Tadas Leoncikas - Labour migration and migrant integration in the perspective of recent EU Policy developments: Selected Highlights

Labour migration and migrant integration

in the perspective of recent EU Policy

developments:

Selected Highlights

Tadas Leoncikas

Living Conditions and Quality of Life unit

Expert seminar ‘Labour migration in the Baltic Sea countries’

Vilnius, 25 April 2013

What is Eurofound?

• A tripartite European agency

• Carrying out comparative

socio-economic research

• Budget of EUR 20.7m (2013)

• 115 people in Dublin and in

Brussels

• Established in 1975

2

Eurofound will provide high quality,

timely and policy relevant knowledge

as input to better informed policies in four priority areas

Increasing labour market participation and combating unemployment by creating jobs, improving labour markets and promoting integration

Improving working conditions and make work sustainable throughout the life course

Developing industrial relations to ensure equitable and productive solutions in a changing policy context

Improving standards of living and promoting social cohesion in the face of economic disparities and social inequalities

Strategic objectives 2013 - 2016

3

I. Context:

• Demography

• Polarisation tendencies in job structure

• EU policy context

4

Contribution of natural change and net migration (and statistical adjustment) to

population change, 2011

EU Employment and Social Situation, Quarterly Review, March 2013,

Special Supplement on Demographic Trends

Demographic background

Non EU citizens represented two-thirds of the EU

population growth in the past decade and half of

employment growth in the past five years.

Out of just over 30 million non-nationals in the

various EU Member States, 20 million are non-

EU citizens. Up to 10-15 million more people

were born as non-EU citizens and later acquired

citizenship of an EU Member State.

Demographic background

Policy context

• Labour market demands at both ends of skills spectrum

• Europe 2020: better matching labour supply and demand

• Social Investment Package (EC 2013):

Acknowledges: More diverse populations, a more diverse workforce,

more diverse lives

Requests: efficiency improvements in policies

Implies and/or suggests: cost-benefit analysis

Overall: opens a window of opportunity for research to show the costs of

non-action, of missing policies

Job structure developments in EU

during crisis

Employment change in EU27 by wage quintile 2008-2012

Source: Eurofound (2013) Employment polarisation and job quality in the crisis: European Jobs Monitor 2013

p.11 (based on LFS and ESES)

Job structure developments:

upgrading, polarisation, or downgrading?

Employment change in EU27 by wage quintile and country 2011 Q2 – 2012 Q2

Source: Eurofound (2013) Employment polarisation and job quality in the crisis: European Jobs Monitor 2013

p.12 (based on LFS and ESES)

Upgrading Polarisation Downgrading/hybrid

II. Major elements of EU level

policies in area of migration and integration

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Major elements of EU level

policy measures: access to labour market

• Efforts for coherent EU strategy since 1999

• TCNs:

Blue card directive (2009)

European Single Permit Directive (2011)

Further legislation proposed: Intra-corporate transfers

• Mobile MS nationals:

EU Directive on the recognition of professional qualifications

(2005/36/EC)

Posted workers

EURES 11

Major elements of EU level

policy measures: integration

European Agenda for the integration of TCNs (EC 2011) TCN integration fund

Subsidiarity

Acknowledgement of importance of local level governance

The Stockholm programme (2010-2014) – what will the

forthcoming renewal entail?

What about integration needs of 12m mobile EU citizens?

ESF project funding used in some countries

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Developments in European institutions

• European Parliament: Report on the integration of

migrants, its effects on the labour market and the

external dimension of social security coordination

(11.02.2013)

• European Commission: how will future

responsibilities for migration and mobility issues will

be allocated?

Roles of DG HOME and DG EMPLOYMENT?

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Eurofound action research:

CLIP (cities for local integration policy)

• CLIP (2006 – 2010): network of 30 European cities

working together to support the social and economic

integration of migrants (Tallinn, Malmo, Helsinki, Wroclaw,

Copenhagen, Turku – from the Baltic sea countries)

• Structured sharing of experiences: city reports and

workshops on four research modules

Housing and integration of migrants in Europe

Equality and diversity in jobs and services

Intercultural policies in European cities

Ethnic entrepreneurship

• Local authorities learn from each other and deliver a more

effective integration policy. 14

III. Why situation of labour migrants and mobile

workers matters?

Insights from the

European Working Conditions Survey

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A sample segment

with the migrant background

• 12.6% - Share of working

population with migrant

background (other than

those who and whose both

parents were born in a

country)

EWCS 2010 - EU27 (total N=35,251)

87.4%

12.6%

Satisfaction with working conditions

information about health and safety risks EWCS 2010

q76. On the whole, are you very satisfied, satisfied,

not very satisfied or not at all satisfied with

working conditions in your main paid job?

1 Very satisfied 2 Satisfied

3 Not very

satisfied

4 Not at

all

satisfied

Were you and both of your

parents born in this country?

yes 25.1% 59.7% 12.6% 2.7%

no 24.5% 57.2% 15.7% 2.6%

q30. Regarding the health and safety risks related

to performance of your job, how well informed

would you say you are?

1 Very well

informed

2 Well

informed

3 Not very

well

informed

4 Not at all

well

informed

Were you and both of your

parents born in this country?

Yes 45.4% 45.2% 7.0% 2.4%

No 40.5% 45.0% 11.0% 3.5%

Exposure to various risks EWCS 2010

Migrant

background

Other

index of exposure to

ergonomic risks

106.98 98.99

index of exposure to

biological and chemical

risks

105.32 99.23

index of exposure to

ambient risks

103.40 99.50

Note: with 2010 EU27 average as reference (100)

Subjection to discrimination for

different reason, by origin (EWCS 2010)

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

Age

Gen

der

Nat

ion

alit

y

Eth

nic

bac

kgro

un

d o

rsk

in c

olo

ur

Re

ligio

n

Dis

abili

ty

Sexu

al o

rie

nta

tio

n

Native Migrant All

Migrant

background

Other

q70. Over the last

month, during the

course of your work

have you been

subjected to... ?

verbal abuse*** 13.4 10.4

unwanted sexual attention *** 2.5 1.6

threats and humiliating

behaviour ***

6.6 4.8

q71. Over the past

12 months, during

the course of your

work have you been

subjected to… ?

physical violence 2.1 1.8

bullying /harassment *** 6.0 3.8

sexual harassment *** 1.5 1.0

EWCS 2010, EU-27

Percentage of those answered ‘Yes’

*** - p ≤ 0.001

Key EWCS findings regarding

diversity

The flipside of greater diversity (in all forms) in the workforce is that discrimination at work remains a risk:

In 2010, 6% of European workers said that they had experienced some form of discrimination at work – a slight increase compared with 2005.

Strikingly, given the European policy goal of retaining people in work for longer, the most common complaint was of age discrimination – reported by 3% of workers.

People with migrant background are more likely to encounter most forms of abusive behaviour such as verbal abuse (13%), threats, bullying (6%) or unwanted sexual attention.

Note: the survey focuses on the working population and does not measure the

discrimination preventing the access to labour market.

Effect of discrimination and harassment on

health and well-being

Mental

health at

risk

(WHO 5)

Able to do

job at 60

Absent from

work for more

than 5 days

due to health

problems

Dissatisfied

with

working

conditions

Subjected to

discrimination at work

(past year)

Yes 32% 48% 35% 34%

No 19% 59% 23% 14%

Subjected to adverse

social behaviour

Yes 29% 46% 32% 32%

No 18% 61% 22% 13%

EWCS, 2010

EWCS 2010, EU-27, %

Vulnerability aspects

Differences between migrants and non-migrants are less pronounced

in terms of perceived health risk, perceived financial security in case of

illness, or general social support from colleagues or management

than they are in terms of formal contracts and awareness.

9.4

4.3

14.5

7.7

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Not at all or Not very

well informed about

health risks

Have no contract

Other Migrant background

New focus points

in research and policy (1)

• Challenges to social services?

Welfare pick-up by migrants and access to social services

IZA study findings

Public / private sector characteristics

DG HOME considering a draft directive to define au-pair

situation

• Social costs of mobility:

for migrants themselves; related to portability of social rights

integration needs of mobile EU citizens

for labour market sectors in sending countries (e.g. mobility of

healthcare professionals – EF report forthcoming 2013)

Different types of costs for sending and receiving MSs (note EP

report on statistics on demography) 24

• Single European labour market (EPC)? Scenarios?

• CEDEFOP: Skills obsolescence and mismatch survey 2013

• Laval case and its repercussions: ILO opinion regarding

Sweden (April 2013)

* * * * *

• Eurofound future research on mobility and migration:

Priority to the issue in the EF Work Programme 2013-2016

Next project: Migration, labour market policies and the

effective integration of TCN

Expert seminar on 13 June 2013

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New focus points

in research and policy (2)

Concluding points

• The issue is not only about more or less migration, but:

where, by whom, and to what types of jobs, and with what

job structure outcomes (polarisation? upgrading?..)

• In terms of measures to help integration, it is not only

about targeting groups in terms of their origin or

migration status:

it is also about general measures for labour market and

working conditions

• Finally, labour migration is not only about migration, it is

also about labour

Conditions, efficiency, and distribution of work in society

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Thank you

Contact:

[email protected]

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