Tamil- pathinenkizhkankku

• 1. Pathinenkizhkankku cittaantarettinam Dr.S.Sundarabalu Assistant Professor Department of Linguistics Bharathiar University Coimbatore-46 India [email protected] 9715769995

2. In addition to these, there is another set of poems known as Pathinenkizhkankku that includes the following: 1 Naladiar 10 Aynthinai Ezhu pthu 2 Nanmanikkadikai 11 Thirikadugam 3 Iniyavai Narpathu 12 Thirukkural 4 Inna Narpathu 13 Asarkkovai 5 Kar Narpathu 14 Pazhamozhi Nanuru 6 Kalavazhi Narpathu 15 Sirupanjamulam 7 Thinaimozhi Aymathu 16 Mudumozhikkanci 8 Thinaimalai Nurrayamathu 17 Elathi 9 Aynthinai Aymathu 18 Kaynnilai 2 3. pathinenkizhkankku A book of similes 1. Some of the literary works under the 18 minor works in Tamil are known by their special or unique features in them. For instance 2. The book which deals entirely with rainy season (of Mullai thinai) is Kr Narpathu 3. Book of Dos and Donts (way of life) is Asra Kovai. 4. Only work devoted to entirely poems on battlefield is Kalavazhi Nrpathu. 5. Book of proverbs is Pazhamozi Nnuru 6. Book of ancient wisdom is Mudumozhikknchi 7. And Naladiyar qualifies to be called as the book of similes. http://literature-comp.blogspot.com/2011/12/naladiyar.html 3 4. In fact there is an old Tamil saying which goes like this. , . When literally translated, this means, Banyan and Neem strengthen teeth, Four and Two strengthen words. The message implied here is that the four-liner Nladiyr and the two-liner Thirukkural strengthen ones conduct and speech, just like how brushing the teeth with sticks of banyan and neem adds to its strength. In rural Tamil Nadu (perhaps in most parts of South India), the twigs of these two trees are still commonly used for brushing teeth. 4 5. 1.Nlaiyr contains 400 poems, each containing four lines. Every poem deals with morals and ethics, extolling righteous behaviour. 5 6. - . The dog barks and bites a man, but The man never bites back the dog; The mean may throw indecent words, but The great will never repeat those words. (Nladiyr 70) 6 7. 7 , , . (158) Realizing the greatness of virtue,(Chastity, especially in a woman) Be deaf to hear the secrets of others, Be blind to seeing the women of others; Be dumb to speaking behind the back of others; No need for books of morals to guide you. [Translator: M. Annamalai modified] 8. 8 - , . (216) The lowest class (of people) in friendship are like the Betel palm; The middle class are like the Coconut palm; And the friendship of the highest is like the Palmyra palm. They are old friends, once given, given for ever. [Translator: S.A. Pillai modified] 9. 9 Dog and the elephant The poem which out tops all else in Nladiyr is the one which employs the simile of a dog and captive elephant to recommend us of the kind of friend one should choose. , - , . (213) Avoiding the friendship of those who resemble elephants, Seek the friendship of those who resemble dogs; For an elephant will kill his mahout (driver of an elephant)whom he has known for a long time, But a dog will wag his tail while the spear thrown at him is still in his body. [Translator: F.J. Leeper] 10. 2.The poems of Nanmanikkatigai each contain four different ideas. The name Nanmanikkatigai denotes this fact comparing the four ideas to four well-chosen gems adorning each poem. The following poem describes four different groups of people who cannot sleep well at night, namely, a thief, a lovelorn person, someone who hankers after money and a miser who worries about losing his money: , , , . 10 11. 3.Iniyavai Narpathu(Tamil: ) is a Tamil poetic work of didactic nature belonging to the Pathinenkilkanakku anthology of Tamil literature. This belongs to the 'post Sangam period corresponding to between 100 500 CE. Iniyavai Narpathu is a collection of 40 poems written by the poet Putham Sernthanar describing the most desirable things in life. The poems of Iniyavai Narpathu are written in the Venpa meter. This collection is very similar to Inna Narpathu, which deals with the forty things one should avoid. Inna Narpathu includes four categories of things one should seek in life: learning even at the expense of begging, the advice of learned persons, healthy children, strength to not covet other's spouse. 12. 4.Inna Narpathu is a collection of 40 poems written by Kapilar describing the most undesirable things one should avoid. One of the meanings of the Tamil word Inna is one that brings unhappiness. Inna Narpathu includes four categories of harmful things one should avoid: a beautiful but disloyal wife, the wealth of a miser(a person who hoards money), a life under a tyrant(without restrictions. without restrictions.), beauty of a flower without fragrance. This collection is very similar to Inna Narpathu, which deals with the forty things one should avoid. Inna Narpathu includes four categories of things one should seek in life: learning even at the expense of begging, the advice of learned persons, healthy children, strength to not covet other's spouse. 12 13. 5.Kar Narpathu contains forty poems written by the poet Kannankoothanaar who lived in Madurai. The poems of Kar Narpathu deal with the agam (internal) subjects. Most of the poems of Kar Narpathu are in the form of the heroine being consoled by her friend by describing the beauties of the rainy season (the Tamil word Kar means rain). 13 14. 6.Kalavazhi Narpathu contains forty poems written by the poet Poigayaar. The poems of Kalavazhi Narpathu deal with the puram (external) subjects. Puram in the Sangam literature denotes the subject matters that deal with war, politics, wealth, etc. 14 15. 7.Ainthinai Aimpathu contains fifty poems written by the poet Kannankoothanaar who lived in Madurai. The poems of, Ainthinai Aimpathu, deal with the agam (internal) subjects. The poems of Ainthinai Aimpathu are categories into ten poems for each of the five thinai, or landscape of Sangam poetry and describe in detail the situation and emotions specific to each landscape. The five landscapes of Sangam poetry are mullai forest, kurinji mountains, marutham farmland, paalai arid land and neithal seashore. 15 16. 8.The poems of Thinaimozhi Aimpathu deal with the agam (internal) subjects. Agam in the Sangam literature denotes the subject matters that deal with the intangibles of life such as human emotions, love, separation, lovers' quarrels, etc. 16 17. 9.Ainthinai Ezhupathu contains seventy poems written by the poet Muvathiyaar. The poems of Ainthinai Ezhupathu deals with the subjective (agam) concepts. Agam in the Sangam literature denotes the subject matters that deal with the intangibles of life such as human emotions, love, separation, lovers' quarrels, etc. 17 18. 10.Thinaimalai Nurru Aimpathu contains 154 poems written by the poet Kanimeythaviyaar. The poems of Thinaimalai Nurru Aimpathu deals with the subjective (agam) concepts. Agam in the Sangam literature denotes the subject matters that deal with the intangibles of life such as human emotions, love, separation, lovers' quarrels, etc. 18 19. 11.Tirukkua (Tamil: also known as the Kural), sometimes spelt 'Thirukkural, is a classic of couplets or Kurals (1330 rhyming Tamil couplets) or aphorisms. It was authored by Thiruvalluvar. Most believe he wrote Thirukkural in 30 BC which is part of Tamil Sangam Period. It is one of the Tamil books of Law. couplets :A unit of verse consisting of two successive lines, usually rhyming and having the same meter and often forming a complete thought or syntactic unit. http://www.gokulnath.com/thirukural/thirukurals.aspx 19 20. Parents: His Mother name is Aadhi and his father name is Bhagavan. In respect to their parents he wrote first kural using his parents name. His wife name is Vasuki. She was pure and dedicated lady, an ideal wife. She never disobeyed the orders of her husband. One day Thiruvalluvar was taking cold rice in the morning. He said to his wife: Vasuki, the rice is very hot, bring a fan (hand fan) to cool it. At that moment, Vasuki was drawing water from the well. When her husband called her; at once she left the rope and sprinted to him with a fan to cool the rice. She did not argue to her husband: How can the cold rice be hot? Why do you want a fan now? She just obeyed his instructions. The container that contained water was hanging in half-way inside the well without support; this shows her Pativrata Dharma Shakti. The candidates noticed this phenomenon and the noble conduct of Vasuki and were simply struck with amazement. 21. TIRUWALLUWAR (Walluwar) jest najbardziej znanym poet tamtych czasw. Nalea do jednej z podkast tkaczy, by protegowanym krla Ugraperuwaludi (128-140) z dynastii Pandja (pniej, bo od XIII wieku do 1310 rzdzili krajem naprzemiennie z Czolami, by moe byli z nimi spokrewnieni). Jego ona Wasuki bya synn patiwrata, wzorem ony stawianej za przykad do naladowania. Jego dzieem jest Kural lub Tirukkural, wite dwuwiersze, dzieo skadajce si ze 133 tematycznie zrnicowanych wierszy, skadajcych si kady z 10 dystychw, kurali. S one uoone w trzy cykle tematyczne o sztuce ycia (aram), o sztuce rzdzenia (porul) i o sztuce mioci (kamam).21 22. The Thirukkural is one of the most important works in the Tamil language. This is reflected in some of the other names by which the text is known: Tamil marai (Tamil Vedas); poyyamozhi (words that never fail); and Deivanool (divine text). The book is considered to precede Manimekalai and Silapathikaram since they both acknowledge the Kural text. 22 23. Thirukkural (or the Kural) is a collection of 1330 Tamil couplets organised into 133 chapters. Each chapter has a specific subject ranging from "ploughing a piece of land" to "ruling a country". It preaches simplicity and truth throughout its verses. It has been translated to various other languages. Many Tamil researchers and scholars including G.U. Pope have translated the Tirukkua to English. 23 24. Message of Thirukkural It is said that Thirukkural is the life, Thiruvasagam is the heart and Thirumandiram is the soul of Tamil culture. It is also said , , . When translated, it roughly means: What God said to man is in Geeta; what man said to God is in Thiruvasagam; and what man said to man is in Thirukkural. 24 25. 25 # Tamil English Transliteration Chapters 1 Virtue Araththuppaal Chapters 2 Wealth Porutpaal Chapters 3 Love Kaamaththuppaal Chapters Thirukkural is structured into 133 chapters, each containing 10 couplets, thus a total of 1330 couplets. The 133 chapters are grouped into three sections: 1). Arattuppal - o obowizku [1-38], 2). Porutpal - o rzdnoci [39-108], 3). Kamattuppal - o mioci [109-133]. 26. 26 21 Dread of Evil Deeds 22 Duty to Society 23 . Giving 24 Renown 25 Compassion 26 Abstinence from Flesh 27 Penance 28 Imposture 29 The Absence of Fraud 30 Veracity 31 Restraining Anger 32 Not doing Evil 33 Not killing 34 Instability 35 Renunciation 36 Truth-Conciousness 37 Curbing of Desire 38 Fate 39 The Greatness of a King 40 Learning # Tamil English 1 The Praise of God 2 The Blessing of Rain 3 The Greatness of Ascetics 4 Assertion of the Strength of Virtue 5 Domestic Life 6 The Worth of a Wife 7 The Wealth of Children 8 The Possession of Love 9 Hospitality 10 The Utterance of Pleasant Words 11 Gratitude 12 Impartiality 13 The Possession of Self- restraint 14 The Possession of Decorum 15 Not coveting another's Wife 16 The Possession of Patience, Forbearance 17 Not Envying 18 Not Coveting 19 Not Backbiting 20 Against Vain Speaking 27. 27 61 Unsluggishness 62 Manly Effort 63 Hopefulness in Trouble 64 The Office of Minister of state 65 Power of Speech 66 Purity in Action 67 Power in Action 68 Modes of Action 69 The Envoy 70 Conduct in the Presence of the King 71 The Knowledge of Indications 72 The Knowledge of the Council Chamber 73 Not to dread the Council 74 The Land 75 The Fortification 76 Way of Accumulating Wealth 77 The Excellence of an Army 78 Military Spirit 79 Friendship 80 Investigation in forming Friendships 41 Ignorance 42 Hearing 43 The Possession of Knowledge 44 The Correction of Faults 45 Seeking the Aid of Great Men 46 Avoiding mean Associations 47 Acting after due Consideration 48 The Knowledge of Power 49 Knowing the fitting Time 50 Knowing the Place 51 Selection and Confidence 52 Selection and Employment 53 54 Unforgetfulness 55 The Right Sceptre 56 The Cruel Sceptre 57 Absence of Terrorism 58 Benignity 59 Detectives 60 Energy 28. 28 81 Familiarity 82 Evil Friendship 83 Unreal Friendship 84 Folly 85 Ignorance 86 Hostility 87 The Might of Hatred 88 Knowing the Quality of Hate 89 Enmity within 90 Not Offending the Great 91 Being led by Women 92 Wanton Women 93 Not Drinking Palm-Wine 94 Gambling 95 Medicine 96 Nobility 97 Honour 98 Greatness 99 Perfectness 100 Courtesy 101 Wealth without Benefaction 102 Shame 103 The Way of Maintaining the Family 104 Farming 105 Poverty 106 Mendicancy 107 The Dread of Mendicancy 108 Baseness 109 The Pre-marital love 110 Recognition of the Signs 111 Rejoicing in the Embrace 112 The Praise of her Beauty 113 Declaration of Love's special Excellence 114 The Abandonment of Reserve 115 The Announcement of the Rumour 116 Separation unendurable 117 Complainings 118 Eyes consumed with Grief 119 The Pallid Hue 120 The Solitary Anguish 29. 29 121 Sad Memories 122 The Visions of the Night 123 Lamentations at Eventide 124 Wasting Away 125 Soliloquy 126 Reserve Overcome 127 Mutual Desire 128 The Reading of the Signs 129 Desire for Reunion 130 Expostulation with Oneself 131 Pouting 132 Feigned Anger 133 The Pleasures of Temporary Variance 30. 30 Indian languages Asian languages European languages Bangla Arabic Czech esk Gujarati Burmese Dutch Nederlands Hindi Chinese English English Kannada Fiji Fijian Finnish Suomi Konkani Japanese French Franais Malayalam Korean German Deutsch Marathi Malay Bahasa Melayu Hungarian Magyar Oriya Sinhalese Italian Italian Punjabi Urdu Latin Latina Rajasthani Norwegian Norsk Sanskrit Polish Polski Saurashtra Russian Tamil Spanish Espaol Telugu Swedish Svenska 31. 1: Couplet.1 A, as its first of letters, every speech maintains; The "Primal Deity" is first through all the world's domains Explanation As the letter A is the first of all letters, so the eternal God is first in the world 1330: Couplet 1330 A 'feigned aversion' coy to pleasure gives a zest; The pleasure's crowned when breast is clasped to breast Explanation Dislike adds delight to love; and a hearty embrace (thereafter) will add delight to dislike http://kural.muthu.org/kural.php?kid=1&eid=1 http://tamilcube.com.sg/media/pdf/TamilCube_Thirukkural_Tamil_English.pdf 32. 436: Couplet 436 Faultless the king who first his own faults cures, and then Permits himself to scan faults of other men O gruntownym przemyleniu kadego czynu Mdry nie akceptuje niepewnych poczyna, Co na szwank mog honor wystawi (Kural 463) 33. Couplet 547 The king all the whole realm of earth protects; And justice guards the king who right respects Explanation The king defends the whole world; and justice, when administered without defect, defends the king O dobroci Jaka korzy jest z oczu, gdy nie s ju w stanie Na wiat spojrze z agodnym umiechem? (Kural 574) 34. 524 , Couplet 524 The profit gained by wealth's increase, Is living compassed round by relatives in peace O stosunku do krewnych i przyjaci C, e wielki dostatek czowieka otacza, Skoro nie ma nim kogo otacza (Kural 524) 35. 36 251 Couplet 251 How can the wont of 'kindly grace' to him be known, Who other creatures' flesh consumes to feed his own Polish (Polski): Poeraczem ywego nie moe by czowiek, Co wyznaje nakazy pokoju. Tiruwalluwar, Tirukkural: 251 Italian (Italiano): Come pu esercitarsi nella piet allineare che mangia la carne di un animale per ingrassare la sua propria carne? Tiruvalluvar, Verses Sacred: 251 36. 786 ; Couplet 786 Not the face's smile of welcome shows the friend sincere, But the heart's rejoicing gladness when the friend is near Explanation The love that dwells (merely in the smiles of the face is not friendship; (but) that which dwells deep in the smiles of the heart is true friendship 37. 1307 Couplet 1307 A lovers' quarrel brings its pain, when mind afraid Asks doubtful, 'Will reunion sweet be long delayed?' Explanation The doubt as to whether intercourse would take place soon or not, creates a sorrow (even) in feigned dislike 38. 1314 `` '' `` '' Couplet 1314 'I love you more than all beside,' 'T was thus I gently spoke; 'What all, what all?' she instant cried; And all her anger woke Explanation When I said I loved her more than any other woman, she said "more than others, yes, more than others," and remained sulky 39. 12.Thirikatukam uses the analogy of the traditional herbal medicine, which uses the three herbs sukku (dried ginger), milaku (pepper) and thippili (Long pepper) to cure maladies of the stomach. Thirikatugam similarly uses three different maxims to illustrate correct behaviour. 40 40. 13.Acharakkovai shows influences of Sanskrit literature and hence believed to be of a later period than the other poems in the Pathinenkilkanakku anthology. The instructions in Acharakkovai are concerned with personal ritual and the correct method to follow. 41 41. 14.Pazhamozhi Nanuru contains 400 poems written by the poet Munrurai Araiyanaar, a Jain. Pazhamozhi Nanuru employs old Tamil proverbs to illustrate its messages. The following poem uses the proverb that it is impossible to straighten the tail of a dog, as it impossible to control the unchaste mind of a girl by throwing her in prison. - . 42 42. 15.ciruppanchamulam contains 100 poems written by the poet Kariyaasaan. He was probably a Jain by religious influence. Siruppanchamulam uses the analogy of the traditional herbal medicine, which uses the roots of the five herbs kandankatthiri (a plant of the nightshade family Solanum xanthocarpum), siruvzhuthunai, sirumalli, perumalli, and nerunji . Siruppanchamulam similarly uses five different maxims to illustrate correct behaviour. The following poem lists the five things, namely, a chaste girl, the humility of the learned, friendly neighbouring countries, benevolent kings under whose reign there are timely rains and loyal assistants as sweet as ambrosia(The food of the gods,) , - , . 43 43. 16.Muthumozhikkanchi contains 100 poems written by the poet Mathuraikkoodalaar Kilaar who must have lived in Madurai. The poems of Muthumozhikkanchi are divided into ten groups of ten poems each and employs simple poetic style to enable the lay person to understand the messages. All the poems start with the same phrase - ("For all the people of this world") as a preface and the rest of the first line qualifies the characteristic dealt by the rest of the ten lines of the section. In the following poem, the excellence () of righteous behaviour and chastity are found in the second and third lines: , . 44 44. 17.Elathi contains 80 poems written by the poet Kani Methaviyar. The poems of Elathi are written in the Venpa meter. Elathi uses the analogy of the traditional herbal medicine known as elathi which uses six herbs such as elam (cardamom), ilavankap pattai (cinnamon), naagakesaram (made from the stamens of the Ceylon ironwood), milagu (black pepper), thippili (long pepper), and sukku (dried ginger). Elathi similarly uses six different maxims to illustrate correct behaviour. The following poem lists the six things, namely, fame, wealth, integrity, courage, education and philanthropy that add beauty to those who follow the scriptures. , , , , , - 45 45. 18.Kainnilai contains sixty poems written by the poet Pullangkaathanaar and Innilai contains 45 poems and was written by the poet Poigayaar. The poems of Innilai deal with the ethical concepts of aram propriety, porul wealth, inpam love and veedu salvation. In this respect it is similar to Tirukkural which also concerns with these concepts. 46