ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF 3D SLENDER COUPLED SHEAR WALL WITH OPENING USING ANSYS SOFTWARE TAN HOCK HEE Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of B.Eng. (Hons.) Civil Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG JUNE 2015
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ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF 3D SLENDER COUPLED
SHEAR WALL WITH OPENING USING ANSYS SOFTWARE
TAN HOCK HEE
Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of
B.Eng. (Hons.) Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
JUNE 2015
vi
ABSTRACTS
Shear wall is one of the structural system which is used to resist the vertical and the lateral
load of the building. Due to the architectural and the ventilation reason, usually there are
some opening on shear wall. In most of the apartment building, the size and location of
the opening in the shear wall are made without considering the effect on the shear wall
and will contribute to the structural failure. The main objectives of this study is to
determine the effect of the opening size and its location on shear wall in terms of the crack
pattern and drift effect. This study is carried out on 4-storey shear wall building with the
help of finite element software, ANSYS 12.0. There are eight model in this analysis which
is SW1, SW2, SW3, SW4, SW5, SW6, SW7 and SW8. SW1 are the solid shear wall
where the SW2, SW3, SW4, SW5, SW6, SW7 and SW8 was the shear wall with different
opening size and location. The model was analyzed by using the lateral uniform
distributed load (UDL) at the side of the shear wall. The result shows that the higher the
applied load at the shear wall, the higher the deflection. The deflection for SW1, SW2,
SW3, SW4, SW5, and SW6 increased by 12.01%, 133.95%, 2.48%, 67.29%, 22.51% and
35.79% respectively when the applied lateral load was increase from 200KPa until
800KPa. While the closer the position of the opening to the applied UDL, the higher the
crack pattern of the shear wall. The crack pattern of the shear wall start at the base of the
shear wall which was the fixed support, and also the edge of the opening.
vii
ABSTRAK
Dinding ricih adalah salah satu sistem struktur yang digunakan untuk menahan beban
daripada atas dan beban yang melintang bagi sesebuah bangunan. Oleh kerana
pengudaraan dan kegunaan arkitek, dinding ricih akan ada beberapa pembukaan yang
tidak dapat dielakkan. Kebiasaan pada apartmen, terdapat banyak saiz dan lokasi
pembukaan yang dibuat secara tidak memikirkan kesan daripada pembukaan dan ia akan
menyebabkan struktur kegagalan. Objektif bagi kajian ini adalah untuk mencarikan kesan
daripada saiz dan lokasi pembukaan pada dinding ricih dalam aspek corak retak dan juga
kepesongan. Kajian ini adalah dinding ricih yang setinggi empat tingkat akan dianalisis
dengan menggunakan bantuan daripada perisian, ANSYS 12.0. terdapat lapan buah
model yang akan dianalisis, iaitu, SW1, SW2, SW3, SW4, SW5, SW6, SW7 dan SW8.
SW1 adalah dinding yang padat dan tidak mempunyai pembukaan, manakala SW2, SW3,
SW4, SW5, SW6, SW7 dan SW8 adalah dinding yang mempunyai saiz pembukaan dan
lokasi pembukaan yang berbeza-beza. Model-model dianalisis dengan munggunakan
beban teragih seragam pada tepi dinding. Hasil memberikan bahawa semakin tinggi
beban yang dikenakan pada dinding, semakin besar kepesongan pada dinding tersebut.
Kepesongan pada SW1, SW2, SW3, SW4, SW5, dan SW6 meningkat sebanyak 12.01%,
133.95%, 2.48%, 67.29%, 22.51% dan 35.79% apabila beban yang dikenakan meningkat
daripada 200KPa kepada 800KPa. Bagi pembukaan dinding yang terletak lebih dekat
dengan beban, corak retak menjadi semakin besar. Corak retak bermula pada bahagian
bawah dinding iaitu pada tempat yang dijadikan tetap, dan juga akan terletak pada bucu-
bucu lubang.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUPERVISOR ‘S DECLARATION ii
STUDENT’S DECLARATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
ABSTRAK vii
TABLE OF CONTENT viii
LIST OF FIGURES x
LIST OF TABLES
xiv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objectives of study 3
1.4 Scope of Study
3
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General 8
2.2 Use of Shear wall 8
2.3 Advantages of Shear Wall 10
2.4 Application of Shear Wall 10
2.5 Slenderness Ratio 11
2.5.1 Slender Wall 12
2.5.2 Squat Wall 12
2.6 Reinforcing Bar 12
2.7 Solid 65 Element 13
2.8 Link 8 13
2.9 Effect of Size Opening to Performance of Shear Wall 14
ix
2.10 Effect of opening location to performance of shear wall 15
2.11 Crack pattern 15
2.12 Drift effect of shear wall
16
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 General 18
3.2 Flow chart of methodology 18
3.3 Pre-processor 20
3.4 Solution 34
3.5 Post-processor
39
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 General 42
4.2 Drift Effect 42
4.3 Crack Pattern
44
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Conclusions 58
5.2 Recommendations
59
REFERENCES 60
APPENDICES 62
A Results of Deflection of Shear Wall 63
x
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No.
Title Page
1.1
Reinforcing bar arrangement 5
1.2
Dimension of the shear wall 6
2.1
Reinforced concrete shear wall 9
2.2
Shear wall layout 11
2.3
Geometry of solid 65 13
2.4
Link 8 14
3.1
Flow chart of the analysis 19
3.2
Element type of the model 21
3.3
Adding the real constant for the model 21
3.4
Cross sectional area of the steel bar 22
3.5
Choosing material properties 22
3.6
Inserting the young modulus and poison ratio 23
3.7
Inserting the yield stress 23
3.8
Selecting the material properties of concrete 24
3.9
Inserting the young modulus and poison ratio for concrete
24
3.10
Inserting the material properties for concrete 25
3.11
Creating the shear wall by using block 25
3.12
Selecting area by select entities 26
3.13
Copy area to define location of steel bar 27
3.14
Copy area according to location of steel bar 27
3.15
Lines of area which shows the location of the steel bar 28
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3.16
Selecting the block of the opening at the shear wall for
creating opening
28
3.17
Sample of shear wall with opening after subtract the
volume
29
3.18
Trim the excess area after creating the model 29
3.19
Merging the nodes according to the lowest number 30
3.20
Selecting the lines that represent the steel bars 30
3.21
Unselecting the lines that is unneeded 31
3.22
Creating the lines into a component 31
3.23
Inserting the value for mesh concrete 32
3.24 Inserting the value for mesh the lines for define the steel
bar
32
3.25 Selecting the element type, material number, and real
constant set number for concrete
33
3.26 Selecting the component lines for meshing
33
3.27 Choosing the element types, material number, and real
constant set number for the steel bars
34
3.28 Selecting all the nodes that located at the base of the shear
wall
34
3.29 The nodes that selected was constrained in all dof
35
3.30 Select the nodes at the sides of the shear wall for applying
the pressure load
35
3.31 Inserting the pressure load that will applied to the shear
wall
36
3.32 Setting of the analysis types
36
3.33 Setting of the time at the end of load-step, time increment
setting and setting the time step size, minimum time step
and maximum time steps
37
3.34 Setting of the frequency was set as “write every sub-step
37
xii
3.35 Setting of nonlinear option which the line search, dof
solution and maximum number of iteration
38
3.36 Setting of termination criteria of the program behaviour
upon non-convergence
38
3.37 Solve the analysis by “solve current ls”
39
3.38 The result of the whole analysis was read “by load step”
39
3.39 The deformed shape was plotted
40
3.40 Plotting the nodal solution
40
3.41 Plotting the stress for each direction
41
3.42 Plotting crack/ crush of the concrete
41
4.1 Crack Pattern Of Solid Shear Wall (SW1) Under 800kpa
Load
46
4.2 Crack Pattern Of Shear Wall (SW2) Under 800kpa Load
46
4.3 Crack Pattern Of Shear Wall (SW3) Under 800kpa Load
47
4.4 Crack Pattern Of Shear Wall (SW4) Under 800kpa Load
47
4.5 Crack Pattern Of Shear Wall (SW1) Under 600kpa Load
49
4.6 Crack Pattern Of Shear Wall (SW2) Under 600kpa Load
49
4.7 Crack Pattern Of Shear Wall (SW3) Under 600kpa Load
50
4.8 Crack Pattern Of Shear Wall (SW4) Under 600kpa Load
50
4.9 Crack Pattern Of Shear Wall (SW1) Under 400kpa Load
51
4.10 Crack Pattern Of Shear Wall (SW2) Under 400kpa Load
51
4.11 Crack Pattern Of Shear Wall (SW3) Under 400kpa Load
52
4.12 Crack Pattern Of Shear Wall (SW4) Under 400kpa Load
52
4.13 Crack Pattern Of Shear Wall (SW1) Under 200kpa Load
53
4.14 Crack Pattern Of Shear Wall (SW2) Under 200kpa Load
53
4.15 Crack Pattern Of Shear Wall (SW3) Under 200kpa Load
54
xiii
4.16 Crack Pattern Of Shear Wall (SW4) Under 200kpa Load
54
4.17 Crack Pattern Under 800kpa Load For SW5
55
4.18 Crack Pattern Under 800kpa Load For SW6
56
4.19 Crack Pattern Under 800kpa Load For SW7
56
4.20 Crack Pattern Under 800kpa Load For SW8
57
xiv
LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
Title Page
1.1 Concrete properties prior and parameters beyond initial yield
surface
3
1.2 Properties for smeared steel reinforcement
4
1.3 List of the detailing of the shear wall model
7
3.1 Concrete properties prior and parameters beyond initial yield
surface
20
3.2 Properties for smeared steel reinforcement
20
4.1 Deflection of shear wall
43
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Nowadays, due to the economic growth and the demand for the business and
residential space increased, the demand for the high rise building is getting higher. The
high rise building needs well designed structural system to support the whole building to
resists the vertical load and lateral load such as the live load, dead load, and the wind load.
The structural system include of moment resisting frame system, shear wall frame system,
tubular system, hybrid system, bundle tubes system and etc. Apartment, commercial
tower and also the office tower were commonly using the shear wall as the structural wall
system to resist the vertical and also the lateral load of the high rise building.
Shear wall is one of the structural wall system and it provides strength, stiffness
and stability to resist the vertical load and lateral load force such as wind and earthquake
load for ensure the safety of the whole building. Shear wall are considerable deeper than
normal beam and column and this result in makes shear wall as a natural choice for resist
wind load. Shear wall is reinforced wall which is casted using the concrete and
reinforcement steel bar and it’s likely vertically oriented wide beam which is used to resist
the lateral load. Shear wall can be classified into two types. The wall with aspect ratios
(wall height to wall width) of 2 or more is called as slender wall while for aspect ratio
with less than 2 called as squat wall. (Gaynor. P.J, 1988).
Due to the architectural reason, shear wall often faces to the opening at the outer
wall like window, door, corridor and also some opening for the lift core for high rise
building. The number, size and the location of the opening will affect the structural wall
2
strength and the stiffness of the wall. (Taleb, R. 2010). The load carrying capacity of a
shear wall is higher for wall without opening. (PoojaHegde and Itti 2014,). Therefore for
the shear wall with opening must have adequate designed and analyzed to ensure the
safety of the building. The edge of the shear wall will have higher stress which stress will
concentrate at the edge of the opening and this will lead to the cracking at the edge corner.
The use of the diagonal shear reinforcement was introduced for significant contribution
for retarding and slowing down the crack propagation.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Nowadays due to the development and increase in population and income, it has
lead for increase in the housing demand. The working group indirectly increased the
demand for housing when they have the purchasing power to do so. The increase in the
demand for the housing in the major urban area has resulted in the rapid development in
high rise residential schemes. (Tiun.L.T, 2003) So construction of the high rise building
in Malaysia is become more popular and this result to needs suitable design in high rise
building.
Shear wall is one of the structural system which is used to resist the vertical and
the lateral load of the building. Due to the architectural and the ventilation reason, there
are some opening at the shear wall and these opening will affect the strength of the shear
wall. The strength, stability and also the stiffness of the shear wall will various with
different dimension and location of the opening. According to the (Taleb, R. 2010), the
number, size and location of the opening will affect the structural wall strength and the
stiffness of the wall. In the conclusion, the stress distribution and the drift of the shear
wall will various with the different size of the opening and the location of the shear wall
and it must be analyze well so that the structural failure can be prevented.
3
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
The main objective of this study are:
i. To analyse the effect of the opening size at the shear wall in terms of the drift
effect and crack pattern of the shear wall.
ii. To analyse the effect of the opening location at the shear wall in terms of the
crack pattern of the shear wall.
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of study is focused on the effect of opening size at the shear wall and
the location of the opening of shear wall. This is study the effect to the shear wall when
there is opening on it and various location of the opening. The larger the size of the
opening, is the greater the stress flow disturbance within the shear wall. (Musmar, A.M.
2013). The model of the reinforcing arrangement is adopted from the (Lefas and
Ambraseys 1990). The model is in 4 floor height with 3.0m for each floor, the width of
the wall is 3.0m and the thickness of the wall is 0.3m. The Table 1.1, and Table 1.2 shows
the concrete properties, concrete parameter and properties for smeared steel
reinforcement respectively which is refer from the previous study conducted by (Musmar,