TAHM JA TEMA OLULISUS - GLOBE

6.10.2011 Comenius

TAHM JA TEMA OLULISUS

Veljo Kimmel Estonian University of Life Sciences

6.10.2011 Comenius

Sisukord

• 1. Õhusaaste • 2.Miks oluline • 3. Tahm ja tema roll • 4. Tulemuste tähtsus

6.10.2011 Comenius

Õhusaaste

6.10.2011 Comenius

Õhu koostis

N2 – 78.1%, O2 – 20.9%, Ar – 0.9%, tihedus 1,25 kg kuupmeetri kohta

• Muud osised tühised • Enamus olulisi efekti tingitud väikestest

koostisosadest

6.10.2011 Comenius

Miks õhu kvaliteet oluline 1. AINERINGLUS - ca 20 kg, vaid ca 2 kg of

toit ja vedelik !!! 2. Valikuvõimalused !!! 3. Õppeosa 4. ENAMUS ÕHUSAASTEST MEIE

IGAPÄEVATEGEVUSTEST

6.10.2011 Comenius

ÕHUSAASTEST TINGITUD PROBLEEMID

1) global – climate change, ozone layer depletion 2) regional – acid rain, elevated levels of ozone and

particles, 3) local – air quality issues in cities and industrial

areas, toxic compounds 4) today different scales more and more mixed

6.10.2011 Comenius

VIIMASED MUUTUSED (IPCC, 2007)

• Increase in GHG ca 1/3 for CO2, 4/3 for CH4, 1/5 for N2O

• Levels much higher than during last millenium

• Changes accelerating during last century

6.10.2011 Comenius

ELUEA JA ULATUSE SEOSED

6.10.2011 Comenius

TAIMEDE KASV JA ÕHUSAASTE

6.10.2011 Comenius

OSAKESTE MÕJU

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EU limit values - mainly for gases

In particles (PM10) also As, Cd, Ni as yearly average, correspondingly 6, 5, 20 ng m-3

6.10.2011 Comenius

EMEP protocols, developing from acid rain to more complex issues

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Formation of pollution

• Energy demand of mankind increased during last century 10 times

Main reasons – transport on fossil fuels (oil production increase 100 times), growth of mankind and social pressure

• When most of particles formed naturally (10 times more than by mankind), then their radiative influence almost equal (due to black carbon)

Pollution formation during combustion

• Non-efficient combustion mainly occurring in smaller engines – cars, domestic heating

• Black carbon formation similar to CO, especially marked in IPCC reports

Factors affecting climate (IPCC, 2007 - most of them highly uncertain )

6.10.2011 Comenius

Pollution distribution - houses, trees etc diminish horisontal mixing several times

6.10.2011 Comenius

What to measure?

• List of pollutants measured and measurements frequency related to problem involved

• Global issues mainly require long-living compounds, exceptions particles remaining in dynamic equilibrium

• Thus also when we diminish release of particles, influence can be quick

6.10.2011 Comenius

Siting of measurements (Sivertsen, 1997)

The quicker we measure the less stations

The more polluted the more required measurements

Important also for making analysis – until which area you can say something

6.10.2011 Comenius

Monitoring station in cities – continuous monitors, usually time step 1h

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Monitoring in background area – mainly sampling and analysis

6.10.2011 Comenius

EMEP network for regional problems

6.10.2011 Comenius

EMEP particles network, at 6 super-sites also BC or EC measurement

6.10.2011 Comenius

BC or EC measurements

• Measurements in few places, usually temporarily during scientific campaigns

• Not required directly by directives, can help to determine sources and manage air quality

• Can easily be linked with local human activities – driving, domestic heating (but not with natural gas)

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Energy cycles – a lot of natural sources for diminishing bad effects

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Summary • 1. Air pollution creates many environmental

problems • 2. Particle properties are measured

continuously at few places in background Europe, EC or BC only at 6 places

• 3. Comenius project BC measurements can have a significant additional value