Integrated Crop Management 284 Tables
Integrated Crop Management284
Tables
Vol. 11–2010 285
TYPOLOGY OFGRASSLANDS
NATURAL DEGRADED POTENTIALLYWELL-MANAGED
TOTAL
Herbaceous 3 408 1 761 8 123 13 292
Evergreen shrub 869 506 705 2 081
Deciduous shrub 3 089 1 824 6 488 11 402
SparseShrub/herbaceous
5 301 1 445 7 077 13 824
TABLE 1: Extent of the different grassland types (1 000 ha) (Chapter II)
CLIMATE DECIDUOUSSHRUB
EVERGREENSHRUB
HERBACEOUS SPARSE SHRUB/HERBACEOUS
Polar 7.7 15.0 8.2 6.3
Boreal 10.4 16.0 8.8 8.7
Temperate 5.6 9.2 5.5 4.3
Mediterranean 3.6 4.1 4.4 2.9
Subtropics 3.3 5.1 4.8 5.4
Tropics 3.8 6.0 3.8 4.3
Deserts 2.9 3.6 2.5 2.7
TABLE 2: Average stock of organic carbon (0–30 cm) in different grassland types (kg/m2) (Chapter II)
TYPOLOGY OFGRASSLANDS
NATURAL DEGRADED POTENTIALLYIMPROVED
Deciduous shrub 211 76 255
Evergreen shrub 122 37 49
Herbaceous 233 77 334
Sparse Shrub/herbaceous
340 63 247
TABLE 3: Total stock (0–30 cm) of organic carbon in different grassland types (Mt C)(Chapter II)
Integrated Crop Management286
GRASSLAND CARBON SEQUESTRATION: MANAGEMENT, POLICY AND ECONOMICS
CLIMATE GASSLAND TYPES NATURAL DEGRADED IMPROVED
Deserts - 1.00 0.97 1.05
Tropics - 1.14 0.97 1.17
SubtropicsHumid
Shrub
Grasses
Sparse grasses
1.02
1.14
1.02
0.75
0.85
0.75
1.10
1.17
1.05
SubtropicsDrylands
Shrub
Grasses
Sparse grasses
1.02
1.02
1.02
0.56
0.80
0.70
1.07
1.10
1.10
MediterraneanHumid
Shrub
Grasses
Sparse grasses
1.00
1.05
0.93
0.70
0.56
0.55
1.07
1.06
1.06
MediterraneanDrylands
Evergreen shrub
Deciduous shrub
Grasses
Sparse grasses
0.98
0.98
0.95
0.90
0.56
0.56
0.60
0.60
1.07
1.10
1.10
1.01
TemperateHumid
Shrub
Grasses
Sparse grasses
1.12
1.10
1.05
0.95
0.95
0.95
1.14
1.14
1.14
TemperateDrylands
Shrub
Grasses
Sparse grasses
1.12
1.05
1.01
0.95
0.95
0.95
1.09
1.09
1.07
Boreal - 1.12 0.95 1.14
Polar - 1.00 0.71 1.05
TABLE 4: Sequestration factors for organic carbon as a function of grassland typology, management status and climatic zones (Chapter II)
287Vol. 11–2010
MAPS, TABLES AND FIGURES
(i)TYPOLOGY OF GRASSLANDS NATURAL DEGRADED POTENTIALLY
IMPROVED
Deciduous shrub 0.06 –0.02 0.03
Evergreen shrub 0.13 –0.05 0.07
Herbaceous 0.03 –0.02 0.02
Sparse Shrub/herbaceous 0.02 –0.02 0.02
(ii)TYPOLOGY OF GRASSLANDS NATURAL DEGRADED POTENTIALLY
IMPROVED
Deciduous shrub 157.46 –33.30 159.29
Evergreen shrub 110.47 –22.76 37.34
Herbaceous 90.90 –37.71 190.47
Sparse Shrub/herbaceous 99.91 –27.42 105.57
TABLE 5: (i) Mean (kg C/m2) and (ii) total (Mt C) carbon sequestration (0–30 cm)as a function of grassland typology and management level (Chapter II)
Integrated Crop Management288
GRASSLAND CARBON SEQUESTRATION: MANAGEMENT, POLICY AND ECONOMICS
LAN
DC
OV
ER
CLA
SS
CLI
MA
TE
WIT
HO
UT
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
(NA
TU
RA
L)M
AN
AG
ED
DE
GR
AD
ED
Sto
ck
cha
ng
e fa
cto
r
Au
tho
rsS
tock
cha
ng
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cto
r
Au
tho
rsS
tock
cha
ng
efa
cto
r
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tho
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11
Sh
rub
co
ve
r,
clo
sed
-op
en
, e
ve
rgre
en
Tro
pic
s h
um
id
1.14
0.8–
1.2
0.85
Am
ézq
uit
aet
al.,
200
8
Hen
ryet
al.,
200
9
San
José
& M
on
tes,
200
1
1.17 1.6
IPC
CG
uid
elin
es, 2
006
San
José
& M
on
tes,
200
10.
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CC
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idel
ines
, 200
6
Tro
pic
s d
ry1.
14
der
ived
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m A
méz
qu
ita
et a
l., 2
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1.17
IPC
CG
uid
elin
es, 2
006
0.97
IPC
CG
uid
elin
es, 2
006
Sub
tro
pic
s h
um
id0.
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1.02
Ab
rile
t al
., 19
99
Solo
mo
net
al.,
200
7
0.17 1.1
Ab
rile
t al
., 19
99
der
ived
0.75
der
ived
Sub
tro
pic
s d
ry1.
02So
lom
on
et a
l., 2
007
1.05
–1.1
1.07
Bat
jes,
200
4
der
ived
0.39
0.56
Puer
toet
al.,
199
0
der
ived
fro
m B
on
et, 2
004
Me
dit
err
an
ea
nh
um
id1
der
ived
1.05
–1.1
1.07
Bat
jes,
200
4
der
ived
0.96 0.7
Fran
zlu
ebb
ers
&
Stu
edem
ann
, 200
9 d
eriv
ed
Me
dit
err
an
ea
nd
ryla
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s0.
9
0.98
Ch
an, 1
997
1.38
1.07
Gra
ceet
al.,
200
60.
56B
on
et, 2
004
Tem
pe
rate
hu
mid
1.12
der
ived
1.14
IPC
CG
uid
elin
es, 2
006
0.95
IPC
CG
uid
elin
es, 2
006
Tem
pe
rate
dry
1.12
der
ived
1.09
Wan
g a
nd
Ch
en, 1
998
0.95
IPC
CG
uid
elin
es, 2
006
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rea
l d
ry1.
12d
eriv
ed
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1.14
Nyb
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l., 1
999
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CG
uid
elin
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006
0.95
IPC
CG
uid
elin
es, 2
006
Po
lar
1d
eriv
ed1.
05d
eriv
ed0.
71W
u &
Tie
ssen
, 200
2
TAB
LE 6
:Seq
ues
trat
ion
fac
tors
fo
r o
rgan
ic c
arb
on
as
a fu
nct
ion
of
gra
ssla
nd
typ
olo
gy,
man
agem
ent
stat
us
and
cli
mat
ic z
on
es(C
hap
ter
II)
289Vol. 11–2010
MAPS, TABLES AND FIGURES
LAN
DC
OV
ER
CLA
SS
CLI
MA
TE
WIT
HO
UT
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
(NA
TU
RA
L)M
AN
AG
ED
DE
GR
AD
ED
Sto
ck
cha
ng
e fa
cto
r
Au
tho
rsS
tock
cha
ng
efa
cto
r
Au
tho
rsS
tock
cha
ng
efa
cto
r
Au
tho
rs
12
Sh
rub
co
ve
r,
clo
sed
-op
en
, d
eci
du
ou
s
Tro
pic
s h
um
id
1.14
0.8–
1.2
0.85
Am
ézq
uit
aet
al.,
200
8a,b
Hen
ryet
al .,
200
9
San
José
& M
on
tes,
200
1
1.17 1.6
IPC
CG
uid
elin
es, 2
006
San
José
& M
on
tes,
200
10.
97IP
CC
Gu
idel
ines
, 200
6
Tro
pic
sd
ry1.
14
der
ived
fro
m A
méz
qu
ita
et a
l., 2
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,b1.
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CC
Gu
idel
ines
, 200
6 0.
97IP
CC
Gu
idel
ines
, 200
6
Su
btr
op
ics
hu
mid
1.02
Solo
mo
net
al.,
200
7
0.17 1.1
Ab
rile
t al
., 19
99
der
ived
0.75
der
ived
Su
btr
op
ics
dry
1.02
Solo
mo
net
al.,
200
7
1.05
–1.1
1.07
Bat
jes,
200
4
der
ived
0.39
0.56
Puer
toet
al.,
199
0
der
ived
fro
m B
on
et, 2
004
Me
dit
err
an
ea
n
hu
mid
1d
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ed
1.05
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1.07
Bat
jes,
200
4
der
ived
0.96
0.39 0.7
Fran
zlu
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&
Stu
dem
ann
, 200
9
Puer
toet
al.,
199
0
der
ived
Me
dit
err
an
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n
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lan
ds
0.9
0.98
Ch
an, 1
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1.1
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jes,
200
40.
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on
et, 2
004
Tem
pe
rate
h
um
id1.
12d
eriv
ed1.
14IP
CC
Gu
idel
ines
, 200
60.
95IP
CC
Gu
idel
ines
, 200
6
Tem
pe
rate
dry
1.12
der
ived
1.09
Wan
g &
Ch
en 1
998
0.95
IPC
CG
uid
elin
es, 2
006
Bo
rea
l d
ry1.
12d
eriv
ed
1.07
1.14
Nyb
org
et a
l., 1
999
IPC
CG
uid
elin
es, 2
006
0.95
IPC
CG
uid
elin
es, 2
006
Po
lar
1d
eriv
ed1.
05d
eriv
ed0.
71W
u &
Tie
ssen
, 200
2
TAB
LE 6
:Seq
ues
trat
ion
fac
tors
fo
r o
rgan
ic c
arb
on
as
a fu
nct
ion
of
gra
ssla
nd
typ
olo
gy,
man
agem
ent
stat
us
and
cli
mat
ic z
on
es(C
hap
ter
II)
Integrated Crop Management290
GRASSLAND CARBON SEQUESTRATION: MANAGEMENT, POLICY AND ECONOMICS
LAN
DC
OV
ER
CLA
SS
CLI
MA
TE
WIT
HO
UT
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
(NA
TU
RA
L)M
AN
AG
ED
DE
GR
AD
ED
Sto
ck
cha
ng
e fa
cto
r
Au
tho
rsS
tock
cha
ng
efa
cto
r
Au
tho
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tock
cha
ng
efa
cto
r
Au
tho
rs
13
He
rba
ceo
us
cov
er,
clo
sed
-o
pe
n
Tro
pic
s h
um
id1.
14
0.8–
1.2
0.85
Am
ézq
uit
aet
al.,
200
Hen
ryet
al.,
200
9
San
Jose
& M
on
tes,
200
1
1.17 1.2
1.27
1.12
1.14
3.64
IPC
CG
uid
elin
es, 2
006
Fish
eret
al.,
199
4
Bo
dd
eyet
al.,
199
5
Juo
et a
l., 1
995
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ceet
al.,
200
6
San
José
& M
on
tes,
200
10.
97IP
CC
Gu
idel
ines
, 200
6
Tro
pic
s d
ry1.
14
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ived
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btr
op
ics
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mid
1.17
1.14
Fran
zlu
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&
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edem
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, 200
9
der
ived
1.35
1.17
der
ived
0.85
der
ived
Su
btr
op
ics
dry
1.02
Solo
mo
net
al .,
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7
1.05
–1.1
1.1
Bat
jes,
200
40.
8d
eriv
ed
Me
dit
err
an
ea
n
hu
mid
1.05
der
ived
1.05
2.7
1.09
6
1.06
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1.16
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Fran
zlu
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ers
&
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edem
ann
, 200
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Bar
row
, 196
9
Rix
on
, 196
6
Wat
son
et a
l., 1
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aet
al.,
198
8
Bat
jes,
200
4
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ker
& A
dam
s, 1
958
der
ived
0.96
0.39
0.56
Fran
zlu
ebb
ers
&
Stu
edem
ann
, 200
9
Puer
toet
al.,
199
0
der
ived
fro
m B
on
et, 2
004
291Vol. 11–2010
MAPS, TABLES AND FIGURES
13
He
rba
ceo
us
cov
er,
clo
sed
-o
pe
n
Me
dit
err
an
ea
n
dry
lan
ds
0.95
Oad
eset
al.,
198
8
0.89 1.1
Oad
eset
al.,
198
8
Bat
jes,
200
40.
6d
eriv
ed
Tem
pe
rate
h
um
id
1.10
Tho
rnle
y &
Can
nel
l, 19
97
1.02
1.3–
1.5
1.2
1.14
Car
ter,
An
ger
s &
Ku
nel
ius,
199
4
Sou
ssan
aet
al .,
200
4
IPC
CG
uid
elin
es, 2
006/
Gra
ceet
al. ,
200
6
0.9
0.93
–0.9
8
0.95
Sou
ssan
aet
al. ,
200
4
McI
nto
shet
al. ,
199
7
IPC
CG
uid
elin
es, 2
006
Tem
pe
rate
dry
1.05
der
ived
1.11 1.1
1.09
1.01
1.12
1.16
0
1.09
Mo
rten
son
et a
l., 2
004
Lal &
Flo
wer
s, 1
997
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g a
nd
Ch
en, 1
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nb
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et a
l., 2
008
Sch
um
anet
al.,
199
9
Mal
hie
t al
., 19
97
der
ived
0.88
1.05
1.23
0.95
Nae
thet
al.,
199
1a,b
Nae
thet
al.,
199
1a,b
Smo
liak,
Do
rmaa
r &
Joh
nst
on
,197
2
Two
sen
det
al.,
199
6
IPC
CG
uid
elin
es, 2
006
Bo
rea
l d
ry1.
12d
eriv
ed
1.07
1.14
Nyb
org
et a
l., 1
999
IPC
CG
uid
elin
es, 2
006
0.95
IPC
CG
uid
elin
es, 2
006
Po
lar
1d
eriv
ed1.
05d
eriv
ed0.
71W
u &
Tie
ssen
, 200
2
TAB
LE 6
:Seq
ues
trat
ion
fac
tors
fo
r o
rgan
ic c
arb
on
as
a fu
nct
ion
of
gra
ssla
nd
typ
olo
gy,
man
agem
ent
stat
us
and
cli
mat
ic z
on
es(C
hap
ter
II)
Integrated Crop Management292
GRASSLAND CARBON SEQUESTRATION: MANAGEMENT, POLICY AND ECONOMICS
LAN
DC
OV
ER
CLA
SS
CLI
MA
TE
WIT
HO
UT
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
(NA
TU
RA
L)M
AN
AG
ED
DE
GR
AD
ED
Sto
ck
cha
ng
e fa
cto
r
Au
tho
rsS
tock
cha
ng
efa
cto
r
Au
tho
rsS
tock
cha
ng
efa
cto
r
Au
tho
rs
14
Sp
ars
e h
erb
ace
ou
s o
r sp
ars
e s
hru
b
cov
er
Tro
pic
s h
um
id1.
140.
8–1.
20.
85
Am
ézq
uit
aet
al.,
200
8 H
enry
et a
l., 2
009
San
José
& M
on
tes,
200
11.
17 1.6
IPC
CG
uid
elin
es, 2
006
Sa
nJo
sé &
Mo
nte
s, 2
001
0.97
IPC
CG
uid
elin
es, 2
006
Tro
pic
s d
ry1.
14d
eriv
ed f
rom
Am
ézq
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a et
al.,
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81.
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CC
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idel
ines
200
6 0.
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CC
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idel
ines
, 200
6
Su
btr
op
ics
hu
mid
1.02
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mo
net
al.,
200
71.
1d
eriv
ed0.
75d
eriv
ed
Su
btr
op
ics
dry
1.02
Solo
mo
net
al.,
200
71.
05–1
.11.
1B
atje
s, 2
004
0.7
der
ived
Me
dit
err
an
ea
n
hu
mid
0.93
1.05
–1.1
1.06
Bat
jes,
200
4
0.96
0.39
0.55
Fran
zlu
ebb
ers
&
Stu
edem
ann
, 200
9 Pu
erto
et a
l.,19
90d
eriv
ed
Me
dit
err
an
ea
n
dry
lan
ds
0.9
Ch
an, 1
997
1.1
1.01
5B
atje
s, 2
004
der
ived
0.6
der
ived
Tem
pe
rate
h
um
id1.
1d
eriv
ed f
rom
Th
orn
ley
&
Can
nel
l, 19
971.
021.
14
Car
ter,
An
ger
s &
K
un
eliu
s, 1
994
IPC
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uid
elin
es, 2
006
0.95
IPC
CG
uid
elin
es, 2
006
Tem
pe
rate
dry
1.01
der
ived
1.07
der
ived
fro
m W
ang
an
d
Ch
en, 1
998
0.95
IPC
CG
uid
elin
es, 2
006
Bo
rea
l d
ry1.
12d
eriv
ed1.
071.
14N
ybo
rget
al.,
199
9 IP
CC
Gu
idel
ines
, 200
6 0.
95IP
CC
Gu
idel
ines
, 200
6
Po
lar
1d
eriv
ed1.
05d
eriv
ed0.
71W
u &
Tie
ssen
, 200
2
Ari
d a
rea
s–
1d
eriv
ed1.
05B
atje
s, 2
004
0.97
der
ived
fro
m IP
CC
G
uid
elin
es, 2
006
TAB
LE 6
:Seq
ues
trat
ion
fac
tors
fo
r o
rgan
ic c
arb
on
as
a fu
nct
ion
of
gra
ssla
nd
typ
olo
gy,
man
agem
ent
stat
us
and
cli
mat
ic z
on
es(C
hap
ter
II)
293Vol. 11–2010
MAPS, TABLES AND FIGURES
LAND USE AREA
million ha %
Grazing 430.0 56.0
Minimal use (mostly desert) 121.0 15.7
Protected areas 102.6 13.4
Nature conservation 49.9 6.5
Dryland and irrigated agriculture(incl. ~50 percent sown pasture)
42.4 5.5
Forestry 15.2 2.0
Built environment 2.4 0.3
TABLE 7: Area of land uses in Australia (Chapter III)
Source: from Australian Natural Resources Atlas (http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/land/landuse/index.html, last update 7 june 2009)
Integrated Crop Management294
GRASSLAND CARBON SEQUESTRATION: MANAGEMENT, POLICY AND ECONOMICS
AREA IN CLASS(MILLION HA) FRACTION IN CLASS
Pasture typeArea
(million ha) Class A Class B Class C A B C
Aristida/Bothriochloa 31.9 15 923 10 381 5 593 0.50 0.33 0.18
Mitchell grass 29.8 17 128 9 977 2 728 0.57 0.33 0.09
Black speargrass 22.9 7 167 11 986 3 743 0.31 0.52 0.16
Spinifex 19.2 9 927 6 631 2 619 0.52 0.35 0.14
Mulga 18.4 3 672 9 355 5 331 0.20 0.51 0.29
Schizachyrium 8.7 1 900 5 729 1 035 0.22 0.66 0.12
Brigalow 8.5 3 430 3 156 1 923 0.40 0.37 0.23
Seasonalriverine plains 5.4 2 170 2 170 1 085 0.40 0.40 0.20
Bluegrass-browntop 4.9 991 3 718 248 0.20 0.75 0.05
Gidgee 2.7 939 866 879 0.35 0.32 0.33
Queensland bluegrass 2.4 617 854 901 0.26 0.36 0.38
Bladygrass 2.0 326 1 253 415 0.16 0.63 0.21
Georgina gidgee 1.6 1 119 320 160 0.70 0.20 0.10
Plume sorghum 0.9 835 46 46 0.90 0.05 0.05
Former rain forest 0.9 345 431 86 0.40 0.50 0.10
Ribbon grass 0.6 600 32 0 0.95 0.05 0.00
Saltwater couch 0.8 722 40 40 0.90 0.05 0.05
TOTAL 161.6 67 811 66 945 26 832 0.42 0.41 0.17
TABLE 8: The area and fraction of Queensland pastures in each of three classes of degradation (A = no significant deterioration, B = deteriorated, C= severely degraded). The assignment to classes A, B or C was the subjective judgements of local experts (data derived from Tothill and Gillies, 1992, Table 3a) (Chapter III)
295Vol. 11–2010
MAPS, TABLES AND FIGURES
GR
AS
SLA
ND
TY
PE
AN
DM
AN
AG
EM
EN
T
LOC
AT
ION
MA
TM
AP
F CO
2 F H
AR
VE
ST
F MA
NU
RE
NC
SD
UR
AT
ION
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TH
OD
RE
FER
EN
CE
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OT
ES
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m)
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/m²/
ye
ar)
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ten
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rian
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ten
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e g
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ure
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un
gar
y10
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00
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y
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rian
ce
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ssan
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ry
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ten
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aly
6.3
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036
00
035
824
edd
y
cova
rian
ce
Sou
ssan
a
et a
l. 20
07
90 k
g
N/h
a/ye
ar
Inte
nsi
ve
gra
ssla
nd
(g
raze
d a
nd
cu
t)
The
Net
her
lan
ds
1078
017
722
080
3312
edd
y
cova
rian
ce
Sou
ssan
a
et a
l. 20
07
300
kg
N/h
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ar
TAB
LE 9
:Lit
erat
ure
su
rvey
of
net
C s
tora
ge
(NC
S) a
t g
rass
lan
d s
ites
usi
ng
dif
fere
nt
met
ho
ds:
C f
lux
bal
ance
(A
), g
rass
lan
d s
oil
C
inve
nto
ry (
B),
so
il C
ch
ang
e af
ter
a ch
ang
e in
gra
ssla
nd
man
agem
ent
(C),
an
d f
arm
sca
le f
lux
mea
sure
men
ts (
D).
A p
osi
tive
Fco
2
rep
rese
nts
a n
ew C
up
take
fro
m t
he
eco
syst
em.
A p
osi
tive
NC
S d
eno
tes
a n
ew c
arb
on
acc
um
ula
tio
n i
n g
rass
lan
d e
cosy
stem
s.
All
flu
xes
are
in g
C/m
2 /ye
ar.
(Ch
apte
r V
I)
Integrated Crop Management296
GRASSLAND CARBON SEQUESTRATION: MANAGEMENT, POLICY AND ECONOMICS
GR
AS
SLA
ND
TY
PE
AN
DM
AN
AG
EM
EN
T
LOC
AT
ION
MA
TM
AP
F CO
2 F H
AR
VE
ST
F MA
NU
RE
NC
SD
UR
AT
ION
ME
TH
OD
RE
FER
EN
CE
SN
OT
ES
(°C
)(m
m)
(g C
/m²/
ye
ar)
(mo
nth
)
Inte
nsi
ve
gra
ssla
nd
(g
raze
d a
nd
cu
t)Sc
otl
and
8.8
638
343
110
323
124
edd
y
cova
rian
ce
Sou
ssan
a
et a
l. 20
07
200
kg
N/h
a/ye
ar
Inte
nsi
ve
gra
ssla
nd
(g
raze
d a
nd
cu
t)Ir
elan
d9.
482
429
337
40
–170
24
edd
y
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rian
ce
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ssan
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et a
l. 20
07
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kg
N/h
a/ye
ar
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nsi
ve
me
ad
ow
(c
ut)
Den
mar
k9.
273
115
233
31
400*
*1
100*
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edd
y
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rian
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Sou
ssan
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ten
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ast
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Fran
ce7
1 20
075
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rian
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Alla
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Inte
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ve
pa
stu
re (
gra
zed
)Fr
ance
71
200
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36
edd
y
cova
rian
ce
Alla
rd
et a
l. 20
07
175
kg
N/h
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ar
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ten
siv
e m
ea
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w
(cu
t)Sw
iss
9.5
1 10
025
431
10
–57
36
edd
y
cova
rian
ce
Am
man
n
et a
l. 20
07
no
fert
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r
Inte
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ve
me
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ow
(c
ut)
Swis
s9.
51
100
467
368
67.5
147
36
edd
y
cova
rian
ce
Am
man
n
et a
l. 20
07
200
kg
N/h
a/ye
ar
Inte
nsi
ve
we
tla
nd
m
ea
do
w
(gra
zed
an
d c
ut)
UK
12.9
750
169
228
0–3
412
edd
y
cova
rian
ceLl
oyd
200
6
wet
gra
ssla
nd
;
corr
ecte
d f
or
anim
al in
take
TAB
LE 9
:Lit
erat
ure
su
rvey
of
net
C s
tora
ge
(NC
S) a
t g
rass
lan
d s
ites
usi
ng
dif
fere
nt
met
ho
ds:
C f
lux
bal
ance
(A
), g
rass
lan
d s
oil
C
inve
nto
ry (
B),
so
il C
ch
ang
e af
ter
a ch
ang
e in
gra
ssla
nd
man
agem
ent
(C),
an
d f
arm
sca
le f
lux
mea
sure
men
ts (
D).
A p
osi
tive
Fco
2
rep
rese
nts
a n
ew C
up
take
fro
m t
he
eco
syst
em.
A p
osi
tive
NC
S d
eno
tes
a n
ew c
arb
on
acc
um
ula
tio
n i
n g
rass
lan
d e
cosy
stem
s.
All
flu
xes
are
in g
C/m
2 /ye
ar.
(Ch
apte
r V
I)
297Vol. 11–2010
MAPS, TABLES AND FIGURES
GR
AS
SLA
ND
TY
PE
AN
DM
AN
AG
EM
EN
T
LOC
AT
ION
MA
TM
AP
F CO
2 F H
AR
VE
ST
F MA
NU
RE
NC
SD
UR
AT
ION
ME
TH
OD
RE
FER
EN
CE
SN
OT
ES
(°C
)(m
m)
(g C
/m²/
ye
ar)
(mo
nth
)
Inte
nsi
ve
gra
ssla
nd
(S
ite
A)
Co
un
tyC
ork
,
sou
ther
n
Irel
and
101
470
150
n.d
.15
**12
cham
ber
mea
sure
men
ts
Byr
ne
et a
l. 20
05
300
kg
N/h
a/ye
ar.
New
pas
ture
Inte
nsi
ve
gra
ssla
nd
(S
ite
B)
Co
un
tyC
ork
,
sou
ther
n
Irel
and
101
470
380
n.d
.38
**12
cham
ber
mea
sure
men
ts
Byr
ne
et a
l. 20
05
300
kg
N/h
a/ye
ar.
Perm
anen
t
pas
ture
Na
tiv
e t
all
gra
ss
pra
irie
no
rth
-cen
tral
Okl
aho
ma,
USA
141
868.
58
00
n.d
.20
edd
y
cova
rian
ce
Suyk
er a
nd
Ver
ma
2001
no
t g
raze
d,
pre
scri
bed
bu
rn
Sp
ars
e t
uss
ock
d
ry g
rass
lan
d
Sou
thIs
lan
d,
New
Zeal
and
9.9
446
–90
0n
.d.
24
edd
y
cova
rian
ce
Hu
nt
et a
l.
2004
dry
yea
r, n
o
N, n
o b
urn
ing
Sp
ars
e t
uss
ock
d
ry g
rass
lan
d
Sou
thIs
lan
d,
New
Zeal
and
9.2
933
410
0n
.d.
24
edd
y
cova
rian
ce
Hu
nt
et a
l.
2004
wet
yea
r, n
o
N, n
o b
urn
ing
Ab
an
do
ne
d
mo
ist
mix
ed
g
rass
lan
d
Alb
erta
,
Can
ada
15.3
482
109
00
n.d
.12
edd
y
cova
rian
ce
Flan
agan
et a
l. 20
02
1998
, wet
sum
mer
Ab
an
do
ne
d
mo
ist
mix
ed
g
rass
lan
d
Alb
erta
,
Can
ada
13.2
341
210
0n
.d.
12
edd
y
cova
rian
ce
Flan
agan
et a
l. 20
02
1999
, ave
rag
e
sum
mer
Ab
an
do
ne
d
mo
ist
mix
ed
g
rass
lan
d
Alb
erta
,
Can
ada
14.5
275.
5–1
80
0n
.d.
12
edd
y
cova
rian
ce
Flan
agan
et a
l. 20
02
2000
, dry
sum
mer
TAB
LE 9
:Lit
erat
ure
su
rvey
of
net
C s
tora
ge
(NC
S) a
t g
rass
lan
d s
ites
usi
ng
dif
fere
nt
met
ho
ds:
C f
lux
bal
ance
(A
), g
rass
lan
d s
oil
C
inve
nto
ry (
B),
so
il C
ch
ang
e af
ter
a ch
ang
e in
gra
ssla
nd
man
agem
ent
(C),
an
d f
arm
sca
le f
lux
mea
sure
men
ts (
D).
A p
osi
tive
Fco
2
rep
rese
nts
a n
ew C
up
take
fro
m t
he
eco
syst
em.
A p
osi
tive
NC
S d
eno
tes
a n
ew c
arb
on
acc
um
ula
tio
n i
n g
rass
lan
d e
cosy
stem
s.
All
flu
xes
are
in g
C/m
2 /ye
ar.
(Ch
apte
r V
I)
Integrated Crop Management298
GRASSLAND CARBON SEQUESTRATION: MANAGEMENT, POLICY AND ECONOMICS
GR
AS
SLA
ND
TY
PE
AN
DM
AN
AG
EM
EN
T
LOC
AT
ION
MA
TM
AP
F CO
2 F H
AR
VE
ST
F MA
NU
RE
NC
SD
UR
AT
ION
ME
TH
OD
RE
FER
EN
CE
SN
OT
ES
(°C
)(m
m)
(g C
/m²/
ye
ar)
(mo
nth
)
Mix
ed
gra
ss
Sou
thea
ster
n
Ari
zon
a,U
SA17
356
–135
00
n.d
.48
bo
wen
rat
io
Emm
eric
h
2003
Sp
eci
es-
rich
g
rass
lan
dU
Kn
.a.
n.a
.n
.a.
n.a
.n
.a.
120
48
cham
ber
mea
sure
men
ts
Fitt
eret
al.
1997
4-5
cuts
per
year
Gra
zed
pe
at-
pa
stu
re
Cal
ifo
rnia
,
USA
16.2
1180
280
0n
.d.
24
edd
y
cova
rian
ce
Xu
et a
l.
2004
Mix
ed
gra
ss
Man
dan
ND
,
USA
n.d
.47
894
00
n.d
.
4 x
7
mo
nth
sb
ow
en r
atio
Fran
k an
d
Du
gas
200
1
No
fer
tiliz
er,
no
bu
rnin
g,
last
gra
zed
: 4
year
s
B.
So
il
inv
en
tori
es
Pe
rma
ne
nt
gra
ssla
nd
Eng
lan
d,
Wal
es–5
25 y
ears
soil
C
conc
entr
atio
n
chan
ge 0
-15
cm
Bel
lam
y
et a
l. 20
05
Up
lan
d
gra
ssla
nd
Eng
lan
d,
Wal
es–3
7.5
25 y
ears
soil
C
conc
entr
atio
n
chan
ge 0
-15
cm
Bel
lam
y
et a
l. 20
05
TAB
LE 9
:Lit
erat
ure
su
rvey
of
net
C s
tora
ge
(NC
S) a
t g
rass
lan
d s
ites
usi
ng
dif
fere
nt
met
ho
ds:
C f
lux
bal
ance
(A
), g
rass
lan
d s
oil
C
inve
nto
ry (
B),
so
il C
ch
ang
e af
ter
a ch
ang
e in
gra
ssla
nd
man
agem
ent
(C),
an
d f
arm
sca
le f
lux
mea
sure
men
ts (
D).
A p
osi
tive
Fco
2
rep
rese
nts
a n
ew C
up
take
fro
m t
he
eco
syst
em.
A p
osi
tive
NC
S d
eno
tes
a n
ew c
arb
on
acc
um
ula
tio
n i
n g
rass
lan
d e
cosy
stem
s.
All
flu
xes
are
in g
C/m
2 /ye
ar.
(Ch
apte
r V
I)
299Vol. 11–2010
MAPS, TABLES AND FIGURES
GR
AS
SLA
ND
TY
PE
AN
DM
AN
AG
EM
EN
T
LOC
AT
ION
MA
TM
AP
F CO
2 F H
AR
VE
ST
F MA
NU
RE
NC
SD
UR
AT
ION
ME
TH
OD
RE
FER
EN
CE
SN
OT
ES
(°C
)(m
m)
(g C
/m²/
ye
ar)
(mo
nth
)
Ro
tati
on
al
gra
ss
Eng
lan
d,
Wal
es–2
.125
yea
rs
soil
C
conc
entr
atio
n
chan
ge 0
-15
cm
Bel
lam
y
et a
l. 20
05
Gra
ssla
nd
Bel
giu
m44
50 y
ears
soil
C
conc
entr
atio
n
chan
ge 0
-30
cm
Goi
dts
and
van
Wes
emae
l,
2007
Gra
ssla
nd
Bel
giu
m22
40 y
ears
soil
C
conc
entr
atio
n
chan
ge 0
-30
cm
Lett
ens
et a
l. 20
05a
Gra
ssla
nd
Bel
giu
m–9
0 (7
0)10
yea
rs
soil
C
con
cen
trat
ion
chan
ge
0-10
0
cm
Lett
ens
et a
l. 20
05b
Gra
ssla
nd
Ch
ina
101
18 y
ears
soil
C
con
cen
trat
ion
chan
ge
Piao
et a
l. 20
09
TAB
LE 9
:Lit
erat
ure
su
rvey
of
net
C s
tora
ge
(NC
S) a
t g
rass
lan
d s
ites
usi
ng
dif
fere
nt
met
ho
ds:
C f
lux
bal
ance
(A
), g
rass
lan
d s
oil
C
inve
nto
ry (
B),
so
il C
ch
ang
e af
ter
a ch
ang
e in
gra
ssla
nd
man
agem
ent
(C),
an
d f
arm
sca
le f
lux
mea
sure
men
ts (
D).
A p
osi
tive
Fco
2
rep
rese
nts
a n
ew C
up
take
fro
m t
he
eco
syst
em.
A p
osi
tive
NC
S d
eno
tes
a n
ew c
arb
on
acc
um
ula
tio
n i
n g
rass
lan
d e
cosy
stem
s.
All
flu
xes
are
in g
C/m
2 /ye
ar.
(Ch
apte
r V
I)
Integrated Crop Management300
GRASSLAND CARBON SEQUESTRATION: MANAGEMENT, POLICY AND ECONOMICS
GR
AS
SLA
ND
TY
PE
AN
DM
AN
AG
EM
EN
T
LOC
AT
ION
MA
TM
AP
F CO
2 F H
AR
VE
ST
F MA
NU
RE
NC
SD
UR
AT
ION
ME
TH
OD
RE
FER
EN
CE
SN
OT
ES
(°C
)(m
m)
(g C
/m²/
ye
ar)
(mo
nth
)
C.
Ma
na
ge
me
nt
cha
ng
e
Pe
ren
nia
l g
rass
lan
d
con
ve
rte
d f
rom
a
rab
le
Cen
tral
Texa
s,
USA
45
for
6–60
year
s
soil
C s
tock
chan
ge
0-60
cm
Pott
er
et a
l. 19
99
Cu
ltiv
ate
d s
ite
to
rest
ore
d
gra
ssla
nd
Mis
sou
ri
cote
aux,
Can
ada
0.7
320
30 t
o
290
8 ye
ars
soil
C s
tock
chan
ge
0-30
cm
Nel
son
et a
l. 20
08
He
av
y t
o
lig
ht
gra
zin
g
gra
ssla
nd
Ch
eyen
ne,
WY,
USA
n.d
.38
413
.821
yea
rs
soil
C s
tock
chan
ge
0-5
cm
Gan
jeg
ute
et a
l. 20
05
Ex
clo
sure
to
li
gh
t g
razi
ng
Ch
eyen
ne,
WY,
USA
n.d
.38
414
.321
yea
rs
soil
C s
tock
chan
ge
0-5
cm
Gan
jeg
ute
et a
l. 20
05
nu
trie
nts
a
dd
itio
n v
ia
fert
iliz
er
Fort
y-tw
o
dat
a p
oin
ts30
b
soil
C s
tock
chan
ge
Co
nan
t
et a
l. 20
01
Co
nv
ert
ing
cu
ltiv
ate
d l
an
d
to g
rass
lan
d
Twen
ty-t
hre
e
dat
a p
oin
ts10
1b
soil
C s
tock
chan
ge
Co
nan
t
et a
l. 20
01
imp
rov
ed
g
razi
ng
m
an
ag
em
en
t
Fort
y-fi
ve
dat
a p
oin
ts35
b
soil
C s
tock
chan
ge
Co
nan
t
et a
l. 20
01
TAB
LE 9
:Lit
erat
ure
su
rvey
of
net
C s
tora
ge
(NC
S) a
t g
rass
lan
d s
ites
usi
ng
dif
fere
nt
met
ho
ds:
C f
lux
bal
ance
(A
), g
rass
lan
d s
oil
C
inve
nto
ry (
B),
so
il C
ch
ang
e af
ter
a ch
ang
e in
gra
ssla
nd
man
agem
ent
(C),
an
d f
arm
sca
le f
lux
mea
sure
men
ts (
D).
A p
osi
tive
Fco
2
rep
rese
nts
a n
ew C
up
take
fro
m t
he
eco
syst
em.
A p
osi
tive
NC
S d
eno
tes
a n
ew c
arb
on
acc
um
ula
tio
n i
n g
rass
lan
d e
cosy
stem
s.
All
flu
xes
are
in g
C/m
2 /ye
ar.
(Ch
apte
r V
I)
301Vol. 11–2010
MAPS, TABLES AND FIGURES
GR
AS
SLA
ND
TY
PE
AN
DM
AN
AG
EM
EN
T
LOC
AT
ION
MA
TM
AP
F CO
2 F H
AR
VE
ST
F MA
NU
RE
NC
SD
UR
AT
ION
ME
TH
OD
RE
FER
EN
CE
SN
OT
ES
(°C
)(m
m)
(g C
/m²/
ye
ar)
(mo
nth
)
Imp
rov
ed
gra
ss
spe
cie
s
Five
dat
a
po
ints
304b
soil
C s
tock
chan
ge
Co
nan
t
et a
l. 20
01
Re
sto
rati
on
of
de
gra
de
d l
an
ds
US
gre
at
pla
ins
80–1
10
soil
C s
tock
chan
ge
Folle
ttet
al.
2001
So
wn
gra
ssla
nd
o
n m
ine
ral
soil
Fran
ce60
–80
soil
C s
tock
chan
ge
(OM
frac
tio
ns
>50
μ)
Lois
eau
an
d
Sou
ssan
a
1999
Re
du
ctio
n o
f N
fe
rtil
ize
r in
pu
tFr
ance
980
030
10 y
ears
soil
C st
ock
chan
ge 0
-30
cm
Sou
ssan
a
et a
l. 20
04
Co
nv
ers
ion
of
sho
rt d
ura
tio
n
gra
ss-l
ey
to
g
rass
-le
gu
me
mix
ture
Fran
ce9
800
30–5
010
yea
rs
soil
C st
ock
chan
ge 0
-30
cm
Sou
ssan
a
et a
l. 20
04
Inte
nsi
fica
tio
n
of
pe
rma
ne
nt
gra
ssla
nd
Fran
ce9
800
2010
yea
rs
soil
C st
ock
chan
ge 0
-30
cm
Sou
ssan
a
et a
l. 20
04
Inte
nsi
fica
tio
n
of
nu
trie
nt
po
or
gra
ssla
nd
on
o
rga
nic
so
ils
Fran
ce7
1 10
0–1
0010
yea
rs
soil
C st
ock
chan
ge 0
-30
cm
Sou
ssan
a
et a
l. 20
04
Pe
rma
ne
nt
gra
ssla
nd
to
me
diu
m
du
rati
on
le
ys
Fran
ce9
800
–20
10 y
ears
soil
C st
ock
chan
ge 0
-30
cm
Sou
ssan
a
et a
l. 20
04
TAB
LE 9
:Lit
erat
ure
su
rvey
of
net
C s
tora
ge
(NC
S) a
t g
rass
lan
d s
ites
usi
ng
dif
fere
nt
met
ho
ds:
C f
lux
bal
ance
(A
), g
rass
lan
d s
oil
C
inve
nto
ry (
B),
so
il C
ch
ang
e af
ter
a ch
ang
e in
gra
ssla
nd
man
agem
ent
(C),
an
d f
arm
sca
le f
lux
mea
sure
men
ts (
D).
A p
osi
tive
Fco
2
rep
rese
nts
a n
ew C
up
take
fro
m t
he
eco
syst
em.
A p
osi
tive
NC
S d
eno
tes
a n
ew c
arb
on
acc
um
ula
tio
n i
n g
rass
lan
d e
cosy
stem
s.
All
flu
xes
are
in g
C/m
2 /ye
ar.
(Ch
apte
r V
I)
Integrated Crop Management302
GRASSLAND CARBON SEQUESTRATION: MANAGEMENT, POLICY AND ECONOMICS
GR
AS
SLA
ND
TY
PE
AN
DM
AN
AG
EM
EN
T
LOC
AT
ION
MA
TM
AP
F CO
2 F H
AR
VE
ST
F MA
NU
RE
NC
SD
UR
AT
ION
ME
TH
OD
RE
FER
EN
CE
SN
OT
ES
(°C
)(m
m)
(g C
/m²/
ye
ar)
(mo
nth
)
Incr
ea
sin
g t
he
du
rati
on
of
gra
ss l
ey
s Fr
ance
980
0
20 t
o
5010
yea
rs
soil
C s
tock
chan
ge
0-30
cm
Sou
ssan
a
et a
l. 20
04
Sh
ort
du
rati
on
le
ys
to
pe
rma
ne
nt
gra
ssla
nd
Fran
ce9
800
30 t
o
4010
yea
rs
soil
C s
tock
chan
ge
0-30
cm
Sou
ssan
a
et a
l. 20
04
D.
Farm
sca
le
Inte
nsi
ve
gra
zed
an
d c
ut
gra
ssla
nd
Co
un
tyC
ork
,
sou
ther
n
Irel
and
1013
4029
013
4n
.d.
205
12
edd
y
cova
rian
ce,
farm
flu
xes
Byr
ne
et a
l. 20
07
300
kg
N/h
a/ye
ar;
catt
le g
raze
d
Inte
nsi
ve
gra
ssla
nd
(g
raze
d a
nd
cu
t)
Sou
thW
est
Irel
and
1017
8519
370
n.d
.24
12
edd
y
cova
rian
ce,
farm
flu
xes
Jacs
ik
et a
l. 20
06
wet
yea
r,
300
kg
N/h
a/ye
ar
Inte
nsi
ve
gra
ssla
nd
(g
raze
d a
nd
cu
t)
Sou
thW
est
Irel
and
1011
8525
810
0n
.d.
8912
edd
y
cova
rian
ce,
farm
flu
xes
Jacs
ik
et a
l. 20
06
dry
yea
r,
300
kg
N/h
a/ye
ar
MA
T =
mea
n a
nn
ual
tem
per
atu
re; M
AP
= m
ean
an
nu
al p
reci
pit
atio
n; F
co2
= n
et C
O2
eco
syst
em e
xch
ang
e; F
man
ure =
late
ral o
rgan
ic C
flu
xes
wh
ich
are
imp
ort
ed (
man
ure
ap
plic
atio
n)
fro
m t
he
syst
em; F
har
vest =
late
ral o
rgan
ic C
flu
xes
wh
ich
are
exp
ort
ed (
har
vest
s) f
rom
th
e sy
stem
; n.d
. = n
ot
defi
ned
.
A a
vera
ge
of
gro
win
g s
easo
n.
B 8
7 p
erce
nt
of
the
stu
die
s w
ere
fro
m A
ust
ralia
, th
e U
nit
ed K
ing
do
m, N
ewZe
alan
d,C
anad
a, B
razi
l an
d t
he
Un
ited
Stat
es o
f A
mer
ica.
**N
ot
incl
ud
ed in
mea
n.
Ad
dit
ion
al s
tud
ies
can
be
fou
nd
in t
he
revi
ews
by
Co
nan
t et
al.(
2001
) an
d b
y O
gle
et
al. (
2004
).
TAB
LE 9
:Lit
erat
ure
su
rvey
of
net
C s
tora
ge
(NC
S) a
t g
rass
lan
d s
ites
usi
ng
dif
fere
nt
met
ho
ds:
C f
lux
bal
ance
(A
), g
rass
lan
d s
oil
C
inve
nto
ry (
B),
so
il C
ch
ang
e af
ter
a ch
ang
e in
gra
ssla
nd
man
agem
ent
(C),
an
d f
arm
sca
le f
lux
mea
sure
men
ts (
D).
A p
osi
tive
Fco
2
rep
rese
nts
a n
ew C
up
take
fro
m t
he
eco
syst
em.
A p
osi
tive
NC
S d
eno
tes
a n
ew c
arb
on
acc
um
ula
tio
n i
n g
rass
lan
d e
cosy
stem
s.
All
flu
xes
are
in g
C/m
2 /ye
ar.
(Ch
apte
r V
I)
303Vol. 11–2010
MAPS, TABLES AND FIGURES
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
NC
SA
TT-
NC
SG
RA
SS
LAN
DM
ET
HA
NE
GW
PC
H4
FC
H4
TO
TAL
ME
TH
AN
EG
WP
CH
4 F
CH
4
GR
AS
SLA
ND
N2
OG
WP
N2
OFN
2O
TO
TAL
N2
OG
WP
N2
OFN
2O
NG
HG
AT
T-N
GH
G
Gra
zin
g47
147
114
514
522
2232
032
0
Gra
zin
ga
nd
cu
ttin
g18
326
815
947
664
81–2
2–2
72
Cu
ttin
g25
935
90
447
3053
230
–141
NC
S =
net
car
bo
n s
tora
ge
in t
he
gra
ssla
nd
(se
e eq
uat
ion
(2)
); A
tt-N
CS
= a
ttri
bu
ted
net
car
bo
n s
tora
ge
(see
eq
uat
ion
(4)
); N
GH
G =
net
gre
enh
ou
se g
as b
alan
ce (
see
equ
atio
n (
3));
Att
-NG
HG
=
attr
ibu
ted
net
gre
enh
ou
se g
as b
alan
ce (
see
equ
atio
n (
5));
GW
P =
glo
bal
war
min
g p
ote
nti
al.
Dat
a ar
e m
ean
s o
f tw
o, f
ou
r an
d t
hre
e Eu
rop
ean
sit
es f
or
gra
zed
on
ly (
mea
t p
rod
uct
ion
sys
tem
s), c
ut
and
gra
zed
(m
eat
and
dai
ry p
rod
uct
ion
sys
tem
s), a
nd
cu
t o
nly
(d
airy
pro
du
ctio
n s
yste
ms)
gra
ssla
nd
s.
A p
osi
tive
val
ue
of
NC
S,A
tt-N
CS,
NG
HG
an
d A
tt-N
GH
G d
eno
tes
a si
nk
acti
vity
of
the
gra
ssla
nd
eco
syst
ems.
TAB
LE 1
0:M
ean
an
nu
al g
reen
ho
use
flu
xes
in C
O2
equ
ival
ents
/m2 /
year
of
man
aged
Eu
rop
ean
gra
ssla
nd
sit
es s
tud
ied
by
Sou
ssan
a et
al.
(200
7)(C
hap
ter
VI)
Integrated Crop Management304
GRASSLAND CARBON SEQUESTRATION: MANAGEMENT, POLICY AND ECONOMICS
Site
1: D
ovi
o
LAN
D-U
SE
SY
ST
EM
TO
TAL
C I
NS
OIL
(T
ON
NE
S/
HA
/1M
EQ
)
%T
OTA
L C
IN
PAS
TU
RE
(TO
NN
ES
/HA
)
%T
OTA
L C
IN
FIN
ER
OO
TS
(T
ON
NE
S/H
A)
%T
OTA
L C
IN
TH
ICK
RO
OT
S,
TR
UN
KS
AN
DLE
AV
ES
(TO
NN
ES
/H
A)
%T
OTA
L C
IN
SY
ST
EM
(TO
NN
ES
/H
A)
Na
tiv
e f
ore
st23
1 a2
61.7
3-
-4.
61.
213
8.9
37.1
374.
4
B.
de
cum
be
ns
147
b97
.20.
90.
63.
32.
2-
-15
1.2
Fora
ge
ba
nk
131
c95
.1-
-4.
33.
1 2
.5 1
.813
7.8
De
gra
de
d p
ast
ure
136
c96
.50.
50.
43.
92.
8 0
.6 0
.314
1.0
N (
sam
pli
ng
po
ints
/ sy
stem
)24
4024
8
Me
an
, C
V (
%),
LS
D1
016
1, 2
0, 1
8
Site
2: D
agu
a
LAN
D-U
SE
SY
ST
EM
TO
TAL
C I
NS
OIL
(TO
NN
ES
/H
A /
1
ME
Q)
%T
OTA
LC
INPA
ST
UR
E(T
ON
NE
S/H
A)
%T
OTA
L C
IN
FIN
ER
OO
TS
(TO
NN
ES
/H
A)
%T
OTA
L C
IN
TH
ICK
RO
OT
S,
TR
UN
KS
AN
DLE
AV
ES
(TO
NN
ES
/H
A)
%T
OTA
L C
IN
SY
ST
EM
(TO
NN
ES
/H
A)
Fore
st (
40
ye
ars
old
)18
6 a2
61.7
3-
-2.
60.
911
2.7
37.4
301.
5
Fore
st (
15
ye
ars
old
)15
5 ab
61.7
2-
-2.
20.
9 9
3.9
37.4
251.
2
Na
tura
l re
ge
ne
rati
on
of
de
gra
de
d p
ast
ure
s 14
2 b
97.1
0.5
0.3
3.2
2.2
0.6
0.4
146.
3
B.
de
cum
be
ns
136
b93
.70.
80.
68.
35.
7-
-14
5.1
Fora
ge
ba
nk
90
c94
.7-
-2.
52.
6 2
.6 2
.7 9
5.1
De
gra
de
d s
oil
97
c98
.4-
-1.
61.
6-
- 9
8.6
N (
sam
pli
ng
po
ints
/ sy
ste
m)
2440
248
Me
an
, C
V (
%),
LS
D1
013
5, 2
5, 3
01
Res
ult
s o
f 20
02-2
005,
CSe
qu
estr
atio
n P
roje
ct -
Th
eN
eth
erla
nd
sC
oo
per
ativ
eA
ctiv
ity
CO
-010
402”
,In
tern
al P
ub
licat
ion
No
. 14.
Ju
ne
2005
. 2
Mea
ns
wit
h d
iffe
ren
t le
tter
s d
iffe
r st
atis
tica
lly, w
ith
an
err
or
pro
bab
ility
of
0.10
. 3Th
e p
erce
nta
ge
ob
tain
ed in
th
e n
ativ
e fo
rest
of
Co
sta
Ric
a’s
sub
hu
mid
tro
pic
al r
ain
fo
rest
eco
syst
em w
as u
sed
.
TAB
LE 1
1:C
arb
on
in
so
il a
nd
bio
mas
s in
eac
h l
and
-use
sys
tem
in
th
e h
ills
ides
of
the
Co
lom
bia
n A
nd
es1
(Ch
apte
r V
II)
305Vol. 11–2010
MAPS, TABLES AND FIGURES
Site
1: “
LaG
uaj
ira”
far
m (
flat
to
po
gra
ph
y)
LAN
D-U
SE
SY
ST
EM
TO
TAL
C I
NS
OIL
(TO
NN
ES
/H
A/
1M
EQ
)
%T
OTA
L C
IN
PAS
TU
RE
(TO
NN
ES
/H
A)
%T
OTA
L C
IN
FIN
ER
OO
TS
(TO
NN
ES
/H
A)
%T
OTA
L C
IN
TH
ICK
RO
OT
S,
TR
UN
KS
AN
DLE
AV
ES
(TO
NN
ES
/H
A)
%T
OTA
L C
IN
SY
ST
EM
(TO
NN
ES
/H
A)
B.
hu
mid
ico
la14
4 a2
95.5
1.9
1.3
4.9
3.2
--
150.
8
B.
hu
mid
ico
la +
le
gu
me
138
b94
.82.
11.
45.
53.
8-
-14
5.6
Na
tura
l re
ge
ne
rati
on
of
de
gra
de
d p
ast
ure
13
4 b
97.3
1.3
0.9
2.4
1.7
--
137.
7
B.
de
cum
be
ns
+ l
eg
um
e12
8 c
96.7
1.2
0.9
3.2
2.4
--
132.
4
B.
de
cum
be
ns
124
c97
.71.
10.
91.
81.
4-
-12
6.9
Na
tiv
e f
ore
st10
7 d
61.7
3-
-66
.438
.317
3.4
N (
sam
pli
ng
po
ints
/ s
yst
em
)27
4527
Me
an
, C
V (
%),
LS
D1
012
9, 1
0, 5
Site
2: “
Bei
jing
” Fa
rm (
rolli
ng
hill
s to
po
gra
ph
y)
LAN
D-U
SE
SY
ST
EM
TO
TAL
C I
NS
OIL
(TO
NN
ES
/H
A/1
ME
Q)
%T
OTA
L C
IN
PAS
TU
RE
(TO
NN
ES
/H
A)
%T
OTA
L C
IN
FIN
ER
OO
TS
(TO
NN
ES
/H
A)
%T
OTA
L C
IN
TH
ICK
RO
OT
S,
TR
UN
KS
AN
DLE
AV
ES
(TO
NN
ES
/H
A)
%T
OTA
L C
IN
SY
ST
EM
(TO
NN
ES
/H
A)
Na
tiv
e f
ore
st18
1 a2
61.
73-
--
-11
2.4
38.3
293.
4
B.
de
cum
be
ns
+ l
eg
um
e17
2 b
98.
10.
90.
52.
41.
4-
-17
5.3
B.
hu
mid
ico
la15
9 c
96.
61.
10.
74.
52.
7-
-16
4.6
De
gra
de
d p
ast
ure
129
d 9
7.4
0.9
0.7
2.6
1.9
--
132.
5
N (
sam
pli
ng
po
ints
/ s
yst
em
)27
4527
Me
an
, C
V (
%),
LS
D1
014
4, 1
1, 7
1R
esu
lts
of
2002
-200
5,
CSe
qu
estr
atio
n P
roje
ct -
Th
eN
eth
erla
nd
sC
oo
per
ativ
eA
ctiv
ity
CO
-010
402”
,In
tern
al P
ub
licat
ion
No
. 14.
Ju
ne
2005
. 2
Mea
ns
wit
h d
iffe
ren
t le
tter
s d
iffe
r st
atis
tica
lly, w
ith
an
err
or
pro
bab
ility
of
0.10
. 3Th
e p
erce
nta
ge
ob
tain
ed in
th
e n
ativ
e fo
rest
of
Co
sta
Ric
a’s
sub
hu
mid
tro
pic
al r
ain
fo
rest
eco
syst
em w
as u
sed
.
TAB
LE 1
2:C
arb
on
in
so
il a
nd
bio
mas
s o
f tr
op
ical
rai
n f
ore
sts
in C
olo
mb
ias’
s A
maz
on
reg
ion
1(C
hap
ter
VII)
Integrated Crop Management306
GRASSLAND CARBON SEQUESTRATION: MANAGEMENT, POLICY AND ECONOMICS
LAN
D-U
SE
SY
ST
EM
TO
TAL
C I
NS
OIL
(TO
NN
ES
/H
A/
1M
EQ
)
%T
OTA
L C
IN
PAS
TU
RE
(TO
NN
ES
/H
A)
%T
OTA
L C
IN
FIN
ER
OO
TS
(TO
NN
ES
/H
A)
%T
OTA
L C
IN
TH
ICK
RO
OT
S,
TR
UN
KS
AN
DLE
AV
ES
(TO
NN
ES
/H
A)
%T
OTA
L C
IN
SY
ST
EM
(TO
NN
ES
/H
A)
B.
bri
zan
tha
+ A
. p
into
i18
1 a2
98.4
1.5
0.8
1.5
0.8
--
184.
6
I. c
ilia
re g
rass
170
a97
.51.
71.
02.
81.
5-
-17
4.8
A.
ma
ng
ium
+ A
. p
into
i16
5 b
90.0
1.0
0.6
4.4
2.4
12.9
7.0
183.
3
B.
bri
zan
tha
138
c98
.11.
61.
11.
80.
8-
-14
1.0
Na
tiv
e f
ore
st13
4 c
61.7
--
--
83.7
38.3
218.
5
De
gra
de
d p
ast
ure
95 d
95.0
1.6
1.6
3.8
3.4
--
100.
6
N (
sam
pli
ng
po
ints
/ sy
ste
m)
2440
24
Me
an
, C
V (
%),
LS
D1
015
0, 2
4, 1
41
Res
ult
s o
f 20
02-2
005,
C
Seq
ues
trat
ion
Pro
ject
- T
he
Net
her
lan
ds
Co
op
erat
ive
Act
ivit
yC
O-0
1040
2”,I
nte
rnal
Pu
blic
atio
n N
o. 1
4. J
un
e 20
05.
2 M
ean
s w
ith
dif
fere
nt
lett
ers
dif
fer
stat
isti
cally
, wit
h a
n e
rro
r p
rob
abili
ty o
f 0.
10.
3Th
e p
erce
nta
ge
ob
tain
ed in
th
e n
ativ
e fo
rest
of
Co
sta
Ric
a’s
sub
hu
mid
tro
pic
al r
ain
fo
rest
eco
syst
em w
as u
sed
.
TAB
LE 1
3:C
arb
on
in
so
il a
nd
bio
mas
s in
eac
h l
and
use
sys
tem
in
th
e su
bh
um
id t
rop
ical
fo
rest
s o
f Po
cora
, C
ost
a R
ica1
(Ch
apte
r V
II)
307Vol. 11–2010
MAPS, TABLES AND FIGURES
LAND USE LAND AREA
CARBON STOCKS
ABOVEGROUND SOIL TOTAL
Million/ha --------------- Mg/ha ---------------
Tropical/temperate forests 2 800 97 113 210
Cropland 800 2 80 82
Tropical/temperate grasslands 3 500 21 160 181
TABLE 14: Summary of C stocks in forest, cropland and grasslands (Chapter VIII)
Source: IPCC, 2000
STUDYDEPTH
(cm)
CARBON STOCK (MG C/HA)
PR>FFOREST GRASS CROP
Eastern Texas 1, 2 30 N.D. 88 + 18 57 + 8 <0.01
Ten southeastern states 3 25 31 + 12 31 + 16 23 + 15 0.04
Maryland 4 15 N.D. 32 + 10 20 + 7 0.01
Alabama 5,6 25 + 6 60 + 21 48 + 26 34 + 8 0.03
Mississippi, Georgia 7,8 25 + 7 47 + 2 38 22 + 6 0.08
Mean 24 + 6 49.9 a 47.4 a 31.1 b1 Laws and Evans (1949); 2 Potter et al. (1999); 3 McCracken (1959); 4 Islam and Weil (2000); 5 Fesha et al. (2002); 6 Torbert, Prior and Runion (2004); 7 Rhoton and Tyler (1990); 8 Franzluebbers et al. (2000).
TABLE 15: SOC stocks in different land uses in the southeastern United States(Chapter VIII)
Source: Summarized from Franzluebbers, 2005
Integrated Crop Management308
GRASSLAND CARBON SEQUESTRATION: MANAGEMENT, POLICY AND ECONOMICS
FRACTIONOF SOIL
SOILDEPTH
(cm)
LEVEL OF FERTILIZATION
LOW HIGH
Total SOC(Mg/ha)
0–2.5 10.2 10.9
2.5–7.5 11.0 < 11.8
7.5–15 11.0 < 11.7
15–30 12.8 13.1
0–30 45.0 < 47.6
Particulate organic carbon(Mg/ha)
0–2.5 5.1 5.9
2.5–7.5 4.1 < 4.6
7.5–15 2.9 3.1
15–30 2.7 3.6
0–30 15.0 < 16.8
Soil microbial biomass carbon(Kg/ha)
0–2.5 822 943
2.5–7.5 585 574
7.5–15 621 627
15–30 740 897
0–30 2 769 3 041
Basal soil respiration(Kg/ha/d)
0–2.5 24.1 < 28.8
2.5–7.5 15.0 13.8
7.5–15 10.7 10.5
15–30 7.7 7.2
0–30 57.5 60.3
< between means indicates significance at p < 0.05.
TABLE 16: Depth distribution of SOC fractions at the end of 15 years of low (134-15-56 kg N-P-K/ha/year) and high (336-37-139 kg N-P-K/ha/year) fertilization of tall fescue pasture in Watkinsville, Georgia, United States (Chapter VIII)
Source: Schnabel et al., 2001
309Vol. 11–2010
MAPS, TABLES AND FIGURES
SOIL FRACTION E- E+
Whole SOC (Mg/ha) 29.3 < 31.2
Macroaggregate C (Mg/ha) 31.1 << 33.6
Particulate-to-total C (g/g) 0.42 > 0.39
Microbial biomass-to-total C (Mg/g) 45 > 42
Mineralizable-to-total C (Mg/g) 44 41
<, > and << between means indicate significance at p <0.05, p <0.05, and p <0.01, respectively.
TABLE 17: SOC and various aggregate and biologically active fractions as affected by 20 years of tall fescue pastures with either low endophyte infection (E-) or high endophyte infection (E+) (Chapter VIII)
Source: Franzluebbers and Stuedemann, 2005
Integrated Crop Management310
GRASSLAND CARBON SEQUESTRATION: MANAGEMENT, POLICY AND ECONOMICS
EC
OS
YS
TE
MS
LAN
DU
SE
S
CA
RB
ON
ST
OC
K(t
on
ne
s/h
a)
OB
SE
RV
AT
ION
SR
EFE
RE
NC
ES
SO
ILT
RE
ES
,A
ER
IAL
PAS
TU
RE
Hu
mid
tro
pic
al
fore
st
Po
cora
, C
ost
a R
ica
Pan
icu
m m
axim
um
+ A
caci
a m
ang
ium
ND
3.6
4.9
SOC
mea
sure
d a
t d
epth
0–1
mA
nd
rad
e, 1
999
Pan
icu
m m
axim
um
+ E
uca
lyp
tus
deg
lup
taN
D3.
44.
4
Vo
lca
nic
hig
hla
nd
s C
ord
ille
ra,
Co
sta
Ric
a
Pen
nis
etu
m c
lan
des
tin
um
mo
no
cult
ure
494.
00
12.5
SOC
mea
sure
d a
t d
epth
0–1
mM
ora
, 200
1Pe
nn
iset
um
cla
nd
esti
nu
m +
tree
s57
3.0
10.0
11.8
Cyn
od
on
nle
mfu
ensi
s m
on
ocu
ltu
re75
6.0
011
.5
Cyn
od
on
nle
mfu
ensi
s +
tree
s62
4.0
2.6
9.1
Dry
hil
lsid
es
Ce
ntr
al
Nic
ara
gu
a
Nat
ura
lized
gra
ss m
on
ocu
ltu
re15
0.0
01.
4
SOC
mea
sure
d a
t d
epth
0–1
mR
uiz
et a
l., 2
002
Nat
ura
lized
gra
ss +
tre
es15
0.0
8.2
1.0
Imp
rove
d g
rass
mo
no
cult
ure
158.
00
1.6
Imp
rove
d g
rass
+ t
rees
15
5.0
12.5
2.5
Low
er
mo
nta
ne
ra
in
fore
st,
Mo
rav
ia,
Co
sta
Ric
a
Pen
nis
etu
m c
lan
des
tin
um
184.
60.
0N
ASO
C m
easu
red
at
dep
th
0–0.
6 m
, tre
e d
ensi
ty 8
89
tree
s/h
a, a
ge
fou
r ye
ars
Vill
anu
eva
&
Ibra
him
, 200
2Pe
nn
iset
um
cla
nd
esti
nu
m +
Aln
us
acu
min
ata
196.
76.
2*N
A
Su
bh
um
id t
rop
ica
l fo
rest
Esp
arz
a,
Co
sta
Ric
a
Deg
rad
ed g
rass
lan
d21
.74.
8N
D
Low
-den
sity
tre
es =
few
er t
han
30
tree
s/h
a
wit
h 5
cm
at
dia
met
er
of
hei
gh
t b
read
th. S
OC
mea
sure
d a
t d
epth
0–1
m
Ibra
him
et a
l.,
2007
Impr
oved
gra
ssla
nd +
low
tre
e de
nsit
y11
7.5
1.6
ND
Nat
ural
gra
ssla
nd +
hig
h tr
ee d
ensi
ty12
1.7
7.1
ND
Seco
nd
ary
fore
st11
6.7
90.7
ND
Hu
mid
tro
pic
al
fore
st
Ma
tig
uá
s, N
ica
rag
ua
Deg
rad
ed g
rass
lan
d63
.19.
4N
D
Nat
ura
l gra
ssla
nd
+ lo
w t
ree
den
sity
91.0
11.9
ND
Seco
nd
ary
fore
st13
9.2
23N
D
311Vol. 11–2010
MAPS, TABLES AND FIGURES
EC
OS
YS
TE
MS
LAN
DU
SE
S
CA
RB
ON
ST
OC
K(t
on
ne
s/h
a)
OB
SE
RV
AT
ION
SR
EFE
RE
NC
ES
SO
ILT
RE
ES
,A
ER
IAL
PAS
TU
RE
Tro
pic
al
dry
fo
rest
C
añ
as,
Co
sta
Ric
a
Bra
chia
ria
bri
zan
tha
+ P
ith
ecel
lob
ium
sam
an10
.50.
453.
4SO
C
(Mg
/ha)
, mea
sure
d
at d
epth
0–0
.6 m
,
tree
s g
C/1
00 g
, ag
e 17
mo
nth
s
An
dra
de,
200
7B
rach
iari
a b
riza
nth
a +
Dip
hys
a
rob
inio
ides
9.0
6.1
3.0
Hyp
areh
nia
ru
fa +
Pit
hec
ello
biu
m
sam
an5.
01.
62.
5
Hu
mid
tro
pic
al
fore
st
Po
cora
, C
ost
a R
ica
Bra
chia
ria
bri
zan
tha
+ A
rach
is p
into
i18
6.8
NA
ND
SOC
mea
sure
d a
t d
epth
0–1
m, a
ge
seve
n y
ears
Am
ézq
uit
aet
al.,
2008
Aca
cia
man
giu
m +
Ara
chis
pin
toi
160.
712
.8N
D
Bra
chia
ria
bri
zan
tha
153.
0N
AN
D
Deg
rad
ed w
eed
y p
astu
re10
7.9
NA
NA
Su
bh
um
id t
rop
ica
l fo
rest
Esp
arz
a,
Co
sta
Ric
a
Bra
chia
ria
dec
um
ben
s10
9.6
NA
ND
Bra
chia
ria
dec
um
ben
s +
tre
es12
0.0
17.2
ND
Tect
on
a g
ran
dis
222.
892
.4N
D
Seco
nd
ary
fore
st22
6.0
58.3
ND
*Car
bo
n m
easu
red
in t
run
ks a
lon
e. N
A =
no
t ap
plie
d, N
D =
no
t av
aila
ble
TAB
LE 1
8:C
arb
on
sto
cks
in l
and
use
s ac
cord
ing
to
eco
syst
ems
eval
uat
ed i
n C
entr
al A
mer
ica
(Ch
apte
r X
)
Integrated Crop Management312
GRASSLAND CARBON SEQUESTRATION: MANAGEMENT, POLICY AND ECONOMICS
ECOSYSTEMS LAND USES CARBON FIXATIONRATE (tonnes/
ha/year)
REFERENCES
Humid tropical forest Guapiles, Costa Rica
Brachiaria brizantha +
Eucalyptus deglupta
1.8
Andrade,
1999
Panicum maximum +
Eucalyptus deglupta
2.3
Brachiaria decumbens +
Acacia mangium
1.9
Panicum maximum +
Acacia mangium
2.1
Volcanic highlands Cordillera,Costa Rica
Pennisetum clandestinum
monoculture
5.2
Mora,
2001
Pennisetum clandestinum +
trees
5.1
Cynodon nlemfuensis
monoculture
4.8
Cynodon nlemfuensis + trees 4.9
Humid tropical forest Costa Rica
Brachiaria brizantha +
Eucalyptus deglupta
1.8
Avila et al.,
2001Brachiaria brizantha +
Acacia mangium
2.2
Subhumid tropical forest Esparza,Costa Rica
Natural pasture – trees 0.04
GEF,
2007
Natural pasture +
high tree density
1.2
Improved pasture – trees 1.0
Improved pasture +
high tree density
4.5
Forest plantations 5.0
Secondary forest 7.5
Subhumid tropical forest Esparza,Costa Rica
Bracharia brizantha pasture 3.5
Amézquita
et al., 2008
Brachiaria brizantha +
Arachis pintoi pasture
4.1
Hyparrhenia rufa pasture 3.7
Natural forest regeneration 2.0
TABLE 19: Carbon fixation/year (tonnes/ha) in pasture, silvopastoral and forest land-use systems (Chapter X)
313Vol. 11–2010
MAPS, TABLES AND FIGURES
LAND USES
(%)
2004 2005 2006 2007
Degraded pasture 11.9 6.1 5.1 4.1
Natural pastures without trees 3.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Improved pastures without trees 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.5
Natural pastures with trees 18.7 15.9 13.0 11.5
Improved pastures with trees 28.8 40.7 44.8 47.2
Fodder banks 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6
Secondary vegetation 1.6 1.9 2.0 2.0
Forest 29.0 29.0 29.0 29.0
Other uses* 5.4 5.0 4.9 5.0
Total area = 302 ha
Tonnes CO2 eq 13 773.9 22 564.8 24 962.3 26 534
*Other uses include areas with different crops.
TABLE 20: Land uses in the livestock landscape of Esparza, Costa Rica (Chapter X)
Integrated Crop Management314
GRASSLAND CARBON SEQUESTRATION: MANAGEMENT, POLICY AND ECONOMICS
INDICATOR GROUP 2003 2006 CHANGE(%)
Productivityof milk(kg/ha/year)
Non-poor 517.1±123.2 a 550.5±43.1 a 6.5
Poor 585.5±252.7 a 687.9±155.7 a 17.5
Extremely poor 610.7±128.5 a 816.0±89.5 a 33.6
Family gross income per capita/ household/year (USD)
Non-poor 2 639.2±590.6 a 4 921.4±1
100.0 a
86.5
Poor 1 011.8±151.4 b 2 141.6±852.5 b 111.6
Extremely poor 808.7±478.8 c 1 490.5±301.4 c 84.2
TABLE 21: Productivity of milk and family gross income on farms with payment for environmental services in different poverty groups in Matiguás, Nicaragua, 2007 (Chapter X)
Source: Marín et al., 2007
INCREASING C INPUTS DECREASING C LOSSES
1. Increasing biomass C inputs to soil by
improved grazing management
Improving (reducing or increasing)
stocking rates
Rotational, planned or adaptive
grazing
Enclosing grassland from livestock
grazing
2. Increasing biomass
Seeding fodder grasses or legumes
Improving vegetation community
structure
Fertilization
3. Improved management of land use
conversion
Converting agricultural land use to
permanent grassland
Avoiding conversion of grassland to
cultivation
Avoiding conversion of forest to
pasture
4. Fire management and control
5. Alternative energy technologies to
replace use of shrubs/dung as fuel
TABLE 22: Management practices with potential to increase C sequestrationor decrease C losses in rangelands (Chapter XII)
Source: Tennigkeit and Wilkes, 2008
315Vol. 11–2010
MAPS, TABLES AND FIGURES
MANAGEMENTPRACTICE
NO. OFDATA
POINTS*
MEAN CHANGE IN tones CO2e/ha/yr OR TOTAL
CHANGE IN %C
MIN – MAX
Vegetationcultivation
c: 31
%: 7
9.39 tonnes
CO2eq/ha
0.56%
–12.1–46.50 tonnes
CO2eq/ha/year
0.11–1.14%
Avoided land cover/land-usechange
c: 65
%: 22
0.40 tonnes
CO2eq/ha
0.87%
–103.78–15.03 tonnes
CO2eq/ha/year
–0.7–4.2%
Grazingmanagement
c: 55
%: 21
2.16 tonnes
CO2eq/ha
0.13%
–12.47–33.44 tonnes
CO2eq/ha/year
–2.03–5.42%
Fertilizationc: 27
%: 68
1.76 tonnes
CO2eq/ha
0.47%
–11.73–9.09 tonnes
CO2eq/ha/year
–1.23–4.8%
Fire controlc: 2
%: 1
2.68 tonnes
CO2eq/ha
0%
3.67–4.11 tonnes
CO2eq/ha/year
0%
*(c = no. of studies reporting in C content; % = no. of studies reporting in %C.
TABLE 23: C sequestration potential of rangeland management practices (Chapter XII)
Source: Tennigkeit and Wilkes, 2008
Integrated Crop Management316
GRASSLAND CARBON SEQUESTRATION: MANAGEMENT, POLICY AND ECONOMICS
PROJECT NAME LOCATION MAIN ACTIVITIES REFERENCE SOURCES
CCX Rangeland Carbon Offsets
Mid-western
United States
of America
Stocking rate
management,
rotational and
seasonal grazing
Chicago Climate
Exchange (CCX), 2009
Caribbean Savannah Carbon Sink Project
Colombia Silvopastoral
practices
World Bank, 2007
Uchindile and Mapanda Forest Projects
United Republic
of Tanzania
Afforestation http://www.
forestcarbonportal.
com/
inventory_project.
php?item=282
The West Arnhem Fire Abatement Agreement
Australia Fire management http://savanna.ntu.
edu.au/information/
arnhem_fire_project.
html
Solar cooking unitsin the Andes
Bolivia:
(Plurinational
State of)
Rural energy http://www.
actioncarbone.org/
Ducks Unlimited Avoided Grassland Conversion Project in the PrairiePothole Region
United States
of America
Avoided
conversion of
grasslands
Ducks Unlimited and
Eco Projects Fund,
2009
TABLE 24: Selected carbon finance projects in rangelands (Chapter XII)