TANAH, PERTANIAN & PANGAN MASA DEPAN SUMBERDAYA ALAM DAN KETAHANAN PANGAN diabstraksikan: smno.psdl.pdkl.ppsub.2012/13 Mk. Pengelolaan SDALH
Dec 14, 2015
TANAH, PERTANIAN
&
PANGAN MASA DEPAN
SUMBERDAYA ALAM DAN
KETAHANAN PANGAN
diabstraksikan: smno.psdl.pdkl.ppsub.2012/13
Mk. Pengelolaan SDALH
SUMBERDAYA ALAM DAN
KEMANUSIAAN
Sumber: Diunduh dari: http://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/alr/what_is_ag_land.htm……………….. 21/12/2012
LAHAN PERTANIAN
Agriculture can be defined as the systematic and controlled use of living organisms and the environment
to improve the human condition. 'Agricultural land' is the land base upon which
agriculture is practiced. Typically occurring on farms, agricultural activities are
undertaken upon agricultural land to produce agricultural products.
Although agricultural land is primarily required for the production of food for human and animal consumption, agricultural activities also include the growing of plants
for fibre and fuels (including wood), and for other organically derived products (pharmaceuticals, etc).
UPAYA MENUJU KE BERLANJUTAN
o o o o
EROSI: DICEGAH
PEMUPUKAN
PENGOLAHAN TANAH: MINIMUM/TANPA
SISTEM POLATANAM: DIVERSIFIKASI, SISA PANEN KEMBALI PEMBAKARAN
SISA: DILARANG
ORGANIK SINTETIK
BERIMBANG
SUMBERDAYA ALAM
1. Agriculture – Food products, Coca, Drugs
2. Minerals – Diamonds, oil, Copper, Sand/Gravels etc.
3. Forests – Timber, Herbs, Animals, Parks etc
4. Water resources – Hydropower, Drinking and irrigation water, Lakes etc.
5. Nature Tourism
1. Over the Land2. Agricultural – main products, cash products, Livestock,
Herbs, Timber3. Under the Land4. Minerals, oil, Underground water, Stone5. On the surface6. Irrigation, Hydropower, River, Sand, river gravel, Snow
mountain, National parks and animals Sumber: Natural Resources and Human Security. Er. Sunil Kumar Pokhrel
Kennesaw State University USA
SUMBERDAYA ALAM
Sumber: diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation ……………… 23/12/2012
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil.
It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed
soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. Additionally, irrigation also has a few other uses in crop production, which include protecting plants against frost, suppressing weed growing in grain fields and helping in
preventing soil consolidation.In contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is
referred to as rain-fed or dryland farming. Irrigation systems are also used for dust suppression, disposal of
sewage, and in mining. Irrigation is often studied together with drainage, which is the natural or artificial removal of
surface and sub-surface water from a given area.
1. Policy shift2. 1994-UNDP definition of Human Security3. Economic security-Assured basic income4. Food Security-Physical and economic access to food as well as
adequate purchasing power5. Health Security-Minimum protection from diseases and
unhealthy lifestyles.
Sumber: diunduh dari: http://www.africanwater.org/ecosan_food.htm .....23/12/2012
HUMAN SECURITY
Sumber: Natural Resources and Human Security. Er. Sunil Kumar Pokhrel Kennesaw State University USA
Food security is commonly defined as sustained access for all individuals to an adequate and safe supply of food for an active,
healthy and productive life.
1. Environmental security-Clean water, Air pollution, Global warming, Greenhouse gases, etc.
2. Personal security-Protect from physical violence, Domestic abuse, Crime.
3. Community security-Protect from loss of traditional relationships, ethnic and cultural value.
4. Political security-Human rights, Freedom of speech, etc
Sumber: diunduh dari: http://ag.arizona.edu/~lmilich/envsec.html ..... 23/12/2012
HUMAN SECURITY
Sumber: Natural Resources and Human Security. Er. Sunil Kumar Pokhrel Kennesaw State University USA
Environmental SecurityThere are three hierarchical levels at which the food insecurity paradigm can be considered to be acting so as to generate environmental insecurity, which then generates additional food insecurity. At the top is the state; the midlevel is the village or community; and at the bottom are households, the level at which the
actors usually have greatest influence on the environment.
• Who own the natural resources
• How to distribute and redistribute the fruit of natural resources
• Who is responsible for security of Natural resource centers, Transmission lines and Transportation
• Need for new security force other than national army to protect?
Sumber: diunduh dari: http://www.ifad.org/newsletter/pf/3.htm ..... 23/12/2012
MINAT ttg KETAHANAN
Sumber: Natural Resources and Human Security. Er. Sunil Kumar Pokhrel Kennesaw State University USA
Special feature on land tenure: securing land for the futureLand is vital for farmers and the communities in which they live. Not only does it provide them with economic means to create their livelihood, but it is their most
important social and cultural asset. A farmer without land has nothing. A farmer with land has a respected place in the community and society at large.
However, owning land or having secure access to it are not always readily achieved. This is particularly true in many poor countries, where legal and cultural restrictions on land rights present a strong obstacle for rural people, particularly the poorest and most vulnerable among them. In many cases, women are not even entitled to land.
MINAT ttg KETAHANAN• Natural resource potential can be utilized?
• Need Security (protection)
• Need Investment
• Need Market
• Need technology
• Need Manpower – Upward Migration
• Upward Migration creates a new sets of conflict
Sumber: diunduh dari: http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&style=&type_id=4&id=20110808172707&print=1
…..23/12/2012
Sumber: Natural Resources and Human Security. Er. Sunil Kumar Pokhrel Kennesaw State University USA
The Relationships among Sustainable Development, Sustainable Land Management, Sustainable Agriculture, and Sustainable Soil
Management. (Redrawn from Dumanski 1997)
PERTANIAN SAAT INIWe have converted 38% of Earth’s surface for agriculture, the
practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock for human use and consumption.
Croplands (for growing plant crops) and rangelands (for grazing animal livestock) depend on healthy soil.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Agricultural Capability Classes
Class 1Class 1 land is capable of producing the very widest range of crops. Soil and
climate conditions are optimum, resulting in easy management.
Class 2Class 2 land is capable of producing a wide range of crops. Minor restrictions
of soil or climate may reduce capability but pose no major difficulties in management.
Class 3Class 3 land is capable of producing a fairly wide range of crops under good
management practices. Soil and/or climate limitations are somewhat restrictive.
Class 4Class 4 land is capable of a restricted range of crops. Soil and climate
conditions require special management considerations.
Class 5Class 5 land is capable of production of cultivated perennial forage crops and
specially adapted crops. Soil and/or climate conditions severely limit capability.
Class 6Class 6 land is important in its natural state as grazing land. These lands
cannot be cultivated due to soil and/or climate limitations.
Class 7Class 7 land has no capability for soil bound agriculture.
Croplands
• Help maintain water flow and soil infiltration
• Provide partial erosion protection • Can build soil organic matter
• Store atmospheric carbon
• Provide wildlife habitat for some species
Ecological Services Economic Services
• Food crops
• Fiber crops
• Crop genetic resources
• Jobs
Natural Capital
Croplands
Ecological Services
Economic Services
• Help maintain water flow and soil infiltration
• Provide partial erosion protection
• Can build soil organic matter
• Store atmospheric carbon
• Provide wildlife habitat for some species
• Food crops
• Fiber crops
• Crop genetic resources
• Jobs
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
TANAH: SUATU SISTEM
Parent material, such as bedrock, is weathered to begin process of soil formation.
Parent material = material geologis dasar di suatu lokasiBedrock = masa batuan padat yang kontinyu penyusun kerak bumiWeathering = proses yang menghancurkan batuan
Diunduh dari: http://www.eoearth.org/article/Soil…… 21/12/2012
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Typical layers found in a soil profile. (Source: Physical
Geography.net)
Most soils have a distinct profile or sequence of
horizontal layers. Generally, these horizons result from the
processes of chemical weathering, eluviation, illuviation, and organic
decomposition. Up to five layers can be present in a
typical soil: O, A, B, C, and R horizons
"Karakterisik lahan" merupakan atribut lahan yang dapat diukur atau diestimasi.
Misalnya: Kemiringan, Curah hujan, Tekstur tanah, Kapasitas air tersedia,
Biomasa vegetasi, dll.
Struktur tanah
Resembles cookie crumbs and is usually less than 0.5
cm in diameter.
Commonly found in surface horizons
where roots have been growing.
http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/pvg/granular.gif
http://soils.usda.gov/technical/manual/images/fig3-30_large.jpg
STRUKTUR KUBUS: Blocky Structure
Irregular blocks that are usually 1.5 - 5.0 cm
in diameter.
Can be subangular or angular blocky.
http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/pvg/blocky.gifhttp://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/
glenimages.nsf/Images/gl167_profile/$File/gl167_profile.jpg
Struktur Prismatik
Vertical columns of soil that might be a number of cm long.
Usually found in lower horizons.
http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/pvg/prismatic.gif http://soils.usda.gov/technical/
manual/images/fig3-27_large.jpg
Struktur Pipih
Thin, flat plates of soil that lie
horizontally.
Usually found in compacted soil.
http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/pvg/platy.gif
http://soils.ag.uidaho.edu/soilorders/i/Arid_03.jpg
DEGRADASI TANAH DI DUNIA
Europe’s land is most degraded because of its long history of intensive agriculture.
But Asia’s and Africa’s soils are fast becoming degraded.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Most soil degradation is caused by:• livestock overgrazing• deforestation• cropland agriculture.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
SEBAB-SEBAB DEGRADASI TANAH
KOMPONEN TANAHSoil is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic
components and living organisms.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
HUMUSDark, crumbly mass of undifferentiated material made up of
complex organic compoundsSoils with high humus content hold moisture better and are
more productive for plant life.
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0100e/a0100e04.htm …… 21/12/2012
Components of soil organic matter and their functionsSoil organic matter consists of a variety of components. These
include, in varying proportions and many intermediate stages, an active organic fraction including microorganisms (10-40 percent),
and resistant or stable organic matter (40-60 percent), also referred to as humus.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
PROFIL TANAH
Consists of layers called horizons.
Simplest:
A = topsoil
B = subsoil
C = parent material
But most have O, A, E, B, C, and R
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
SOIL PROFILE
O Horizon: Organic or litter layer
A Horizon: Topsoil. Mostly inorganic minerals with
some organic material and humus mixed in. Crucial for
plant growth
E Horizon: Eluviation horizon; loss of minerals by leaching, a process whereby solid materials are dissolved
and transported away
B Horizon: Subsoil. Zone of accumulation or deposition
of leached minerals and organic acids from above
C Horizon: Slightly altered parent material
R Horizon: Bedrock
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt ……
20/12/2012
Diunduh dari: http://ktcomilloniportfolio.wikispaces.com/file/view/AG1060a.gif/127711929/AG1060a.gif ……
21/12/2012
DESKRIPSI TANAH
Soil can be characterized by color and several other traits:Texture (percentage sand, silt, clay)Structure; PorosityCation exchange capacity ; pHParent MaterialInfiltration rateNutrient concentrations
Best for plant growth is loam, an even mix of sand, silt and clay.
Diunduh dari: http://elkhorn.unl.edu/epublic/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=111 …… 21/12/2012
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_Essenti
alCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
EROSION & DEPOSITION
Erosion = removal of material from one place and its transport elsewhere
by wind or water
Deposition = arrival of eroded material at a new location
These processes are natural, and can build up fertile soil.
But where artificially sped up, they are a big problem for farming.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Sand dunes around Moses Lake are all that are left of the wind erosion in that area.
The smaller particles, silt and clay were blown eastward toward the Palouse.
The deposition of the silt and clay particles led to the formation of the Palouse Hills. The Palouse Hills are a wind/water
erosional surface.Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt ……
20/12/2012
EROSION & DEPOSITION
Diunduh dari: http://www.cep.unep.org/pubs/Techreports/tr32en/content.html…… 21/12/2012
Four types of soil erosion on an exposed slope.
TIPE EROSI TANAH
Diunduh dari: http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G1509 …… 21/12/2012
Raindrop impact is the major cause of soil particle detachment , which can result in the particles moving down slope in flowing water (as sheet
erosion) during a rainfall event. Flowing water can also detach soil particles if the velocity is high enough, usually where water starts to
concentrate (rill and gully erosion ). If the velocity is reduced sufficiently, particles will settle out. The velocity at which settling begins is dependent on particle size and density, as is the time required for the particles to settle out. Large,
dense particles, such as grains of sand, settle first. Fine clays settle out slowly and only in relatively still water.
Desertification
A loss of more than 10% productivity due to:
• Erosion
• Soil compaction
• Forest removal
• Overgrazing
• Drought
• Salinization
• Climate change
• Depletion of water resources
• etc.
When severe, there is expansion of desert areas, or creation of new ones, e.g., the Middle East, formerly, “Fertile Crescent”.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
ConsequencesCauses
Worsening drought
Famine
Economic losses
Lower living standards
Environmentalrefugees
Overgrazing
Deforestation
Erosion
Salinization
Soil compaction
Natural climate change
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
DEGRADASI TANAH
Diunduh dari: http://www.keepbanderabeautiful.org/soilconservation.html …… 21/12/2012
KONSERVASI TANAH
Soil conservation is the best way to make sure that we have the land we need to live on. Erosion is the biggest
enemy of soil and land conservation. Protecting / conserving soil with grass, plants or mulch is needed. Always make sure that the soil on your property stays
right where it should be!
Several farming strategies to prevent soil degradation:• Crop rotation; • Contour farming• Intercropping; • Terracing• Shelterbelts; • Conservation tillage
Diunduh dari: http://www.worldagroforestry.org/units/Library/Books/Book%2032/an%20introduction%20to%20agroforestry/html/15_effects_of_trees.htm?n=80 ……
21/12/2012
MENCEGAH DEGRADASI TANAH
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Alternating the crop planted (e.g., between corn and soybeans) can restore nutrients to soil and fight pests
and disease.
Diunduh dari: nzdl.org …… 21/12/2012
ROTASI TANAMAN
DESIGNING THE CROP ROTATION PATTERN:
1. Based on knowledge from past years or from rainfall data, determine the onset and the end of the rainy season.
2. Choose short-maturing varieties of both rice and legume crop to accomodate a three-crop sequence or to avoid water stress.
3. Estimate the planting and harvesting dates of each crop in the cropping sequence.
4. If, based on the rainfall occurrence and drainage system, only a two-crop sequence is possible, there is a flexibility to choose a longer duration crop variety which has other desired characteristics.
.
Planting along contour lines of slopes helps reduce erosion on hillsides.
Diunduh dari: http://www.bensoninstitute.org/Publication/Lessons/Images/L1/LandPreparation/fp/
1306.jpg …… 21/12/2012
PERTANIAN KONTUR
The management practices such as contouring, strip planting, cover cropping, alley cropping,reduced tillage, terracing and leaving some crop residue on the land help to eliminate or
minimize the loss of soil from water and wind erosion
TUMPANG-SARI = Intercropping
Mixing crops such as in strip cropping can provide nutrients and reduce erosion.
Diunduh dari: http://didierruef.photoshelter.com/image/I0000fvxRkqx3M18 …… 21/12/2012
Uganda. Kayunga district. Kiwugu. Intercropping fields of maize, beans and pineapple plants. © 2004 Didier Ruef
Diunduh dari: http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110804181442&type_id=4 …… 21/12/2012
ALLEY CROPPINGThe Concept of Alley Cropping on Sloping Lands
Fast-growing, deep-rooted legume trees such as leucaena ( Leucaena leucocephala) have been planted in double or
single rows in Indonesia and the Philippines by small-scale farmers on sloping lands to control erosion (Lungren and Nair 1985). Food crops are then planted in the alleys between the trees. Periodic pruning is needed to prevent shading of the food crops by the tree canopy. Once established, the trees
facilitate terrace formation within the alley
Cutting stairsteps or terraces is the only way to farm extremely steep hillsides without causing massive erosion.
Bench terraces are a soil and water conservation measure used on sloping land with relatively deep soils to retain water and control
erosion. They are normally constructed by cutting and filling to produce a series of level steps or benches. This allows water to infiltrate slowly into the soil. Bench terraces are reinforced by retaining banks of soil or
stone on the forward edges. This practice is typical for rice-based cropping systems.
In China, a modification of bench terraces includes an interval slope planted with perennials and grasses between individual terraces. This
system is suitable where soil erosion is critical, rainfall is low and labor and farm manure are not typically available. Shrubs or herbs can also be
grown on the edges of the terraces.
Diunduh dari: http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/ …… 21/12/2012
TARASSERING
No-till and reduced-tillage farming leaves old crop residue on the ground instead of plowing it into soil.
This covers the soil, keeping it in place. Here, corn grows up out of a “cover crop.”
Diunduh dari: http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe50s/machines_11.html …… 21/12/2012
PENGOLAHAN TANAHKONSERVASI
Conservation tillage is not a panacea for all crops everywhere.It often requires more chemical herbicides (because weeds are
not plowed under).It often requires more fertilizer (because other plants compete
with crops for nutrients).But legume cover crops can keep weeds at bay while nourishing
soil, and green manures can be used as organic fertilizers.
Diunduh dari: http://www.extension.org/pages/18636/soil-fertility-in-organic-farming-systems:-much-more-than-plant-nutrition …… 21/12/2012
PENGOLAHAN TANAHKONSERVASI
The increased soil stratification and size and activity of soil organism populations under conservation tillage compared to conventional tillage lead to increased nutrient retention. Figure credit: Ed Zaborski, University of Illinois.
Adapted from House and Parmelee (1985).
Reduces erosion
Saves fuel
Cuts costs
Holds more soil water
Reduces soil compaction
Allows several crops per season
Does not reduce crop yields
Reduces CO2
release from soil
Can increase herbicide use for
some crops
Leaves stalks that can harbor crop pests and fungal
diseases and increase pesticide
use
Requires investment
in expensive equipment
DisadvantagesAdvantages
Trade-Offs
Conservation Tillage
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012