LATENT STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING Supplement 1 Supplemental Material Table S1. Prevalence of DSM-IV Diagnoses in Target Patients Rated by Therapists.....2 Table S2. Psychometric Properties of the 75-Item version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Informant Report Form in the Construction Sample.......................3 Table S3. Descriptive Statistics and Generalized Graded Unfolding Model Item Parameter Estimates in the Combined Sample.........................................4 Table S4. Fit Indices of Multiple Group Models for the Criterion A Subdomains.......6 Table S5. Fit Indices of Joint Multiple Group Models for Criterion A Subdomains and Criterion B Facets..................................................... 7 Table S6. Joint Multiple Group Exploratory Structural Equation Model Analysis of Criterion A Subdomains and Criterion B Facets with Seven Factors (Standardized within Therapists) .8 Table S7. Joint Multiple Group Exploratory Structural Equation Model Analysis of Criterion A Subdomains and Criterion B Facets with Eight Factors (Standardized within Laypersons) 9 Table S8. Joint Multiple Group Exploratory Structural Equation Model Analysis of Criterion A Subdomains and Criterion B Facets with Eight Factors (Standardized within Therapists) 10 Table S9. Predicting Overall Impairment in Personality Functioning from ESEM Factor Scores............................................................ 11 Figure S1. Mean Expected (dotted lines) and Observed (points) Item Responses as a Function of Mean Estimated Theta minus Delta across 33 Groups for Criterion A Subdomains.............................12 Figure S2. Item Response Functions of Criterion A Subdomains based on a Generalized Graded Unfolding Model for Items Representing Five Different Levels of Severity.....................................13
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LATENT STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING Supplement 1
Supplemental Material
Table S1. Prevalence of DSM-IV Diagnoses in Target Patients Rated by Therapists.............................2
Table S2. Psychometric Properties of the 75-Item version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5
Informant Report Form in the Construction Sample.............................................................................3
Table S3. Descriptive Statistics and Generalized Graded Unfolding Model Item Parameter Estimates
in the Combined Sample.........................................................................................................................4
Table S4. Fit Indices of Multiple Group Models for the Criterion A Subdomains...................................6
Table S5. Fit Indices of Joint Multiple Group Models for Criterion A Subdomains and Criterion B
Note. Data were based on a round-robin design involving 25 groups of 4 to 5 student participants (N = 110 participants, N = 379 ratings) (Zimmermann et al., 2015). rtotal = Correlation between mean scores of the 3-item facet and the full facet scale. rred = Correlations between mean scores of the 3-item facet and the reduced facet scale (i.e., with the 3 items omitted). Exploratory factor analysis was based on the 3-item facet mean scores, using maximum likelihood estimation and target rotation to the original factor loading matrix presented in Krueger et al. (2012). Factor correlations ranged from .01 to .45 (M = .24). NA = Negative Affectivity. DET = Detachment. ANT = Antagonism. DIS = Disinhibition. PSY = Psychoticism. The largest loading in each row is presented in bold. Loadings ≥ |.30| but that are not the highest loading within that row are presented in italics. Loadings that were theoretically expected based on the DSM-5 trait model are presented underlined.
LATENT STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING Supplement 4
Table S3. Descriptive Statistics and Generalized Graded Unfolding Model Item Parameter Estimates in the Combined Sample
Subdomain LevelDescriptive Statistics GGUM Item Parameters Model Fit
N M SD n0 n1 n2 n3 δ α τ1 τ2 τ3 rexp Q3;0 Q3;1 Q3;2 Q3;3
Note. Total N = 660. GGUM = Generalized Graded Unfolding Model. rexp = Correlations between expected and observed item responses. Q3 = Bias-corrected correlations between model-based item residuals. Q3 > |.13| were statistically significant at p < .001.
LATENT STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING Supplement 6
Table S4. Fit Indices of Multiple Group Models for the Criterion A Subdomains
Note. All models were multiple group models assuming strong measurement invariance across laypersons (n = 515) and therapists (n = 145). CFA = Confirmatory Factor Analysis. ESEM = Exploratory Structural Equation Model. CFI = Comparative Fit Index. TLI = Tucker Lewis Index. RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error of Approximation. SRMR = Standardized Root Mean Square Residual. AIC = Akaike Information Criterion. BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion. Models that are presented in bold are included in the main manuscript.
LATENT STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING Supplement 7
Table S5. Fit Indices of Joint Multiple Group Models for Criterion A Subdomains and Criterion B Facets
Note. All models were multiple group Exploratory Structural Equation Models (ESEM) assuming strong measurement invariance across laypersons (n = 515) and therapists (n = 145). CFI = Comparative Fit Index. TLI = Tucker Lewis Index. RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error of Approximation.
LATENT STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING Supplement 8
SRMR = Standardized Root Mean Square Residual. AIC = Akaike Information Criterion. BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion. Models that are presented in bold are included in the main manuscript.
LATENT STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING Supplement 9
Table S6. Joint Multiple Group Exploratory Structural Equation Model Analysis of Criterion
A Subdomains and Criterion B Facets with Seven Factors (Standardized within Therapists)
Note. Factor loadings and factor correlations were based on a multiple group Exploratory Structural Equation Model
assuming strong measurement invariance across laypersons (n = 515) and therapists (n = 145). Parameters were standardized within the therapist sample. ID = Identity. SD = Self-Direction. E = Empathy. IN = Intimacy. NA = Negative Affectivity. DET = Detachment. ANT = Antagonism. DIS = Disinhibition. PSY = Psychoticism. The largest loading in each row is presented in bold. Loadings ≥ |.30| but that are not the highest loading within that row are presented in italics.
LATENT STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING Supplement 10
Table S7. Joint Multiple Group Exploratory Structural Equation Model Analysis of Criterion
A Subdomains and Criterion B Facets with Eight Factors (Standardized within Laypersons)
Criterion Domain Facet / Subdomain F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8A ID Self-Esteem .88 -.06 .03 .05 -.02 .06 -.10 .02B DET/NA Depressivity .82 -.34 -.04 .01 .12 .08 .06 .01A IN Depth and Duration of Connections .74 .04 -.02 .06 -.08 -.17 .28 .02A ID Sense of Self .69 .02 .09 -.04 .13 .08 -.14 .11
A SD Constructive, Prosocial Internal Standards of Behavior .67 .08 -.03 .00 .19 -.05 .02 -.01
A IN Desire and Capacity for Closeness .60 .14 .19 .00 -.06 -.11 .12 .00A SD Ability to Pursue Meaningful Goals .58 .07 -.02 -.10 .40 -.02 -.07 .00A ID Emotional Range and Regulation .57 .07 .06 .26 .07 .02 .15 -.04A SD Self-Reflective Functioning .49 .38 -.03 -.01 .18 -.01 -.02 .03B DET Anhedonia .46 .04 -.05 .04 .09 .22 .40 -.06B NA Separation Insecurity .39 -.01 .21 .06 .14 .25 -.27 -.03B DET/NA Suspiciousness .32 .19 .11 .27 .00 .19 .02 .11A E Tolerance of Differing Perspectives .21 .68 .10 .09 .05 .03 -.01 -.03
A E Understanding and Appreciation of Others’ Experiences and Motivations .32 .56 .08 .04 .03 .00 .02 .07
B ANT Grandiosity -.13 .54 .43 -.03 -.04 -.02 .00 .05
A E Understanding of Effects of Own Behavior on Others .42 .52 -.12 .03 .05 -.03 -.03 .09
Note. Factor loadings and factor correlations were based on a multiple group Exploratory Structural Equation Model
assuming strong measurement invariance across laypersons (n = 515) and therapists (n = 145). Parameters were standardized within the layperson sample. ID = Identity. SD = Self-Direction. E = Empathy. IN = Intimacy. NA = Negative Affectivity. DET = Detachment. ANT = Antagonism. DIS = Disinhibition. PSY = Psychoticism. The largest loading in each row is presented in bold. Loadings ≥ |.30| but that are not the highest loading within that row are presented in italics.
LATENT STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING Supplement 11
Table S8. Joint Multiple Group Exploratory Structural Equation Model Analysis of Criterion
A Subdomains and Criterion B Facets with Eight Factors (Standardized within Therapists)
A IN Depth and Duration of Connections .59 .04 -.03 .07 -.08 -.21 .35 .02A ID Sense of Self .50 .02 .11 -.04 .13 .09 -.15 .15A IN Desire and Capacity for Closeness .49 .17 .25 .00 -.07 -.13 .15 .00A ID Emotional Range and Regulation .47 .09 .09 .32 .08 .03 .19 -.07A SD Ability to Pursue Meaningful Goals .46 .08 -.02 -.11 .44 -.03 -.09 -.01A E Tolerance of Differing Perspectives .15 .74 .12 .10 .05 .04 -.01 -.04A E Understanding and Appreciation of Others’
Note. Factor loadings and factor correlations were based on a multiple group Exploratory Structural Equation Model
assuming strong measurement invariance across laypersons (n = 515) and therapists (n = 145). Parameters were standardized within the therapist sample. ID = Identity. SD = Self-Direction. E = Empathy. IN = Intimacy. NA = Negative Affectivity. DET = Detachment. ANT = Antagonism. DIS = Disinhibition. PSY = Psychoticism. The largest loading in each row is presented in bold. Loadings ≥ |.30| but that are not the highest loading within that row are presented in italics.
LATENT STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING Supplement 12
Table S9. Predicting Overall Impairment in Personality Functioning from ESEM Factor
Note. Zero-order correlations (r) and part correlations (sr) of Exploratory Structural Equation Model (ESEM) factor scores with the 5-point overall impairment in personality functioning rating in the layperson sample (n = 509) and therapist sample (n = 139). Factor scores were estimated based on the multiple group ESEM with seven factors and oblique Geomin rotation presented in the manuscript. Part correlations were computed using multiple regression analyses, with F(501,7) = 133.0, p < .001, R²adj = .645 in laypersons, and F(131,7) = 11.7, p < .001, R²adj = .352 in therapists.
** p < .01. *** p < .001.
LATENT STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING Supplement 13
Sense of self Self-esteem Emotional range and regulation
IDE
NTI
TY
Ability to pursue meaningful goals
Constructive, prosocial internal standards of behavior Self-reflective functioning
SE
LF-D
IRE
CTI
ON
Understanding and appreciation of others’ experiences and
motivationsTolerance of differing
perspectivesUnderstanding of effects of own
behavior on others
EM
PA
THY
Depth and duration of connections
Desire and capacity for closeness
Mutuality of regard reflected in behavior
INTI
MA
CY
Figure S1. Mean Expected (dotted lines) and Observed (points) Item Responses as a Function
of Mean Estimated Theta minus Delta across 33 Groups for Criterion A Subdomains
LATENT STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING Supplement 14
Sense of self Self-esteem Emotional range and regulation
IDE
NTI
TY
Ability to pursue meaningful goals
Constructive, prosocial internal standards of behavior Self-reflective functioning
SE
LF-D
IRE
CTI
ON
Understanding and appreciation of others’ experiences and
motivationsTolerance of differing
perspectivesUnderstanding of effects of own
behavior on others
EM
PA
THY
Depth and duration of connections
Desire and capacity for closeness
Mutuality of regard reflected in behavior
INTI
MA
CY
Figure S2. Item Response Functions of Criterion A Subdomains based on a Generalized
Graded Unfolding Model for Items Representing Five Different Levels of Severity
LATENT STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING Supplement 15
Sense of self Self-esteem Emotional range and regulation
IDE
NTI
TY
Ability to pursue meaningful goals
Constructive, prosocial internal standards of behavior Self-reflective functioning
SE
LF-D
IRE
CTI
ON
Understanding and appreciation of others’ experiences and
motivationsTolerance of differing
perspectivesUnderstanding of effects of own
behavior on others
EM
PA
THY
Depth and duration of connections
Desire and capacity for closeness
Mutuality of regard reflected in behavior
INTI
MA
CY
Figure S3. Item Response Functions of Criterion A Subdomains based on a Graded Response
Model for Items Representing Five Different Levels of Severity
LATENT STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING Supplement 16
Sense of self Self-esteem Emotional range and regulation
IDE
NTI
TY
Ability to pursue meaningful goals
Constructive, prosocial internal standards of behavior Self-reflective functioning
SE
LF-D
IRE
CTI
ON
Understanding and appreciation of others’ experiences and
motivationsTolerance of differing
perspectivesUnderstanding of effects of own
behavior on others
EM
PA
THY
Depth and duration of connections
Desire and capacity for closeness
Mutuality of regard reflected in behavior
INTI
MA
CY
Figure S4. Test Information Functions of Criterion A Subdomains based on a Generalized
Graded Unfolding Model (solid lines) and a Graded Response Model (dotted lines)
LATENT STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING Supplement 17
Sense of self Self-esteem Emotional range and regulation
IDE
NTI
TY
Ability to pursue meaningful goals
Constructive, prosocial internal standards of behavior Self-reflective functioning
SE
LF-D
IRE
CTI
ON
Understanding and appreciation of others’ experiences and
motivationsTolerance of differing
perspectivesUnderstanding of effects of own
behavior on others
EM
PA
THY
Depth and duration of connections
Desire and capacity for closeness
Mutuality of regard reflected in behavior
INTI
MA
CY
Figure S5. Scatterplots of the expected a posteriori (EAP) estimates under a Generalized
Graded Unfolding Model (vertical axis) and a Graded Response Model (horizontal axis)
LATENT STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING Supplement 18
References
Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., & Skodol, A. E. (2012). Initial
construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5.