Lanjutan
• Williem Harvey di era Hieroniymus Frabiceus (1537-1619) menemukan katub vena.
• 1628 publikasi buku Harvey’s “Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Anamalibus”.
• Abad 17 diseksi manusia menjadi pembelajaran anatomi di sekolah-sekolah Eropa
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GENERAL SUBDIVISIONS OF
ANATOMY
• MACROANATOMY Naked eyes
(Macroscopic/Gross Anatomy)
Included: SURFACE Observation,
ANATOMY palpation, percussion,
auscultation
• MICROANATOMY MicroscopeCYTOLOGY cells
HISTOLOGY tissues
• EMBRYOLOGY Development of the
structures
• COMPARATIVE Examine
ANATOMY the structures
of other animals
AA
NN
AA
TT
OO
MM
YY
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METHODS OF METHODS OF
STUDYING STUDYING
ANATOMY ANATOMY
•DISSECTION (Cadaver)
•SURFACE ANATOMY (Living body)
(observation, palpation,
percussion,auscultation)
•ENDOSCOPY (Living body: internal
structures)/invasive
•ORGAN IMAGE (noninvasive, nondestructive)
RADIOLOGY
X-ray
(radiographs, contrast
media, tomography,
computer-assisted
tomography/CAT/CT)
ULTRASONO-
GRAPHY
(USG)
ultrasound
wave
MAGNETIC
RESONANCE
IMAGING(MRI)*
electromagnetic
wave
RADIOISOTOPE
IMAGING
uptake of
isotope
radioactive
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PENDEKATAN BELAJAR
ANATOMI
• ANATOMI REGIONAL
– Topografi tubuh manusia sebagai segmen-
segmen (kepala, leher, badan, anggota dll)
– Mempelajari tubuh manusia yang
memfokuskan pada bagian tertentu
– Anatomi regional dapat dilihat dari :
• Anatomi permukaan >>>pemeriksaan dng palpasi
• Anatomi viceral>>>dengan radiografi
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Lanjutan
• ANATOMI SISTEMIK
– Mempelajari anatomi berdasarkan sistem
(Integumen, skeletal, artikuler,
muskuler,nervous, sirkulasi, digestivus,
respiratorius, urinarius, reproduksi, endokrin)
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TERMINOLOGI ANATOMI
• Posisi anatomi
• Posisi bidang (median, sagital, frontal, transversa)
ISTILAH-ISTILAH ANATOMI
• Superficial, intermediate & deep (lapisan)
• Medial, lateral, external & internal (lokasi)
• Posterior, anterior, inferior, superior,
proksimal, distal (arah)
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THE ANATOMICAL POSITION
Description of the body based on the assumption of the anatomical position
* Directions * Relation of the parts of the body
A person in anatomical position is
standing errect with the head, eyes
and toes directed foreward, heels
and the toes together, and the upper limbs hanging by sides with the palms facing anteriorly
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TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP
(DIRECTIONAL TERMS/
TERMS OF COMPARISON)
( to describe:
• relationship of parts of the body in the anatomical position
• the location of structures in the body with reference to the anatomical position
• comparison of the relative position of two structures each other)
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TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP
• Various terms are used to describe the
relationship of parts of the body in the
anatomical position.
• The terms listed below are used to indicate the
location of structures in the body with reference
to the anatomical position, irrespective of the
position of the body of the patient or the
cadaver.
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The radius is on the lateral side of the The radius is on the lateral side of the
forearmforearm
Farther away from the median Farther away from the median
plane of the bodyplane of the body
LateralLateral
The ulna is on the medial side of the The ulna is on the medial side of the
forearmforearm
Nearer to the median plane of Nearer to the median plane of
the bodythe body
MedialMedial
The heart is posterior to the sternumThe heart is posterior to the sternumNearer to the back of the bodyNearer to the back of the bodyPosteriorPosterior
The sternum is anterior to the heartThe sternum is anterior to the heartNearer to the front of the bodyNearer to the front of the bodyAnteriorAnterior
The stomach is inferior of the heartThe stomach is inferior of the heartToward the feetToward the feetInferiorInferior
The heart is superior to the stomachThe heart is superior to the stomachToward the headToward the headSuperiorSuperior
ExampleExampleDefinitionDefinitionTermTerm
Commonly used directional termsCommonly used directional terms
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surface of the lungssurface of the lungscovering of an organcovering of an organ
The visceral pleura covers the The visceral pleura covers the
externalexternal
Pertaining to thePertaining to theVisceralVisceral
The parietal pleura lines the The parietal pleura lines the
inside of the thoracic wallinside of the thoracic wall
Pertaining to the outer wall of a Pertaining to the outer wall of a
body cavitybody cavity
ParietalParietal
The humerus is deep/profundal The humerus is deep/profundal
to the muscles of the armto the muscles of the arm
Farther from the surfaceFarther from the surfaceProfundal/ deepProfundal/ deep
The muscles of the arm are The muscles of the arm are
superficial to the bonesuperficial to the bone
Nearer to the surfaceNearer to the surfaceSuperficialSuperficial
The wrist joint is distal to the The wrist joint is distal to the
elbow jointelbow joint
Farther from the attachment of a Farther from the attachment of a
limb or a structurelimb or a structure
DistalDistal
The elbow joint is proximal to The elbow joint is proximal to
the wrist jointthe wrist joint
Nearer the attachment of a limb Nearer the attachment of a limb
or a structureor a structure
ProximalProximal
ExampleExampleDefinitionDefinitionTermTerm
(Inferior= caudal= below: toward the feet or lower part of the body(Inferior= caudal= below: toward the feet or lower part of the body
Superior= cranial= cephalic= aboveSuperior= cranial= cephalic= above
Anterior= ventral= front= rostralAnterior= ventral= front= rostral
Posterior= dorsal= behindPosterior= dorsal= behind
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TERMS OF MOVEMENT
Anatomy is concerned with living body, hence
there are various terms to describe the
different types of movement of the limbs and
other parts of the body.
Movements take place at certain joints where
two or more bones meet one another
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FLEXION
EXTENSION
ABDUCTION
ADDUCTION
OPPOSITION
REPOSITION
Bending or making a decreasing angle between the
bones or parts of the body
(-dorsiflexion: flexion in dorsal direction (in the ankle)
-lateroflexion: lateral bending (of the trunk)
Straightening of a bent parts of the body
(-hyperextension: movement beyond the extension)
-plantarflexion (at the ankle joint)
Moving away from the median plane in the coronal
plane (-abduction of the fingers and toes: spreading
away)
Moving toward the median plane in a coronal plane
(-adduction of the fingers: moving the fingers toward
the middle finger -adduction of the toes: moving the
toes toward the second toe)
The movement during which the thumb pad is
brought to a finger pad
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PROTRACTIONPROTRACTION
RETRACTIONRETRACTION
ELEVATIONELEVATION
DEPRESSIONDEPRESSION
Movement anteriorly (forward)Movement anteriorly (forward)
((--drawing the mandible or the shoulder forward)drawing the mandible or the shoulder forward)
Movement posteriorly (backward)Movement posteriorly (backward)
((--drawing the mandible or the shoulder backward)drawing the mandible or the shoulder backward)
Lifting, raising or moving a part superiorlyLifting, raising or moving a part superiorly
((--elevating the shoulder when shruggingelevating the shoulder when shrugging
--raising the upper limb superior to the shoulder)raising the upper limb superior to the shoulder)
Letting down, lowering or moving a part inferiorlyLetting down, lowering or moving a part inferiorly
((--depressing or lowering the shoulders as occurs depressing or lowering the shoulders as occurs
when standing at ease)when standing at ease)
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CIRCUMDUCTIONCIRCUMDUCTION
ROTATIONROTATION
Circular movement (to draw around or to form a Circular movement (to draw around or to form a
circle).circle).
The combination of successive movements of The combination of successive movements of
flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in
such a way that the distal end of the part being such a way that the distal end of the part being
moved forms a circle.moved forms a circle.
(This sequence of movements results in a cone of (This sequence of movements results in a cone of
movement; occur at the hip, the shoulder, the wrist, movement; occur at the hip, the shoulder, the wrist,
and the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers: and the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers:
the movement of the thumb and index finger)the movement of the thumb and index finger)
Turning or revolving of a part of the body around its Turning or revolving of a part of the body around its
long axislong axis
((--rotation of the humerus at the shoulder joint and rotation of the humerus at the shoulder joint and
the femur at the hip joint)the femur at the hip joint)
Medial rotation: rotation toward the median plane Medial rotation: rotation toward the median plane
of the body.of the body.
Lateral rotation: rotation away from the median Lateral rotation: rotation away from the median
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EVERSION OF THEEVERSION OF THE
FOOTFOOT
INVERSION OF THEINVERSION OF THE
FOOTFOOT
SUPINATIONSUPINATION
PRONATIONPRONATION
The movement turns the plantar surface or The movement turns the plantar surface or
sole of the foot away from the median plane sole of the foot away from the median plane
(the foot faces laterally)(the foot faces laterally)
The movement turns the plantar surface or The movement turns the plantar surface or
sole of the foot toward the median plane of the sole of the foot toward the median plane of the
body (the sole faces medially)body (the sole faces medially)
The movement that rotates the radius of the The movement that rotates the radius of the
forearm laterally around its long axis, so that forearm laterally around its long axis, so that
the dorsum of the hand faces posteriorly and the dorsum of the hand faces posteriorly and
the palm faces anteriorly when the body is in the palm faces anteriorly when the body is in
the anatomical position.the anatomical position.
The movement that rotates the radius of the The movement that rotates the radius of the
forearm medially around its long axis so that forearm medially around its long axis so that
the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and its the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and its
dorsum faces anteriorly when the upper limb dorsum faces anteriorly when the upper limb
is by the side in the anatomical position.is by the side in the anatomical position.13/09/2011 39Pyn/anatomi/2011
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TUTORIAL
Setelah mengikuti pertemuan materi ini,
Anda dipersilahkan untuk menyebutkan
bagian-bagian yang ditunjuk pada gambar-
gambar berikut dengan benar, tanpa melihat
uraian materi di atas.
Setelah mengisi item-item latihan tersebut, cocokan dengan materi untuk
mengetahui kebenaran jawaban Anda!!!
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A
B
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C
D
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E
F
J
I
H
G
K
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L M
N O
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P
Q
R
S
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1
2
4
3
5
6
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8
11
10
9
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12
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2019
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21
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