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Page 1: Tackling procrastination: It’s easier, and more valuable ... · PDF fileProcrastination and Blocking. ... A Meta‐Analytic and Theoretical Review of Quintessential Self ... •Boice,

Tackling procrastination: It’s easier, and more valuable, 

than you think

Barbara Oakley, PhD

Page 2: Tackling procrastination: It’s easier, and more valuable ... · PDF fileProcrastination and Blocking. ... A Meta‐Analytic and Theoretical Review of Quintessential Self ... •Boice,
Page 3: Tackling procrastination: It’s easier, and more valuable ... · PDF fileProcrastination and Blocking. ... A Meta‐Analytic and Theoretical Review of Quintessential Self ... •Boice,
Page 4: Tackling procrastination: It’s easier, and more valuable ... · PDF fileProcrastination and Blocking. ... A Meta‐Analytic and Theoretical Review of Quintessential Self ... •Boice,
Page 5: Tackling procrastination: It’s easier, and more valuable ... · PDF fileProcrastination and Blocking. ... A Meta‐Analytic and Theoretical Review of Quintessential Self ... •Boice,
Page 6: Tackling procrastination: It’s easier, and more valuable ... · PDF fileProcrastination and Blocking. ... A Meta‐Analytic and Theoretical Review of Quintessential Self ... •Boice,
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Image Credits

• Arsenic images from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic• The US Senate Chamber in 1868, Courtesy the Cornell University Library via the Commons on Flickr, via http://susanbarsy.com/tag/us‐presidency/. (Okay, it’s not the 48th meeting of 

the German Association of Arts and Sciences in 1875, but it gives a bit of a sense of the era…)• Pomodoro timer, Pomodoro timer, Autore: Francesco Cirillo rilasciata a Erato nelle sottostanti• licenze seguiràOTRS, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Il_pomodoro.jpg• Brick wall ©Kevin Mendez, 2014.• Procrastination funneling ©Kevin Mendez, 2014.• http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Optical_microscope_nikon_alphaphot_+.jpg, author, GcG(jawp).• Wagner‐Meerwein rearrangement, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner‐Meerwein_rearrangement, A Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement is a class of carbocation 1,2‐

rearrangement reactions in which a hydrogen, alkyl or aryl group migrates from one carbon to a neighboring carbon• Clip art courtesy Microsoft Corporation

Relevant Readings• Ainslie, G., and N. Haslam. "Self‐Control." In Choice over Time, edited by G. Loewenstein and J. Elster NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 1992.• Boice, Robert. Procrastination and Blocking.  Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996.• Chu, Angela, and Jin Name Choi. "Rethinking Procrastination: Positive Effects of 'Active' Procrastination Behavior on Attitudes and Performance." Journal of Social Psychology 145, no. 

3 (2005): 245‐64.• Duhigg, Charles. The Power of Habit.  NY: Random House, 2012.• Ellenbogen, J.M., P.T. Hu, J.D. Payne, D. Titone, and M.P. Walker. "Human Relational Memory Requires Time and Sleep." PNAS 104, no. 18 (2007): 7723‐28.• Emmett, Rita. The Procrastinator's Handbook.  NY: Walker & Company, 2000.• Emsley, J. The Elements of Murder.  NY: Oxford University Press, 2005.• Fiore, Neil A. The Now Habit.  NY: Penguin, 2007.• Graham, Paul. "Good and Bad Procrastination."  http://paulgraham.com/procrastination.html.• Lyons, I.M., and S.L. Beilock. "When Math Hurts: Math Anxiety Predicts Pain Network Activation in Anticipation of Doing Math." PLoS ONE 7, no. 10 (2012): e48076.• Partnoy, F. Wait.  NY: PublicAffairs, 2012.• Steel, Piers. "The Nature of Procrastination: A Meta‐Analytic and Theoretical Review of Quintessential Self‐Regulatory Failure." Psychological Bulletin 133, no. 1 (Jan 2007): 65‐94.• ———. The Procrastination Equation.  NY: Random House, 2010.• Tice, D.M., and R.F. Baumeister. "Longitudinal Study of Procrastination, Performance, Stress, and Health: The Costs and Benefits of Dawdling." Psychological Science 8, no. 6 (1997): 

454‐58.

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Zombies everywhere: Digging deeper to understand the habit 

of procrastination

Barbara Oakley, PhD

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Habits have four parts:

1.The cue2.The routine3.The reward4.The belief

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Image Credits

• Woman backing up in the car courtesy Rachel Oakley.• Man riding a bicycle courtesy Philip Oakley.• Zombie illustrations ©Kevin Mendez, 2014.• Clip art courtesy Microsoft Corporation

Relevant Readings

• Boice, Robert. Procrastination and Blocking.  Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996.• Duhigg, Charles. The Power of Habit.  NY: Random House, 2012.• Fiore, Neil A. The Now Habit.  NY: Penguin, 2007.• McClain, Dylan Loeb. "Harnessing the Brain's Right Hemisphere to Capture Many Kings." New York Times, Jan 24 2011.

• Steel, Piers. "The Nature of Procrastination: A Meta‐Analytic and Theoretical Review of Quintessential Self‐Regulatory Failure." Psychological Bulletin 133, no. 1 (Jan 2007): 65‐94.

• ———. The Procrastination Equation.  NY: Random House, 2010.• Wan, X., H. Nakatani, K. Ueno, T. Asamizuya, K. Cheng, and K. Tanaka. "The Neural Basis of Intuitive Best Next‐Move Generation in Board Game Experts." Science 331, no. 6015 (Jan 21 2011): 341‐6.

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Surf’s up!Process versus product

Barbara Oakley, PhD

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• Process• Product

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Product

Process

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PROCESSnot

product

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Image Credits• Woman studying courtesy Roslyn Oakley.• Insular cortex ©Kevin Mendez, 2014.• Physicist Antony Garrett Lisi surfing, author Cjean42, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Garrett_Lisi_surfing.jpg• Pomodoro timer, Autore: Francesco Cirillo rilasciata a Erato nelle sottostanti licenze seguiràOTRS, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Il_pomodoro.jpg

• Zombie illustrations ©Kevin Mendez, 2014.• Clip art courtesy Microsoft Corporation

Relevant Readings• Boice, Robert. Procrastination and Blocking.  Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996.• Duhigg, Charles. The Power of Habit.  NY: Random House, 2012.• Ericsson, K Anders, Michael J Prietula, and Edward T Cokely. "The Making of an Expert." Harvard Business Review 

85, no. 7/8 (2007): 114.• Fiore, Neil A. The Now Habit.  NY: Penguin, 2007.• McClain, Dylan Loeb. "Harnessing the Brain's Right Hemisphere to Capture Many Kings." New York Times, Jan 24 

2011.• Steel, Piers. "The Nature of Procrastination: A Meta‐Analytic and Theoretical Review of Quintessential Self‐

Regulatory Failure." Psychological Bulletin 133, no. 1 (Jan 2007): 65‐94.• ———. The Procrastination Equation.  NY: Random House, 2010.• Wan, X., H. Nakatani, K. Ueno, T. Asamizuya, K. Cheng, and K. Tanaka. "The Neural Basis of Intuitive Best Next‐Move 

Generation in Board Game Experts." Science 331, no. 6015 (Jan 21 2011): 341‐6.

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Harnessing your zombies to help you

Barbara Oakley, PhD

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What launches you into procrastination mode?1. The cue

• Location• Time• How you feel• Reactions 

2. The routine• Plan 

3. The reward4. The belief

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Image Credits

• Surfing zombie, ©Kevin Mendez, 2014.• Funneling of attention in procrastination ©Kevin Mendez, 2014.• Comfortable chair, © Philip Oakley, 2014.• Clip art courtesy Microsoft Corporation

Relevant Readings

• Boice, Robert. Procrastination and Blocking.  Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996.• Duhigg, Charles. The Power of Habit.  NY: Random House, 2012.• Fiore, Neil A. The Now Habit.  NY: Penguin, 2007.• McClain, Dylan Loeb. "Harnessing the Brain's Right Hemisphere to Capture Many Kings." New York Times, Jan 

24 2011.• Steel, Piers. "The Nature of Procrastination: A Meta‐Analytic and Theoretical Review of Quintessential Self‐

Regulatory Failure." Psychological Bulletin 133, no. 1 (Jan 2007): 65‐94.• ———. The Procrastination Equation.  NY: Random House, 2010.• Wan, X., H. Nakatani, K. Ueno, T. Asamizuya, K. Cheng, and K. Tanaka. "The Neural Basis of Intuitive Best Next‐

Move Generation in Board Game Experts." Science 331, no. 6015 (Jan 21 2011): 341‐6.

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Juggling life and learning

Barbara Oakley, PhD

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• Weekly list of key tasks• Daily “to do” list

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Plan your quitting time!

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The Law of Serendipity

Lady Luck favors the one who tries.

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Image Credits• Zombie task list ©Kevin Mendez, 2014.• Online stopwatch, http://www.online‐stopwatch.com/.• Clip art courtesy Microsoft Corporation

Relevant Readings• Boice, Robert. Procrastination and Blocking.  Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996.• Duhigg, Charles. The Power of Habit.  NY: Random House, 2012.• Fiore, Neil A. The Now Habit.  NY: Penguin, 2007.• McClain, Dylan Loeb. "Harnessing the Brain's Right Hemisphere to Capture Many Kings." New York Times, Jan 

24 2011.• Newport, Cal. How to Become a Straight‐a Student: The Unconventional Strategies Real College Students Use 

to Score High While Studying Less.  New York, NY: Random House, 2006.• ———. So Good They Can't Ignore You.  NY: Business Plus, 2012.• Scullin, M. K., and M. A. McDaniel. "Remembering to Execute a Goal: Sleep on It!" Psychological Science 21, 

no. 7 (Jul 2010): 1028‐35.• Steel, Piers. "The Nature of Procrastination: A Meta‐Analytic and Theoretical Review of Quintessential Self‐

Regulatory Failure." Psychological Bulletin 133, no. 1 (Jan 2007): 65‐94.• ———. The Procrastination Equation.  NY: Random House, 2010.• Wan, X., H. Nakatani, K. Ueno, T. Asamizuya, K. Cheng, and K. Tanaka. "The Neural Basis of Intuitive Best Next‐

Move Generation in Board Game Experts." Science 331, no. 6015 (Jan 21 2011): 341‐6.

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Summing up procrastination

Barbara Oakley, PhD

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Summing up procrastination:

• Keep a planner journal• Commit yourself to certain routines and tasks each day• Delay rewards until you finish the task• Watch for procrastination cues• Gain trust in your new system• Have backup plans for when you still procrastinate• Eat your frogs first

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Image Credits

• Zombies, ©Kevin Mendez, 2014.• Brick wall, ©Kevin Mendez, 2014.• Pomodoro timer, Autore: Francesco Cirillo rilasciata a Erato nelle sottostanti licenze seguiràOTRS, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Il_pomodoro.jpg

• Clip art courtesy Microsoft Corporation

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Diving deeper into memory

Barbara Oakley, PhD

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force = mass x accelerationf = ma

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force = mass x accelerationf = ma

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interleave

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Jane Smith

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Image Credits

• Living room © Rachel Oakley, 2014.• House layout ©Kevin Mendez, 2014.• “Visual” fMRI image from Moussa, MN, MR Steen, PJ Laurienti, and S Hayasaka. "Consistency of Network Modules in Resting‐State Fmri

Connectome Data." PLoS ONE 7, no. 8 (2012): e44428; also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resting_state_fMRI#mediaviewer/File:RestingStateModels.jpg.

• Thiebaut de Schotten, M., F. Dell'Acqua, S. J. Forkel, A. Simmons, F. Vergani, D. G. Murphy, and M. Catani. "A Lateralized Brain Network for Visuospatial Attention." Nat Neurosci 14, no. 10 (Oct 2011): 1245‐6.

• Flying mule, ©Kevin Mendez, 2014.• Pinball, ©Kevin Mendez, 2014.• Logan, Jessica M., Alan D. Castel, Sara Haber, and Emily J. Viehman. "Metacognition and the Spacing Effect: The Role of Repetition, 

Feedback, and Instruction on Judgments of Learning for Massed and Spaced Rehearsal." Metacognition and Learning 7, no. 3 (2012): 175‐95.

• Anki image, http://ankisrs.net/• Clip art courtesy Microsoft Corporation

Relevant Readings• Baddeley, Alan, Michael W. Eysenck, and Michael C. Anderson. Memory.  NY: Psychology Press, 2009.• Ellenbogen, J.M., P.T. Hu, J.D. Payne, D. Titone, and M.P. Walker. "Human Relational Memory Requires Time and Sleep." PNAS 104, no. 18 

(2007): 7723‐28.• Ericsson, K.A., and R.W. Roring. "Memory as a Fully Integrated Aspect of Skilled and Expert Performance." Psychology of Learning and 

Motivation 48 (2007): 351‐80.• Foer, J. Moonwalking with Einstein.  NY: Penguin, 2011.• Guida, A., F. Gobet, H. Tardieu, and S. Nicolas. "How Chunks, Long‐Term Working Memory and Templates Offer a Cognitive Explanation 

for Neuroimaging Data on Expertise Acquisition: A Two‐Stage Framework." Brain and Cognition 79, no. 3 (Aug 2012): 221‐44.

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Relevant readings (cont.) • Leutner, D., C. Leopold, and E. Sumfleth. "Cognitive Load and Science Text Comprehension: Effects of Drawing and Mentally Imaging Text 

Content." Computers in Human Behavior 25 (2009): 284‐89.• Levin, J.R., M.E. Levin, L.D. Glasman, and M.B. Nordwall. "Mnemonic Vocabulary Instruction: Additional Effectiveness Evidence." 

Contemporary Educational Psychology 17, no. 2 (1992): 156‐74.• Logan, Jessica M., Alan D. Castel, Sara Haber, and Emily J. Viehman. "Metacognition and the Spacing Effect: The Role of Repetition, 

Feedback, and Instruction on Judgments of Learning for Massed and Spaced Rehearsal." Metacognition and Learning 7, no. 3 (2012): 175‐95.

• Longcamp, Marieke, Céline Boucard, Jean‐Claude Gilhodes, Jean‐Luc Anton, Muriel Roth, Bruno Nazarian, and Jean‐Luc Velay. "Learning through Hand‐ or Typewriting Influences Visual Recognition of New Graphic Shapes: Behavioral and Functional Imaging Evidence." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, no. 5 (2008/05/01 2008): 802‐15.

• Maguire, E.A., D.G. Gadian, I.S. Johnsrude, C.D. Good, J. Ashburner, R.S.J. Frackowiak, and C.D. Frith. "Navigation‐Related Structural Change in the Hippocampi of Taxi Drivers." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, no. 8 (2000): 4398‐403.

• Maguire, E.A., E.R. Valentine, J.M. Wilding, and N. Kapur. "Routes to Remembering: The Brains Behind Superior Memory." Nature Neuroscience 6, no. 1 (2003): 90‐95.

• Morris, Peter E, Catherine O Fritz, Louise Jackson, Emma Nichol, and Elizabeth Roberts. "Strategies for Learning Proper Names: Expanding Retrieval Practice, Meaning and Imagery." Applied Cognitive Psychology 19, no. 6 (2005): 779‐98.

• Moussa, MN, MR Steen, PJ Laurienti, and S Hayasaka. "Consistency of Network Modules in Resting‐State Fmri Connectome Data." PLoSONE 7, no. 8 (2012): e44428.

• Smoker, Timothy J, Carrie E Murphy, and Alison K Rockwell. "Comparing Memory for Handwriting Versus Typing." Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 2009.

• Thiebaut de Schotten, M., F. Dell'Acqua, S. J. Forkel, A. Simmons, F. Vergani, D. G. Murphy, and M. Catani. "A Lateralized Brain Network for Visuospatial Attention." Nat Neurosci 14, no. 10 (Oct 2011): 1245‐6.

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3‐7A What is long term memory? 

Dr. Terrence Sejnowski

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Relevant Readings

• Han X, Chen M, Wang F, Windrem M, Wang S, Shanz S, Xu Q, Oberheim NA, Bekar L, Betstadt S, Silva AJ, Takano T, Goldman SA, Nedergaard M. Forebrain engraftment by human glial progenitor cells enhances synaptic plasticity and learning in adult mice. Cell Stem Cell. 2013 Mar 7;12(3):342-53.

• Inda MC, Muravieva EV, Alberini CM. “Memory retrieval and the passage of time: from reconsolidation and strengthening to extinction.” Journal of Neuroscience 2011 Feb 2; 31(5):1635-43. PMID: 21289172.

• Lee, H.S; Ghettia, A; Pinto-Duarte, A; Wang, X; Dziewczapolskia, G.; Galimic, F; Huitron-Resendizd, S; Pina-Crespoa, JC; Roberts, AJ; Vermac, IM; Sejnowski, TJ; Heinemann, SF; “Astrocytes contribute to gamma oscillations and recognition memory,” Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences, USA, www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1410893111, 2014

Image Credits

• Most of Molaison's two hippocampi were removed bilaterally, . http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh27-2/IMAGES/Page191.gif; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Molaison#mediaviewer/File:Hippolobes.gif

• Consolidation image from http://www.hfsp.org/frontier-science/awardees-articles/function-memory-reconsolidation-function-time

• Guy Pierce from the year 2000 film Memento, directed by Christopher Nolan.

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Creating meaningful groups and the memory palace technique

Barbara Oakley, PhD

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• Garlic

• Rose

• Hawthorn

• Mustard GRAHAM

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1965 11.0

75

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Some Lovers Try Positions that They Can’t Handle

A = Scaphoid B = Lunate C = Triquetrum D = PisiformE = Trapezium F = Trapezoid G = Capitate H = Hamate

Old People From Texas Eat Spiders

Memorable mnemonics

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Memory palace technique

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f = ma

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Image Credits

• Vampire, ©Kevin Mendez, 2014.• Garlic, by JJ Harrison ([email protected]) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic#mediaviewer/File:Garlic_Bulbs_2.jpg.• Hawthorn, by Nadiatalent,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus_ambigua#mediaviewer/File:Crataegus‐ambigua‐2.jpg.• Rose (Rose Amber Flush), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose#mediaviewer/File:Rose_Amber_Flush_20070601.jpg. Graham 

cracker stack, by Evan Amos, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_cracker#mediaviewer/File:Graham‐Cracker‐Stack.jpg• 100 meter dash, by Rudolphous, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_metres#mediaviewer/File:20070701‐nk2007‐100m.jpg• Knitting, ©Rachel Oakley, 2014.• Xray hand with color, by Dr. Jochen Lengerke, 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpus#mediaviewer/File:Xray_hand_with_color.jpg• Bones of the skull, LadyofHats Mariana Ruiz Villarreal, 

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_skull_side_simplified_(bones).svg• Layout of a house, ©Kevin Mendez, 2014.• Oakley house, ©Philip Oakley, 2014.• Living room, ©Rachel Oakley, 2014.• Guida, A., F. Gobet, H. Tardieu, and S. Nicolas. "How Chunks, Long‐Term Working Memory and Templates Offer a Cognitive 

Explanation for Neuroimaging Data on Expertise Acquisition: A Two‐Stage Framework." Brain and Cognition 79, no. 3 (Aug 2012): 221‐44.

• Memory ribbon and patterns, © Barbara Oakley, 2014• Flying mule, © Kevin Mendez, 2014• Kitchen sink, ©Philip Oakley, 2014.• Clip art courtesy Microsoft Corporation

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Relevant Readings

• Baddeley, Alan, Michael W. Eysenck, and Michael C. Anderson. Memory.  NY: Psychology Press, 2009.• Ericsson, K.A., and R.W. Roring. "Memory as a Fully Integrated Aspect of Skilled and Expert Performance." 

Psychology of Learning and Motivation 48 (2007): 351‐80.• Foer, J. Moonwalking with Einstein.  NY: Penguin, 2011.• Guida, A., F. Gobet, H. Tardieu, and S. Nicolas. "How Chunks, Long‐Term Working Memory and Templates 

Offer a Cognitive Explanation for Neuroimaging Data on Expertise Acquisition: A Two‐Stage Framework." Brain and Cognition 79, no. 3 (Aug 2012): 221‐44.

• Leutner, D., C. Leopold, and E. Sumfleth. "Cognitive Load and Science Text Comprehension: Effects of Drawing and Mentally Imaging Text Content." Computers in Human Behavior 25 (2009): 284‐89.

• Levin, J.R., M.E. Levin, L.D. Glasman, and M.B. Nordwall. "Mnemonic Vocabulary Instruction: Additional Effectiveness Evidence." Contemporary Educational Psychology 17, no. 2 (1992): 156‐74.

• Maguire, E.A., D.G. Gadian, I.S. Johnsrude, C.D. Good, J. Ashburner, R.S.J. Frackowiak, and C.D. Frith. "Navigation‐Related Structural Change in the Hippocampi of Taxi Drivers." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, no. 8 (2000): 4398‐403.

• Maguire, E.A., E.R. Valentine, J.M. Wilding, and N. Kapur. "Routes to Remembering: The Brains Behind Superior Memory." Nature Neuroscience 6, no. 1 (2003): 90‐95.

• Morris, Peter E, Catherine O Fritz, Louise Jackson, Emma Nichol, and Elizabeth Roberts. "Strategies for Learning Proper Names: Expanding Retrieval Practice, Meaning and Imagery." Applied Cognitive Psychology 19, no. 6 (2005): 779‐98.

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Summing up memoryBarbara Oakley, PhD

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Long term memory

Working memory

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1965 11.0Old People From Texas Eat Spiders

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Memory palace technique

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Image Credits

• Graham cracker stack, by Evan Amos, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_cracker#mediaviewer/File:Graham‐Cracker‐Stack.jpg

• Xray hand with color, by Dr. Jochen Lengerke, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpus#mediaviewer/File:Xray_hand_with_color.jpg

• Memory ribbon and patterns, © Barbara Oakley, 2014• “Visual” Moussa, MN, MR Steen, PJ Laurienti, and S Hayasaka. "Consistency of Network Modules in Resting‐State Fmri Connectome Data." PLoS ONE 7, no. 8 (2012): e44428.

• Oakley house, ©Philip Oakley, 2014.• Neural pinball, ©Barbara Oakley, 2014.• Living room, ©Rachel Oakley, 2014.• Kitchen sink, ©Philip Oakley, 2014.• Clip art courtesy Microsoft Corporation