Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari Draft Detailed Project Report Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh Page i Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................... I LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................... VII LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................................................................... X ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYM LIST ................................................................................................................... XI 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 12 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................... 12 1.2 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF WORK...................................................................................................................... 13 2 CITY PROFILE .............................................................................................................................................. 16 2.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 16 2.2 REGIONAL LINKAGES ....................................................................................................................................... 16 2.3 CLIMATE....................................................................................................................................................... 17 2.4 GEOGRAPHY.................................................................................................................................................. 17 2.5 DEMOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................... 18 2.6 POPULATION DENSITY ..................................................................................................................................... 18 2.7 SEX RATIO .................................................................................................................................................... 18 2.8 SLUMS IN KAKINADA CORPORATION .................................................................................................................. 18 3 EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES IN KAKINADA .................................................................................. 22 3.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 22 3.2 WATER SUPPLY.............................................................................................................................................. 22 3.3 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM .................................................................................................................... 22
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Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................... I
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................... VII
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................................... X
ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYM LIST ................................................................................................................... XI
1.2 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF WORK ...................................................................................................................... 13
2 CITY PROFILE .............................................................................................................................................. 16
2.6 POPULATION DENSITY ..................................................................................................................................... 18
2.7 SEX RATIO .................................................................................................................................................... 18
2.8 SLUMS IN KAKINADA CORPORATION .................................................................................................................. 18
3 EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES IN KAKINADA .................................................................................. 22
3.2 WATER SUPPLY.............................................................................................................................................. 22
3.3 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM .................................................................................................................... 22
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
5.2 GUIDELINES FOR QUANTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLID WASTE ........................................................... 30
5.3 NORMS FOR QUANTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION ........................................................................................ 31
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
5.3.1 Domestic House Holds .......................................................................................................................... 31
5.3.2 Street Sweeping .................................................................................................................................... 31
5.8 BRIEF ON PROPOSALS FOR KAKINADA ............................................................................................................ 41
6 PROPOSED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ..................................................................................... 42
6.1 POPULATION PROJECTION ................................................................................................................................ 42
6.2 QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE ..................................................................................... 42
6.5.2 Collection from Commercial Establishment .......................................................................................... 52
6.5.3 Street sweeping .................................................................................................................................... 53
6.5.4 Requirement of Hand carts: .................................................................................................................. 55
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
6.8 SUMMARY OF PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE FOR COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION .................................................. 63
6.9 C&D WASTE AND SLAUGHTER HOUSE WASTE ...................................................................................................... 65
6.10 TOOLS IMPLEMENTS AND SAFETY ITEMS FOR WORKERS ......................................................................................... 65
6.11 BIOMETHANATION FOR MARKET WASTE ............................................................................................................ 65
6.12 WTE PLANT FROM COMBUSTIBLE WASTE AT RAJAHMUNDRY ................................................................................ 67
6.12.1 MSW in Both Districts ....................................................................................................................... 68
6.12.1 Calculations for Waste to Energy Potential ...................................................................................... 70
6.13 RECLAMATION OF EXISTING LANDFILL SITE AT KAKINADA ........................................................................ 71
FINANCIAL IMPLICATION OF RECLAMATION ...................................................................................................................... 73
PRECAUTIONS TO BE UNDERTAKEN DURING DUMP SITE RECLAMATION OPERATIONS .................................................................. 73
7.3 O&M COST PER ANNUM ................................................................................................................................. 78
7.4 HOUSE HOLD BIN COSTING .............................................................................................................................. 79
7.5 COSTING FOR BINS AT COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS .......................................................................................... 80
7.6 COSTING OF TRICYCLE ..................................................................................................................................... 81
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
7.7 COSTING OF TRICYCLE BIN ............................................................................................................................... 82
7.8 COSTING OF AUTO TIPPER ............................................................................................................................... 82
7.9 COSTING OF HAND CARTS ................................................................................................................................ 83
7.10 COSTING OF COMPACTOR BINS ......................................................................................................................... 83
7.11 COSTING OF REFUSE COMPACTOR ..................................................................................................................... 84
7.12 COST OF THE PROPOSED COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION PLAN ......................................................................... 85
7.13 O&M COST FOR THE PROPOSED COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION PLAN .............................................................. 89
7.14 HUMAN RESOURCE COST – PRIMARY & SECONDARY ............................................................................................ 90
8.2 GRANT FUNDING ........................................................................................................................................... 94
8.2.3 Funding pattern for the Project ............................................................................................................ 95
8.3 REVENUES FROM INTEGRATED FACILITY ............................................................................................................... 96
8.4 MARKET PRICE OF COMPOST ............................................................................................................................ 96
8.5 SALE PRICE OF PLASTIC .................................................................................................................................... 97
8.6 SALE PRICE OF RDF ........................................................................................................................................ 97
8.8 REVENUE RECEIPT THROUGH USER CHARGES ...................................................................................................... 97
9 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION .......................................................... 102
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
10.6 QUOTATIONS FOR EQUIPMENT’S & VEHICLES .................................................................................................... 119
10.7 SITE PHOTOS ............................................................................................................................................... 120
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
TABLE 1-1: ULBS UNDER EAST GODAVARI ........................................................................................................................... 12
TABLE 1-2: ULBS UNDER-WEST GODAVARI DISTRICT ............................................................................................................. 13
TABLE 2-2-1: POPULATION AND GROWTH RATE OF KAKINADA CITY .......................................................................................... 18
TABLE 2-2: LIST OF SLUMS IN KAKINADA .............................................................................................................................. 19
TABLE 4-1: DETAILS OF PRIMARY COLLECTION ...................................................................................................................... 26
TABLE 4-2: DETAILS OF SECONDARY COLLECTION SYSTEM ....................................................................................................... 26
TABLE 4-3: DETAILS OF SOLID WASTE STAFF ........................................................................................................................ 27
TABLE 4-4: DEFICIENCY ANALYSIS IN PRESENT SCENARIO OF SWM IN KAKINADA CITY.................................................................. 28
TABLE 5-1: NORMS FOR GARBAGE GENERATION ................................................................................................................... 31
TABLE 5-2: PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES IN INDIAN CITIES .............................................................. 32
TABLE 5-3: PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES IN INDIAN CITIES .............................................................. 32
TABLE 5-5:TRICYCLE WITH BINS .......................................................................................................................................... 34
TABLE 5-6:- WHEELER AUTO WITH TIPPING HOPPER ............................................................................................................... 35
TABLE 5-7:- WHEELER MINIVAN/AUTO WITH TIPPING HOPPER .................................................................................................. 36
TABLE 5-8:- SMALL MECHANICALLY LIFTED BINS ................................................................................................................... 37
TABLE 5-9:- LARGE MECHANICALLY LIFTED BINS ................................................................................................................... 38
TABLE 5-10:- OPEN BODY TRUCKS ..................................................................................................................................... 39
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
TABLE 6-9: NO OF SWEEPERS REQUIRED FOR MANUAL STREET SWEEPING .................................................................................. 54
TABLE 6-10 : HAND CARTS AND SWEEPERS REQUIREMENT ..................................................................................................... 56
TABLE 6-13 :TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF 1.1 CUM BIN ........................................................................................................ 57
TABLE 6-14 : REQUIREMENT OF REFUSE COMPACTOR ............................................................................................................ 59
TABLE 6-17 : COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION FOR 25 YEARS ............................................................................................. 63
TABLE 6-18 : MSW GENERATION IN EAST AND WEST GODAVARI DISTRICTS .............................................................................. 68
TABLE 6-19 : CLACULATIONS FOR RDF TO ENERGY ................................................................................................................ 70
TABLE 7-1 : CAPITAL COST FOR SWM- KAKINADA (2017- 2042)............................................................................................ 77
TABLE 7-2 : OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST RS. IN LAKHS FOR KAKINADA......................................................................... 78
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
TABLE 7-10 : COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION CAPITAL COST FOR 25 YEARS - KAKINADA ......................................................... 86
TABLE 7-11 : SUMMARY OF O&M COST PER ANNUM FOR KMC ............................................................................................. 89
TABLE 7-12 : COLLECTIONS AND TRANSPORTATION MANPOWER COST (RS. PER MONTH) ............................................................. 91
TABLE 7-13 : SUMMARY OF O&M COST ............................................................................................................................. 92
TABLE 8-1 : FUNDING PATTERN FOR THE PROJECT .................................................................................................................. 95
TABLE 8-2 : MARKET PRICE OF COMPOST AT VARIOUS PLACES................................................................................................. 96
TABLE 8-3 : MARKET PRICES OF COMPOST FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES ...................................................................................... 97
TABLE 8-4 : PROPOSED USED CHARGES FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ................................................................................ 98
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
FIGURE 4-1: PUSH CARTS FOR DOOR TO DOOR COLLECTION ..................................................................................................... 26
FIGURE 4-2:DUMP SITES IN KAKINADA ................................................................................................................................ 28
FIGURE 5-1:- TRICYCLE WITH BINS ...................................................................................................................................... 35
FIGURE 5-2:- WHEELER AUTO WITH TIPPING HOPPER .............................................................................................................. 36
FIGURE 5-3:- WHEELER MINIVAN/AUTO WITH TIPPING HOPPER ................................................................................................ 37
FIGURE: 5-4 : SMALL MECHANICALLY LIFTED BINS ................................................................................................................ 38
FIGURE: 5-5 – LARGE MECHANICALLY LIFTED BINS ............................................................................................................... 39
FIGURE5-6– OPEN BODY TRUCKS....................................................................................................................................... 40
FIGURE 5-8:SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL .......................................................................................... 40
FIGURE 6-1: TRICYCLE WITH BINS ....................................................................................................................................... 50
FIGURE 6-2:- WHEELER AUTO WITH TIPPING HOPPER .............................................................................................................. 52
FIGURE: 6-3 : SMALL MECHANICALLY LIFTED BINS ................................................................................................................ 53
FIGURE8-1: IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY FOR COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION ..................................................................... 94
FIGURE8-2: IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY FOR INTEGRATED FACILITY ......................................................................................... 94
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
CPHEEO Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
CDP City Development Plan
GNP Gross National Product
ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management
kCal Kilo Calorie
Kg Kilo Gram
Km Kilo Meter
m Meter
MSW Municipal Solid Waste
SWM Solid Waste Management
MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management
MT Metric Ton
RDF Refuse Derived Fuel
SI Sanitary Inspector
SLF Engineered Sanitary Landfill
TPD/MTPD Tons per Day / Metric Tons per Day
MoUD Ministry of Urban Development
GoI Government of India
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
The Government of Andhra Pradesh (GoAP) proposed to strengthen the Municipal Solid Waste
Management system covering collection, segregation, recycling, transportation processing and disposal
including options for composting and waste to energy, disposal in all 110 Urban Local Bodies in Andhra
Pradesh so as to comply with the service level benchmarks of the government of India. The Govt. of AP
intends to institutionalize a holistic integrated, sustainable environment and eco-friendly municipal
solid waste management system in urban local bodies of the state.
Andhra Pradesh Urban Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation(APUFIDC) is a government
of Andhra Pradesh entity and Nodal agency for the development of projects in urban infrastructure and
proposes to cause preparation of detailed project reports for the 110 ULBs cluster wise. The DPRs shall
comply with Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) rules 2000 under the aegis of the
Environment (Protection) Act 1986 and guidelines issued there under from time to time. The MSW
Rules, 2000 stipulate that each municipal authority should treat and dispose of the MSW generated by
then in a manner so as not to cause damage to human health and environment.
APUFIDC invited proposals for selection of consultant for preparation of Detailed Project Reports to
enable the implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan.
The ULBs in the state are divided into 5 zones for geographical convenience for conducting studies for
preparation of DPRs. The APUFIDC has appointed Darashaw and Company Private Limited in association
with PBS consultancy services, for preparation of DPRs for 21 towns in Zone II under East Godavari and
West Godavari districts.
The ULBs fall under Zone II for preparation of DPRs for Solid Waste Management are listed below.
Table 1-1: ULBs under East Godavari
Sr. No Name of the Town Grade
1 Kakinada Corporation
2 Rajahmundry Corporation
3 Amalapuram I
4 Tuni II
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
a) To provide an efficient primary, secondary collection and disposal of solid waste of the ULB
including storage and transportation facilities with adequate man power.
b) To carry out regular cleaning of roads/streets/drains with required man power and equipment.
c) To promote source segregation of waste in the ULB
d) Reclaim existing dump sites
e) To comply with the MSW (management and handling) rules 2000.
Scope of work : The broad scope of work for the project includes development of technical and
economically viable solid waste management plan along with design of collection, transportation, and
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
treatment and disposal infrastructure. The proposed plan shall be in pursuance with the guidelines
specified by Andhra Pradesh municipal act 1994 and MSW rules 2000. The outline of the scope of work
for the overall project included the following activities:
1. Realistic assessment of quality, characterization and classification of MSW, the current scenario
in each ULB.
2. Planning-Detailed planning for resource requirement and implementation strategy.
3. Proposed DPR shall be in line with SWM rules, 2000 of Gol and the tool kit of the Government
of India for SWM projects.
4. The DPR should address the policy requirement of the following:
a. Keeping wet and dry waste streams separated at the house hold/ sources level itself.
b. Door step collection, segregation of wet waste
c. Composting of biodegradable waste
d. Recycling of dry waste by category
5. Strategies for 100% source segregation and door to door collection of house hold & commercial
waste, street sweepings, silt removal, vegetable & fruit market waste, slaughter house waste
etc. and suitable incentive structure to promote source segregation and recycling.
6. Options for production of compost preferably in a decentralized manner and generation of
green energy through bio-mechanization where appropriate, sustainable, environment and eco-
friendly and protects public health, and identification of ideal site for their setting up in the
proposed ULB, Cluster of ULBs as per feasibility.
7. Transportation of resource from the secondary collection point to the proposed processing
plant with detailed process.
8. Analysis of the need for transfer stations and its basic features
9. Tie-ups for inorganic waste and suggestion for sustainable technologies for processing.
10. Options and strategies for processing of organic waste
11. Opportunities for involvement of various groups of the society in MSWM activities.
12. Techno-economic and environmental analysis of various options for MSWM processes and
institutionalization.
13. Road map towards achieving zero land fill facilities
14. Innovative incentive structure to the operating personnel for motivation and for ensuring
sustainability of MSWM
15. Exploring innovative processes and their enforcement for making the habitations litter free, bin
free and dump free so as to prevent and health hazards.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
16. Creating and sustaining a supply chain for recycled waste
17. Availability of land for proposed land fill
18. Available of power supply and exploration of renewable sources of energy
19. Implementation strategy including resource requirement
20. Information, Education and Communication campaign models and enforcement plans
21. Training and competency building plans
22. Streamlining and optimization of transportation system
23. Options for using the inert material like Construction and Demolition waste
24. Opportunities for Reclamation and Bio-mining of old dump sites
25. Impact of the proposed MSWM system on community health and environment
26. Proposed measures for involvement of stockholders in MSWM
27. Measure for leadership development and change management
28. The study should also consider the existing projects being implemented on cluster-basis in
consultation with the concerned Municipal Commissioners & C&DMA. The consultant shall
study the land availability for land fill in each ULB within the proposed cluster and the distance
to the centre of the clusters, and quantity of rejects to be taken to the land fill. In each region
clustering is to be done wherever practicable.
29. The DPR submitted should be practical and thoroughly implementable with zero landfill concept
and with operation & maintenance strategies of MSWM.
30. The DPR should propose a practical action plan for each ULB with cost implications and financial
requirements for each suggested methodology and consolidating for each cluster and overall
cost of implementation for the entire state.
31. The DPR should also suggest implementation strategies for the MSWM plans for (i) individual
ULBs which are not part of the clusters. (ii) For the clusters of ULBs (iii) for improvements in the
clusters in which MSWM project is under implementation.
32. The consultant should provide independent DPRs for each proposed cluster and for ULBs which
are not part of the clusters as mentioned in 1.1.28. Separate action plan shall be proposed for
each ULB activity wise duly coated indicating responsible personnel to undertake each activity
and proposed financing pattern
33. Based on the feasibility study, the numbers of clusters that can be formed in the Region are to
be proposed. One DPR is to be prepared for each ULB. The DPR for the ULB in which the
common processing unit is proposed for the cluster should contain the complete details of the
technology and cost estimate of the processing unit.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Kakinada is a city and a municipal corporation in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is also the
headquarters of East Godavari district. Kakinada is also named as "Fertilizer City" (owing to the large
concentration of fertilizer plants), "Pensioner's Paradise"(as it shares it calm and pleasant environment
to the retired and old-age people) and "Second Madras” (as it have similar features of Chennai).
Kakinada is part of a Special Economic Zone and a proposed 'Petroleum, Chemical and Petrochemical
Investment Region (PCPIR)'. It is a hub to all the deep sea exploratory activity in the region due to its
deep-water sea port and its proximity to the gas fields.
2.2 REGIONAL LINKAGES
Kakinada is well connected by road, rail and air. Good roads connect Kakinada with all the places within
the state and rest of the country. NH-214 from Kathipudi to Ongole (both on NH-5) passes through
Kakinada. A couple of state highways connect Kakinada to Rajahmundry and other places within the
district.
As a city located on the sea shore, Kakinada is a railway terminus. It has four railway stations, namely
Kakinada Town Junction (1.2 km), Kakinada Port (1.8 km), Kakinada Port New (4.1 km), and Sarpavaram
(6.5 km). Through a branch line, Kakinada is connected to Samalkot Junction (13 km) which is on the
Chennai-Howrah trunk line, where almost all express trains stop to connect Kakinada with the
important places of the country.
The nearest airport is located at Rajahmundry; about 65 km.Rajahmundry City Airport has services to
Chennai, Hyderabad, Vijayawada and Bangalore. The other nearest major airport is at Visakhapatnam at
a distance of 145 km and has the services of many airline operators to major cities in the country.
The Location map of Kakinada is given in the following figure.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Kakinada has a tropical savanna climate. The weather is hot and humid for most of the year. The hottest
part of the year is late May to early June with maximum temperatures around 38–42 °C (100–108 °F).
The coolest part of the year is January, with minimum temperatures around 18–20 °C (64–68 °F). The
city gets most of its seasonal rainfall from the south-west monsoon winds although a good deal of rains
greet these parts during the northeast monsoon from mid-October to mid-December. Cyclones in the
Bay of Bengal frequently hit the city. Prevailing winds in Kakinada are usually southwesterly for most
part of the year except during October to January when they blow north-easterly. The city experiences
an average annual rainfall between 110 and 115 centimetres.
2.4 GEOGRAPHY
Kakinada is located at 16.57°N 81.15°E. The 82½ degrees east longitude, with respect to which IST
(Indian Standard Time) is calculated, passes through Kakinada. It has an average elevation of 2 metres
and many areas of the city are below sea level. The city has roughly a north-south orientation and is
confined to a long narrow strip parallel to the sea coast. The average width of the city is around 6 km
but its length is around 15 km.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
As of 2011 Census of India, the Kakinada city had a population of 325,985. The decadal growth of
population is given below.
Table 2-2-1: Population and Growth Rate of Kakinada City
Sl. No. Year Population Decadal Growth Rate (in %)
1 1981 226409
2 1991 279980 23.66
3 2001 296329 5.81
4 2011 325985 10.01
1(Source: Census Data, 2011)
2.6 POPULATION DENSITY
The present area under the Kakinada is about 31.69 sq. km. The population density of the Kakinada city
is about 10287 persons per sq. km. According to 2011 census, the Kakinada city was divided into 50
wards.
2.7 SEX RATIO
Sex ratio is a sensitive indicator of the status of women in society, at a given point of time. India’s low
sex ratio of 940 females per 1000 males in the current Census 2011 reveals a continuing imbalance in
gender relations. The sex ratio in Kakinada has also shown a positive increase. The sex ratio of Kakinada
city is 1048 females per 1000 males.
2.8 SLUMS IN KAKINADA CORPORATION
In Kakinada there are 101slums in the extent of 6.25 Sq.Km with the population of 1.46 Lakh as per the
latest census. Out of 101 slums 63 are notified and 38 are non-notified slums. The list of slums in the
city is given as follows:
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
31 Gopala krishna Nagar Near peethla Tank Notified
32 Indira Nagar Notified
33 Turangi Behind Slanghter house Notified
34 Seetharama Murthy Nagar Notified
35 Muggu peta Notified
36 Annamma Gati Center Notified
37 Gayathri Nagar Notified
38 Jaganaikpur Thoti peta Notified
39 Near Andhra poliy technic Notified
40 Kesanavari Doddi Notified
41 Arundhati Nagar Notified
42 Padmanaba Nagar Notified
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
In this Chapter the details of existing infrastructure like water supply, sewerage, storm water drainage,
Roads and solid waste management in Kakinada are broadly described.
3.2 WATER SUPPLY
Kakinada has good water supply system. The main source of water for Kakinada is Godavari River.
Water is stored in two summer storage tanks one at Samalkot with a capacity of 140 MGL and the other
is at Aratlakatta village with a capacity of 345 MGL. There are 13 service reservoirs in city with capacity
of the 11.5 MLD. City has 100 % water distribution system.
3.3 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM
At present city does not have underground sewerage system. Most of the houses have their own
arrangement of septic tanks Sullage from all households is connected connected to existing drains
causes unsanitary conditions in the city.
Kakinada has six major drains convey rainwater and dry weather flow. Most of these drains are 775km
length of drains exist in the city.
3.4 ROADS
The road network of Kakinada is about 681 km comprising National Highways, State Highways,
municipal roads, and other roads. The roads in Kakinada are maintained by engineering department of
Municipal Corporation.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
etc. With existing more than 10 Medical Hospitals, the quantity of bio-medical waste generated in the
city is also significant.
4.1.1 Domestic Households
Households of various categories primarily contribute domestic waste. Based on the assessment of the
KMC, it is estimated that of the total over 91,373 families (2011 Census) residing in the city, the
households of the city based on the housing typology can be categorized as independent bungalows,
independent houses of low and middle income groups, tenements, individual flats, apartments and huts
or economically weaker section dwellings.
4.1.2 Street Sweeping and Drain Cleaning
With a total road length of 681 km, street sweeping waste is the other major component of solid waste
in KMC area. The total length of the drains in Kakinada city is 774 km. Most of the drain networks is not
adequate in size and is damaged at many places and it is insufficient to drain out the rain water, causing
water logging problems in many wards Apart from sweeping sanitary staff also carry out the cleaning of
drains located at major commercial areas and near government offices for free flow of water.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Hotels, lodges, restaurants and cinema halls are considered as special case under commercial
establishment's category due to their solid waste generation rates and characteristics. There are 22
schools 15 colleges, 10 nos of function halls, 25 hotels, 7 theatres and 10 nos of government institutions
exist in the town.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Six number of vegetable and two nos of non-vegetable market, fruit & flower markets, and road side
markets, weekly and bi-weekly markets are operating in Kakinada City. Waste contributed from these
markets is generally organic in nature and is one of the major sources of solid waste generated in the
City.
4.1.6 Hospitals & Nursing Homes
There are 10 hospitals in Kakinada City. Generally bio-medical waste is classified in terms of body
tissues, plastic tubes, bandages, syringes, needles, glass and plastic bottles and Chemical and
Pharmaceutical waste. As according to CPHEEO Guidelines, the per capita waste generated by hospitals
will be around 1.5 kg/bed/day, of which 75 per cent will be domestic waste and 25 per cent, will be bio-
medical waste.
4.2 PRIMARY COLLECTION
KMC introduced voluntary garbage collection by providing tricycles and wheel barrows. A tricycle puller
collects garbage from each house. After collection the tricycle puller dumps the collected garbage in to
the nearby community dust bin. This practice is being implemented by KMC in all the wards.
The collection and transportation of solid waste in Kakinada is done in two shifts. In the first shift that
starts at around 5A.M early in the morning, the conservancy workers sweep the streets, clean the
drains and collects the waste from small open points and transport the waste by wheel barrows or
pushcarts or tricycles to nearest dumper bins or secondary open collection points. At some parts of the
city, tippers go along with the sweepers and collect the waste which is being transported to transfer
stations. Then from transfer station the waste is being collected and transported to the disposal site by
tippers and open trucks.
The collection and transportation of solid waste in Kakinada is done in two shifts. In the first shift that
starts at around 6.00 am early in the morning, the conservancy workers sweep the streets, clean at
drains and collects the waste from small open points and transports the waste by wheel barrows or
push carts or tricycles to nearest dumper bin or secondary open collection point. At some parts of the
city, tippers go along with the sweepers and collect the waste which is being transported to disposal
site by tippers and open trucks. The entire municipal corporation is divided into 50 wards. Each ward is
managed by the sanitary supervisor and sanitary.
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Figure 4-1: Push carts for door to door collection
4.3 SECONDARY COLLECTION
Secondary collection points are located at various locations in the city. KMC vehicles directly attend to
these points and transport the waste to dump locations. All The waste from secondary collection points
is transported by using 26 tractors in Kakinada and dumped at Port Land.
Table 4-2: Details of Secondary Collection System
Component Number
Dust Bins Steel dust bins
Sweeping Staff 479
Vehicles used for secondary collection Tractor- 26 nos
Mini lorry 4 nos
Secondary collection Bins 85
Source Kakinada Municipal corporation
4.4 TRANSPORTATION
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The vehicles involved in the solid waste transportation in Kakinada include 26 tractors and 4nos of mini
lorries. These vehicles are involved in the transportation of waste from the primary waste collection,
street sweepings, debris, and secondary collection points. Tractor trailers are being utilized for waste
collection from secondary point and transported to dump sites.
4.5 VEHICLE MAINTENANCE
KMC is not having any proper vehicle garage and vehicle depot. At present all the vehicles are parked
within the KMC Office limits only.
4.6 STAFFING DETAILS
The Sanitary Department of KMC has total employee strength of 879 (involved in waste management).
Table 4-3: Details of Solid Waste Staff
Staff Number
Permanent sweepers 479
Outsource workers 400
Source: Kakinada Municipal Corporation
4.7 QUANTITY OF SOLID WASTE
As Information given by the KMC officials the quantity of waste generated was 205 MT/day in 2015,
which is high as compared to the CPHEEO norms. This may be because of high percentage of silt
generated during the desilting of the open drains as Kakinada does not have underground sewerage
system.
4.8 PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
Kakinada has small composting unit having capacity of 1 TPD only. The waste collected from vegetable
market is being treated over here. The corporation has purchased composting machine to treat the bio-
degradable waste by using organic power mixed with water. The composted waste as fertilizer is being
sold at the rate of 5 Rs/Kg to the farmers. However, considering the amount of waste generated in the
Kakinada, it is very small. At present entire waste collected is dumped into the port site area located at
revenue colony at eastern side of the city. It is approximately 1 km away from the city area.
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4.9 DEFICIENCY ANALYSIS - EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Present waste management is much better than the earlier years, but still there are some issues in the
existing system. There are issues that need to be addressed such as absence of segregation practice,
absence of Weigh Bridge and lack of scientific disposal facility. The issues identified with the current
management system are highlighted in Table 4-4.
Solid Waste Management practices in Kakinada City need improvements to make it more effective and
efficient. The following aspects of the present system shall be addressed to establish a solid waste
management system for the city.
Table 4-4: Deficiency Analysis in present scenario of SWM in Kakinada City
Component Remarks
Segregation at
Source
No segregation at source is happening presently in Kakinada.
Recyclables including newspapers, plastics and metals are collected by rag
pickers.
Primary Primary Collection is happening in most parts of the city but not 100%.
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Insufficient number of collection points, at more than the desirable spacing
of 50-500 m.
Most of the collection points are open points and unhygienic
Absence of provision to dump the waste in separate biodegradable
(green)/recyclable (blue) containers.
Mixing of drain silt at this level.
Manual lifting of the waste from the collection points leading to spilling of
waste.
Street Sweeping Inefficient street sweeping operations.
The current sweeping does not cover all the roads and streets.
Transportation Absence of arrangement for lifting of waste from congested by lanes of
markets and remote areas of the city.
Community
Participation
Community participation is absent.
Public Awareness Absence of significant educational programs, campaigns, NGO activities for
public awareness on solid waste management, significance of recycling, reuse
and segregation of MSW.
Disposal Absence of waste processing practices.
Absence of scientific disposal
Absence of Weigh Bridge at operational disposal sites.
Absence of proper processing plants.
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The following phases are considered for the Design of Proposed Solid Waste Management in Kakinada.
Generation
Storage
Primary collection
Secondary collection and Transportation
Processing/ Treatment
Final Disposal
5.2 GUIDELINES FOR QUANTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLID
WASTE
The information on the quantity of waste generation and disposal, nature of wastes, its composition,
physical and chemical characteristics are the basic needs for planning and designing of solid waste
management system. Quantity of wastes should be ascertained by weighing the waste, for seven
consecutive days by collecting representative samples from various waste generating sources. For
assessing the collection and transportation efficiency, weighing of waste reaching at the intermediate
points and disposal point is also important.
Characterization of waste is required to be carried out to know the physical and chemical characteristics
of the waste. One sample per day for a particular type of location should be collected for physical and
chemical parameters. The process should be repeated for seven consecutive days. In the present study,
the quantification is done for Kakinada Municipal Corporation for one week and the results are
compared with the norms given in CPHEEO manual. The norms for solid waste generation and
characterization as per CPHEEO manual are given in following sections.
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Waste quantities generated by an individual are linked to economic activity and resource consumption.
The consumption of raw materials and finished product by the community is directly proportional to the
Gross National Product (GNP) of the country. The solid waste quantities generated by an individual are
directly proportional to the quantity of material consumed and thus the increase in per capita solid
waste quantities would be directly proportional to the per capita increase in GNP. Various studies, as
mentioned below, are been made to assess the increase in the per capita waste generation per annum
based on which the increase in per capita waste generation for Kakinada is adopted. The norms given
for domestic households as per CPHEEO manual are given below.
Table 5-1: Norms for Garbage Generation
Garbage Generated From Average Waste
Population range upto 1 lakh 0.27 Kg per person per day
Population range 1 to 5 lakh 0.31 Kg per person per day
Population range 5 to 10 lakh 0.45 Kg per person per day
Population range 10 to 20 lakh 0.67Kg per person per day
5.3.2 Street Sweeping
Street sweeping waste is mainly inert waste comprising of dust, sand, dry leaves and small stones. This
waste also contains litter and animal droppings. To estimate the waste generated by street sweeping
activities, the per capita generation rate as indicated by Central Public Health and Environmental
Engineering Organization (CPHEEO) has been considered. As per the CPHEEO manual the per capita
waste generation through street sweeping is 0.05 to 0.2 kg/capita/day. The range has been indicated
for cities with population from 1 lakh to 50- lakhs.
5.3.3 Institutional Waste
To estimate the waste generated by institutional activities like office, educational institutes, hospitals
(non-bio-medical waste), etc. the per capita generation rate as indicated by CPHEEO has been
considered. With reference to the CPHEEO manual the per capita waste generation by institutions is
0.05 to 0.2 kg/capita/day. The range has been indicated for cities with population from 1 lakh to 50
lakhs.
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With the vision “The cities and towns in Andhra Pradesh shall be clean with high quality of public
health” the expected outcomes shall be:
Complete segregation at source as per MSW Rules
100% door-to-door collection
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rags, used cloths, wood, stone, sand, ash, thermocol,
straw & packing materials
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However, it is not easy to implement source segregation practices immediately. A prolonged campaign
by KMC will be required with adequate budgetary provisions under Information Education and
Communication Programs which will be, taken up with the help of NGO’s
MOEF Recommends a 3 Bin system of storage of waste, however, such a system of segregation in the
initial stages of waste management is difficult for the community to practice. It is hence proposed to
establish a system based on ‘2 Bin system of Solid Waste Storage at source. Every household is
encouraged to keep separate Bins/containers for Food/Green waste and Recyclables/Non-bio
degradable waste.
The household bin for food & green waste could be of 30 liters capacity made of plastic / reinforced
plastic / LDPE or metal.
5.5 DOOR TO DOOR COLLECTION SYSTEM
Table 5-5:Tricycle with bins
Type Tricycle with bins
Application / Usage Collection of waste from households and commercial
establishments
Collection of waste from open dumping points
Transportation of waste to nearest bin or directly into the
bigger vehicle
Covers streets and colonies
Can travel / cover very short distances
Manual operations involved
Models available The tricycles can be fabricated by the local vendors as per the
requirements
Suitable for Door to door collection of waste from residential areas /
colonies in corporations / municipalities
Suitable in plain areas only
Suitable for closely located individual households like slums
and LIG colonies
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Application / Usage Collection of waste from households, commercial
establishments and institutions
Collection of waste from open dumping points
Collection and transportation of street sweeping & drain
cleaning silt
Transportation of waste to nearest bin or directly into the
bigger vehicle
Covers small areas and short distances
Models available 3-wheeler auto are supplied by different manufacturers. The
hopper can be designed for 0.5 to 0.8 m3 capacity.
Suitable for Door to door collection of waste from residential areas /
colonies in corporations & municipalities
Direct collection of waste from commercial and institutional
sources in corporations & municipalities
Direct collection of horticulture waste and street sweeping &
drain cleaning silt in corporations & municipalities
Can collect waste from narrow lanes and congested areas.
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Table 5-7:- wheeler minivan/auto with tipping hopper
Type 4-wheeler minivan/auto with tipping hopper
Application / Usage Collection of waste from households, commercial
establishments and institutions
Collection of waste from open dumping points
Collection and transportation of street sweeping & drain
cleaning silt
Transportation of waste to nearest bin or directly into the
bigger vehicle or to the treatment & disposal facility
Covers ward level areas and medium distances
Models available 4-wheeler auto are supplied by different manufacturers. The
hopper can be designed for 0.8 to 1.2 m3 capacity.
Suitable for Door to door collection of waste from residential areas /
colonies in corporations & municipalities
Direct collection of waste from commercial and institutional
sources in corporations / municipalities
Direct collection of horticulture waste and street sweeping &
drain cleaning silt in corporations & municipalities
Collection of waste from areas with steep slopes
Can collect waste from narrow lanes
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Figure 5-3:- Wheeler minivan/auto with tipping hopper
5.6 SECONDARY COLLECTION SYSTEM
Table 5-8:- Small Mechanically Lifted Bins
Type Small Mechanically Lifted Bins
Application / Usage Collection of waste from residential colonies, commercial areas
and institutional premises
Storage of waste at hotels, function halls malls and multiplexes
Stores the waste till it is being transported
Movable bins and easy to handle
The bins can be emptied mechanically into the compactor / front
end loader
Limited manual operations involved
Models available Generally these bins are made of HDPE material
The bins are available in 60, 80, 90, 120, 140, 180, 240, 260, 270,
320, 340 and 360 lit capacity
Various colours are available to suit the requirements of the
users
Suitable for Waste collection from communities, colonies and street side in
corporations & municipalities
More suitable for small municipalities
Suitable for areas where more bins are required to be placed in
less area
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Application / Usage Collection of waste from community collection points,
residential colonies, commercial areas, parks, markets and
institutional premises
Storage of waste at hotels, function halls, malls and multiplexes
Stores the waste till it is being transported
Movable bins and easy to handle
The bins can be emptied mechanically into the Compactors
Limited manual operations involved
Models available Generally these bins are made of HDPE material
The bins are available in 500, 660, 770, 1000, 1100, 1700 and
2000 lit capacity
Various colours and shapes are available to suit the
requirements of the users
Suitable for Waste collection from secondary collection points,
communities, colonies and street side in corporations &
municipalities
More suitable for medium to large municipalities and
corporations
Suitable for areas where medium quantity of waste is
accumulated
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Application / Usage Transportation of waste from open collection / community
points and static containers / bins
Transportation of waste from medium to long distance
depending upon the size of the truck
Models available Various manufactures available providing the models ranging
from 10 m3 or 8 m3on vehicle capacity
Suitable for Suitable for small to medium municipalities and corporations for
transportation of waste
The system involves manual handling of waste which is not in
compliance with MSW Rules, 2000
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Application / Usage Collection and transportation of waste from compactor bins of
all sizes
Transportation of waste from short to long distance depending
upon the size of the compactor
Models available Various manufactures available providing the models ranging
from 3.5m3 to 18m3 capacity
Suitable for Suitable for small & medium municipalities and corporations for
transportation of waste
The system involves limited manual handling i.e dragging &
connecting the bin to unloading arm
Figure5-7– Compactors
Figure 5-8:Schematic Diagram for Collection and Disposal
Primary Collection
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The following system has been proposed for Kakinada Municipal Solid Waste Management System.
Following proposals are suggested for Municipal Solid Waste Management for Kakinada Municipal
Corporation:
Infrastructure required for House Hold Collection of Waste - Bins
Infrastructure required for Street Sweeping – Bins, street sweeping machines and other manual
sweeping equipment.
Infrastructure required for collection of waste from commercial establishments, markets and
other institutions – Bins.
Vehicles for primary collections and secondary transportation – Cycle Rickshaws, Auto Tippers,
Compactor Vehicles.
Transfer Station.
Bio Remediation of Existing Dump Yard of 1.02 lakhs Tons through Bio Mining.
Transporting the waste to Waste to Energy Plant at Vemagiri near Rajahmundry.
Bio Methanation plant for highly biodegradable organic matter at Big Markets, Ramayyampeta
Market and Rythu Bazar.
Tricycles with dustbins/
Push carts/Auto Tippers
Source Segregation
(2 Household Bins)
Secondary Collection
Point (2 compactor
bins)(one for
biodegradable other for
nonbio degradable)
Transportation by Refuse
Compactors of 14 cum
capacity
Refuse Transfer station
for further segregation
Waste to Energy Plant
(Yuvraj Power Plant) at
Vemagiri
Biomethanisation Plant
Market Waste (Organic)
Rejects
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The population projection methods namely, arithmetic progression, geometric progression and
incremental increase method have been tried to project the population. Owing to the decrease in %
growth of population Geometric method found not suitable. Arithmetic method is adopted to forecast
the population for 25 years for the town. The detailed Population Projections are given in Annexure.
Table 6-1: Population Projection of Kakinada
Year Projected Population Year Projected Population
2017 345901 2030 389050
2018 349220 2031 392369
2019 352539 2032 395689
2020 355858 2033 399008
2021 359177 2034 402327
2022 362497 2035 405646
2023 365816 2036 408965
2024 369135 2037 412285
2025 372454 2038 415604
2026 375773 2039 418923
2027 379093 2040 422242
2028 382412 2041 425561
2029 385731 2042 428881
Source: Analysis
6.2 QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
6.2.1 Introduction
Estimating the quantity and projection of solid waste generated in Kakinada is one of the primary tasks
of the present study. These projections are strongly influenced by climatic, social, cultural and economic
status of the society. A comprehensive assessment was carried out for waste quantification and
characterization.
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Waste composition, characteristics and quantities of solid waste is essential for the following reasons;
It provides the basic data on which the waste management system is planned, designed and
operated.
The trend of changes in composition and quantity of waste over a period of time are known
which help in future planning.
It provides the information for the selection of quantum of equipment and appropriate
technology.
It indicates the amount and type of material suitable for processing, recovery and recycling.
The waste generation rates have been worked out on the basis of field surveys, waste sampling and
discussion with the different waste generators and the officials of the corporation. The results of the
study are set out in this section.
6.2.2 Estimation of Per Capita Waste Generation and Present Waste Quantity
Per capita waste quantification for Kakinada was carried out by following methods;
Quantity of waste as reported by respective ULB- Quantity of waste as reported by ULB has been
recorded and further verified with the actual number of trips being carried at dump site on day to day
basis.
The waste reported by ULB and calculated by survey is compared with the norms given by the CPHEEO
manual.
As per survey per capita waste generation is obtained as 534 gms/capita/day. Rate of growth of per
capita generation of solid waste is adopted as 2% for every year. Projected waste generation from the
ULB is shown below and the same is confirmed by municipal corporation officials.
Table 6-1: Projected Solid waste generation in Kakinada
Year Projected Population
Waste Generation
(Per Capita/Day)
Total Domestic
Waste(TPD)
Commercial Establishment (TPD)
Street sweeping
(TPD)
Institutional
(TPD)
Total Waste
Generated (TPD)
2015 339,262 300 102 31 25 23 181
2016 342,581 305 104 31 26 26 188
2017 345,901 309 107 32 27 27 192
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6.3 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTE
Characterization of municipal solid waste is carried using out by taking representative samples at three locations
one from existing secondary collection point (fresh waste) , second from old waste from dump site and the third
from fresh waste from dump sites of towns. Sample waste collected has been sorted using Quarter & coning
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Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Chemical Characteristics of the waste is analysed Vison Labs, the MOEF accredited lab in Hyderabad.
The analysis report for different parameters of the waste for ULB is attached.
6.4 STORAGE AND COLLECTION
All residents shall be encouraged through information and education campaign to;
Keep the food waste, kitchen waste and other bio-degradable waste as and when generated, in
the domestic waste container as prescribed and made available by the KMC for the purpose and
Keep recyclable and non-biodegradable waste in the waste container prescribed and supplied by
the KMC for the said purpose.
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Use of a non-corrosive container is recommended for storage of food, bio-degradable waste. A Poly
Ethylene (PE) container in Green color of 30 Liter (0.03 Cubic Meter) capacity for a family of five
members or part thereof shall be provided by the KMC free of cost at the first instance only. Similar
arrangement may be made for storage of dry waste with a 30 Liter capacity PE container of Dark Blue
color.
The life cycle of bins is considered as 3 years. Details of twin bins requirement 2017 to 2041 is
presented below.
Table 6-3: House Holds bins Requirement
Years
Pre
sen
t 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029
Population 345901 355858 365816 375773 345901
No. of House holds 96852 99640 102428 105216 96852
No. of new Households
96852 2788 2788 2788 96852
Quantity of House hold bins required
193704 5576 5576 5576 193704
Table Continued…
Years 2032 2035 2038 2041
Population 385731 395689 405646 415604
No. of House holds 108005 110793 113581 116369
No. of new Households 2789 2788 2788 2788
Quantity of House hold bins required
5578 5576 5576 5576
6.5 PRIMARY COLLECTION
6.5.1 Household Collection
6.5.1.1 Door to Door Collection - Congested Lanes
It is assumed that 60% population lives in congested lane, hence for collection of Municipal solid waste
from KMC area is proposed to be collected from the households as well as petty vendors by deploying
tricycle containing 8no’s of 30 liter capacity poly ethylene bins similar to those used for storing the
waste in households.
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It is proposed that for every 200 Household one tricycles is required to be deployed. Door-to-door
waste collection could be privatized in the entire Kakinada city. Ward wise responsibility will be
assigned to private operators/NGO for implementation of this plan. Waste collectors will collect waste
on a day-to-day basis in two types of bins - green bins for bio-degradable and blue bins for recyclables.
The door-to-door collection of waste from congested lanes shall be done on a daily basis between 6:00
AM and 1:00 PM. The KMC shall ensure that infrastructure is made available for undertaking this
activity in compliance with the MSW Rules 2000.
The waste so collected is proposed to be transported to the nearest community bins (660 litr) placed at
convenient location on the approach roads.
The normal life of a tricycle is 3 years, provided it is maintained properly. Details of tricycle along with
twin bins requirement from Year 2017 to 2041 is presented below
Table 6-4 : Tricycles Requirement
Years
Pre
sen
t 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029
Population Projections 345901 355858 365816 375773 385731
No. of House holds 96852 99640 102428 105216 108005
Households living in Congested lane (60% of Population)
38741 39856 40971 42086 43202
Tri-Cycle for every 200HH (1000 persons) 194 199 205 210 216
Standby @ 10% 19 20 21 21 22
Total Tricycles required 201 12 219 226 231 238
Table Continued…
Years 2032 2035 2038 2041
Population Projections 395689 405646 415604 425561
No. of House holds 110793 113581 116369 119157
Households living in Congested lane (60% of Population) 44317 45432 46548 47663
Tri-Cycle for every 200HH (1000 persons) 222 227 233 238
Standby @ 10% 22 23 23 24
Total Tricycles required 244 250 256 262
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Table 6-5 : Tricycle bin (8 no's per tricycle) Requirement
Years
Pre
sen
t 2017
2020
2023
2026
2029
Tricycle bin (8 no's per tricycle) 0 96 1752 1808 1848 1904
Table continued…
Years
2032 2035 2038 2041
Tricycle bin (8 no's per tricycle) 1952 2000 2048 2096
Techincal specification
Containerized Rickshaws (8 Bin/30 Ltr each) and Bins
30 Liters Rickshaw Bin:
Capacity : 30 liters with adequate strength to handle a weight 15 kg
Raw Material : LLDPE
Process : ROTO Molding
Features : Heavy Duty handle makes it easy to lift. Smooth finish inside and
outside – so easy to wipe and clean.
Specifications of Tricycle:
Tricycle with sturdy bar frame, with the rider in the front; big hubs with sealed bearings, two
standard brakes and brake with lever reaching next to the seat to lock vehicle in position. Axle
capacity of minimum 400kgs; colour: shade black.
Rear carrier arrangement with support on rear axle of dimensions about 1.3 x 0.7 x 0.3 m (l x b x
h) to accommodate 8 PE Containers, made from sturdy tubular / angular frame with 6 mm thick
hooks placed at 30 cm c/c on top bar to hang bags. A closed hook of 16 mm rod for securing the
tricycle.
2 standard brakes and one additional brake with a lever next to the seat to lock the vehicle in
position.
Anti-corrosive paddle with wear resistant rubber cover
Two coats of first quality paint to ensure long lasting structure suitable for use for handling raw
garbage under corrosive operations. Color shade black
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A bell. Cycle lock, amber reflectors at front and rear
Figure 6-1: Tricycle with bins
6.5.1.2 Door to Door Collection - Non-Congested lanes
The use of tricycles entails manual handling of the waste. Even though compartments / bins are
provided on the tricycles, it will not eliminate the manual handling. Thus to improve the present door to
door collection system fully mechanized auto tippers are proposed for door to door collection activity
for non-congested lanes in KMC city. In this system the auto stops at the entrance of the
house/establishment and individual household bin is picked up by a refuse collector from the premises
who empties it and places it at the same location. Auto tippers can operate on a larger radius than
tricycles. Auto tippers provide a better coverage of households, from a larger area with better
efficiency. Auto tippers also tip the waste directly into the Dust Bins. Auto tippers will have provision for
collection of wet and dry wastes separately. It is estimated that 40% of population lives in non-
congested lanes; hence auto tipper will be deployed for door to door collection of waste.
It is proposed that for every 1000 H.H one Auto tippers will be deployed. The door-to-door collection of
waste from Non-congested lanes shall be done on a day-to-day basis between 6:00 AM and 1:00 PM.
The KMC shall ensure that infrastructure is made available for undertaking this activity in compliance
with the MSW Rules 2000.
The waste so collected is proposed to be transported to the nearest community bins (1100 litr) placed
at convenient location on the approach roads.
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Table 6-6 : Estimation of No. of Households Covered by Auto Tipper
Item Quantity
Volume of Hopper 2 m3
Density of Waste 400 kg/m3
Number of Households Covered by each Auto Tipper 2000 HH/Day
Auto tipper consists of one driver and 2 helpers who shall be given time schedule and route map for
door to door collection. After entering in to the collection area the auto tipper will blow the horn or
vigil. The helpers of the auto tippers will go to the households and collect the waste from the
households and place the same into the auto tippers. The auto tipper move slowly or stopped at a
particular point till the street households are covered by the helpers of the auto tippers. After the full
load the auto tipper will move to the nearest Dust Bin and unload the waste. The auto tipper will have
provision for collecting and transporting segregated waste. Thus to implement 100% door to door
collection system in KMC area it is required to deploy 32 Auto Tippers(2M3).
Normal life of auto tipper is 5 years provided it is maintained properly. As the population increases,
naturally waste generation increase, hence requirement for door to door collection increase.
Requirement of Auto tippers from Year 2017 to 2042 presented below.
Table 6-7 : Auto Tippers Requirement
Year 2017 2022 2027 2032 2037 2042
Population 345901 362497 379093 395689 412285 428881
No. of House holds 96852 72499 75819 79138 82457 85776
40% of Households 58111 43499 45491 47483 49474 51466
No. of Auto tippers required 58 43 45 47 49 51
Standby @ 15% 9 6 7 7 7 8
Total requirement 67 49 52 54 56 59
Deduct Existing Tippers 28
Net Requirement 39 49 52 54 56 59
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No. of Commercial Bins (Black) 1no./50 units 70 74 77 81 85
No. of Commercial Bins (Blue) 1no./50 units 70 74 77 81 85
Total no. of Bins Required 0 140 148 154 162 170
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No. of Commercial Bins (Black) 1no./50 units 89 94 98 103
No. of Commercial Bins (Blue) 1no./50 units 89 94 98 103
Total no. of Bins Required 178 188 196 206
Figure: 6-3 : Small Mechanically Lifted Bins
6.5.3 Street sweeping
In order to improve the street sweeping system, all the roads and lanes having habitation &/or
commercial activities shall be covered on a day to day basis. This may be done by adhering to CPHEEO
norms and the following;
For street sweeping and collection of Municipal Solid Waste (4 hours)
a. Average road width 80 ft. ... One worker / 350 meters length
b. Average road width60 ft. ... One worker / 500 meters length
c. Average road width< 40 ft. ... One worker / 750 meters length
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It is planned to cover 100% of the total road length of Kakinada will be cleaned by human
intervention/manual sweeping. It is planned to clean 40% of the roads to be cleaned daily, 30% on
alternate day and 20% once a week sweeping. The requirement of sweepers is given below
Table 6-9: No of sweepers required for Manual street sweeping
Year Norms 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029
Road length 1.05 681 715 751 788 828
Road length to be covered by Manual Sweeping (100%)
0.90 613 644 676 710 745
Daily sweeping of length of road (Km) 0.40 245 257 270 284 298
Alternate day sweeping (Km) 0.30 184 193 203 213 223
Once a week sweeping (Km) 0.20 123 129 135 142 149
Sweepers Requirement at average of 1 per 750 running meter length / day on both sides sweeping
1 per 750
running
Meter
Daily(Nos): 245.16
Km 327 343 360 378 397
Alternate day(Nos): 183.87K
m or
91.935K
m/ daily
245 257 270 284 298
Weekly(Nos): 122.58K
m or
17.51Km
/ daily
163 172 180 189 199
No. of Sweepers 735 772 810 851 894
Table continued…
Year Norms 2032 2035 2038 2041
Road length 1.05 869 913 958 1006
Road length to be covered by Manual Sweeping (100%)
0.90 782 821 862 906
Daily sweeping of length of road (Km) 0.40 313 329 345 362
Alternate day sweeping (Km) 0.30 235 246 259 272
Once a week sweeping (Km) 0.20 156 164 172 181
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Sweepers Requirement at average of 1 per 750 running meter length / day on both sides sweeping
1 per 750 running
Meter
Daily(Nos): 245.16 Km 417 438 460 483
Alternate day(Nos): 183.87Km or
91.935Km/ daily 313 329 345 362
Weekly(Nos): 122.58Km or
17.51Km/ daily 209 219 230 241
No. of Sweepers 939 986 1035 1086
Daily sweeping is required along the main roads, commercial centers, markets in high density areas.
Street cleaning needs to be undertaken on all days at major locations including Sundays and public
holidays with special focus on busy centers, markets, bus terminals, railway stations and tourist places.
6.5.4 Requirement of Hand carts:
As mentioned earlier, to cover 681 km of roads in KMC, One crew has to be provided with one
containerized cart with 6 box handcart (capacity 0.01 Tons), for collection of sweepings and for kerb
side collection from shops/offices. The waste collecting from the carts is disposed in the nearest Dust
Bins.
The worker engaged in street sweeping shall be provided with long handle broom, metal trays, Gum
boots, gloves, shovels and uniforms. The sweepers should work in pairs, carrying out the following:
Sweeping road
Collecting the sweeping in container handcart
Cleaning the drains which are included within the street sweeping activity
Carrying the drain cleanings
Depositing the sweeping & drain cleanings in the nearby container(1100lit bin)
Kerb side collection from shops/establishments along the road/street
The Normal life of hand carts is 3 years, requirement of handcarts from 2017 to 2041 presented below.
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3 Length of Road under street sweeping machine (10% of total roads)
10% 69 79 87 101
4 No. of operating hours per day 8 8 8 8 8
5 Total Road Sweeping Machines required @ 8 hours working per day
1trip/day 1 1 1 2
6.7 SECONDARY COLLECTION
6.7.1 Compactor Bins Requirement
The main objective of the secondary collection system is to store the waste temporarily and transport it
as early as possible. Waste is temporarily stored in the secondary collection points prior its
transportation disposal site. At present there is no provision for waste storage
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No of green bins required (500mtrs one bin req.) 1362 1430 1502 1577 1656
No. of black bin required( 500 mtrs one bin req) 1362 1430 1502 1577 1656
Total No. of bins required 0 2724 2860 3003 3153 3311
Table continued..
Year 2032 2035 2038 2041
Road length 869 913 958 1006
No of green bins required (500mtrs one bin req.) 1738 1825 1916 2012
No. of black bin required( 500 mtrs one bin req.) 1738 1825 1916 2012
Total No. of bins required 3477 3650 3833 4025
6.7.1.1 Technical specification of 1.1 cum bin:
Table 6-13 :Technical specification of 1.1 cum bin
Description Specification
Color of bin for bio degradable waste Green
Color of bin for non-bio degradable waste Black
Volume in Liters 1100
Dead weight in Kg 50
Useful load in Kg 440
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Transportation of waste stored at secondary storage locations (container locations) at regular intervals
is essential to ensure that bins/ containers overflow & waste is not seen littered on the streets. Hygienic
conditions should be maintained in KMC by clearing the waste from the bins on a daily basis the
secondary transportation from bins to landfill shall be carried out by Refuse Compactor (14m3 & 8 m3 ).
The wet waste will be lifted as per the generation trend in various parts of the town. For dry waste, bins
will be cleared on an average once a week. Where ever there is necessity to increase the frequency it
shall be done. On this basis, refuse compactors will be deployed as per suggestion by KMC and makes 3
trips in a day by each compactor to clear the waste on day to basis. A standby refuse compactor will be
provided for any contingencies.
Normal life of Refuse compactors 7 years provided it is maintained properly. As the population
increases, naturally waste generation increase, Requirement of Refuse compactor from Year 2017 to
2041 is presented below.
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3 The quantity of MSW in each bin container at 75% full of 1100 ltr
1.1 x 0.75 =0.83
M3 and 0.83 x
0.4 = 0.33 Ton
4 No of R.C Compactors trips required per day
14 m3 10T load 20 25 30 37
5 Number R.C Compactors required
14 m3 1 trip / day
6 Standby (@10 %) 14 m3
2 3 3 4
7 Number of Existing Compactors
14 m3 0 0 0 0
8 m3 0 0 0 0
8 Total Refuse Compactors required
14 m3 22 28 33 41
Table 6-15 : Technical Specifications of Refuse compactor (14m3)
DESCPRITION REQUIREMENT
MATERIAL FOR BODY
Material required for body making High tensile steel EN 24
Roof paneling 3 mm
side paneling 4 mm
Floor thickness 5 mm
Rear cross bar thickness min. 4 mm thick
MATERIAL FOR TAILGATE
Side Paneling Thickness 4 mm EN 36 steel
Rear side Hopper plate thickness 5 mm EN 36 steel
Hopper Bottom 6 mm high tensile steel
Superstructure member thickness 6 mm IS2062
Tailgate hopper mini capacity 2.04 CU.M.
EJECTOR SYSTEM
Ejector Plate Materials high tensile steel (ST 36)/2062 steel IS
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Pump and PTO mounting Directly coupled without any intermediate shaft
BIN LIFTER
Material Cortian or equivalent steel.
Length Min.1.40 mtrs
No. of cylinders Two
Type Double acting hydraulic cylinders
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2 Type of Garbage Agricultural, Semi Solid Waste, Domestic
3 Purpose of Compactor For collecting and transporting maximum garbage by
compaction
4 Type of Operation Automatic loading with Hydraulic Operation
5 Max Engine Speed 1500 rpm (In authorize mode)
6 Hydraulic Cylinders 9 Double Acting cylinders for all operations including Bin Lift
7 Hydraulic Pump Gear pump (52 cc/rev)
8 Hydraulic Flow 52 LPM at 1000 RPM
9 Hydraulic Tank 58 liters
10 Operating Pressure of the
system 165 - 175 bar
12 Operating pressure of
Pump
165 - 175 bar
13 Max. peak pressure
produced by pump 275 bar
14 Hydraulic Oil Specifications ISO grade 68 AW
Cylinder details:
Sr.No Description Size 1 Packer cylinder stroke 550 mm 2 Packer cylinder Internal dia. 80 mm
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
3 Tailgate cylinder stroke 500 mm 4 Tailgate cylinder internal dia. 70 mm 5 Bin lift cylinder internal dia. 70 mm 6 Bin lift cylinder stroke 240 mm 7 Sweeper cylinder internal dia. 80 mm 8 Sweeper cylinder stroke 410 mm
Figure6-5– Refuse Compactors
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
The KMC shall re-use the construction and demolition wastes for filling the low-lying areas wherever so
required. The local residents shall hand-over the construction waste generated from private
construction activities separately to KMC.
The waste generated from slaughter houses shall be dealt with separately by butchers or slaughter
house managers by adopting methods like rendering/ controlled
incineration/burial/composting/anaerobic digestion etc. The private workers and KMC workers shall be
well equipped to avoid direct contact with waste.
6.10 TOOLS IMPLEMENTS AND SAFETY ITEMS FOR WORKERS
In order to obtain and maintain the consistency and efficiency of solid waste management, it is
important to provide priority and encouragement to the workers involved solid waste management.
Hence it is proposed to provide the standard tools (like brooms, dust pans, shovels) and health safety
items (Gloves, boots, uniforms, safety masks, and raincoat) to all the workers involved in solid waste
management system of Kakinada.
6.11 BIOMETHANATION FOR MARKET WASTE
Organic waste and putrescible waste from vegetable, fruit markets are proposed to be processed under
Biomethanation technique. One Biomethanation plant is proposed for the following markets waste.
Big Market
Rythu Bazar
Ramayyampeta Market
It is estimated that around 5 TPD is expected to generate from the markets in Kakinada. A quotation for
setting up Biomethanation plant was obtained with the following details. The detailed quotation is
attached as Annexure.
Input material consideration
Total solids in the waste - 20 %
Organic content in TS - 70%
500 Sqm of Land will be required for each of the Plant.
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Bio-degradable organic waste is reduced in size through pre-treatment. Bio-degradable waste is
processed through DRYADTM based on Biomethanation which is a proven process. The biogas enerated
will be utilized to generate electricity using biogas engines or alternatively could be used for cooking.
Further to generate additional revenue, the dewatered cake from Anaerobic Digester (AD) unit will
further be sold as organic compost after drying.
Pre-treatment
The Bio-degradable organic kitchen waste shall be fed to Pulverizer / Homogenizer where the material
shall get homogenized and sieved /shredded for size reduction < 6 mm material. After a retention time
of few hours in the Pulverizer / Homogenizer, the waste is fed into the AD unit.
Digestion
The AD unit is provided with recirculation. During the anaerobic digestion process, the material passes
through the AD unit. The digested residue is extracted from the AD unit from the bottom. The biogas
generated is collected at the top.
Biogas:
The bio-gas generated through Biomethanation process will be used in bio gas engines to generate
electricity or can be used for cooking in the kitchen.
Power Generation from Bio-Gas:
The gas stored in the gas holders is fed to Biogas engines to generate electricity. Alternatively if the
client so desires, they can route the bio gas directly to the kitchen through gas pipe line.
Slurry Dewatering:
The residue left after the anaerobic digestion will be dewatered and dried. The dried solid can further
be sold as organic compost.
Plant and other specifications: A) Capacity of Project : Feed to the Plant: 5 MT/Day waste
B) Biogas generation per day: approximately 240 Nm3/day biogas will be generated respectively
based on average feed to plant. (Based on input material as per design consideration output
potential may vary).
C) Power generation per day: approximately 375 & Kwh/day power will be generated respectively
based on average feed to plant. (Based on input material as per design consideration output
potential may vary).
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D) Manure generation per day: approximately 660 Kg/day manure will be generated respectively
based on average feed to plant (Based on input material as per design consideration output
potential may vary).
E) Calorific value of Bio gas: approximately 4500 Kcal/m3 (Based on input material as per design
consideration output potential may vary).
F) Carbon nitrogen ratio in manure: The C/N ratio will be between 15 and 20.
6.12 WTE PLANT FROM COMBUSTIBLE WASTE AT RAJAHMUNDRY
It is proposed that all the collected waste from Rajahmundry is transported to the Waste to Energy
Plant at Vemagiri near Rajahmundry. The plant is under construction by M/s. Yuvraj Power. The details
of the plant are to be obtained. However, it is confirmed that the plant is being set up to take the entire
municipal solid waste generated from all the towns under consideration from East and West Godavari
District.
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Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Processed MSW Fuel from MSW storage pit and supporting
fuel Biomass like Rice Husk, Julie Flora, etc. or by gas burners
Fuel source
From Municipalities / Grama Panchyaths located in the
districts of East Godavari (12 nos) & West Godavari (9 nos) as
per the table above Fuel Requirement
Processed MSW Fuel from MSW storage pit & supporting fuel
Cooling Water / Plant water source From Godavari irrigation canal /bore-wells
Power Evacuation
Generation at 11KV and step up to 33/ 132 KV - AP Transco
sub station Cost of Project
Rs. 150.00 Crores Approx
Expected PLF 85%
Auxiliary Consumption 15% Approx
Ash Generation 10% Approx = 40 TPD
6.13 RECLAMATION OF EXISTING LANDFILL SITE AT KAKINADA
The existing dumping site for Kakinada contains mixed MSW buried for over 10 years.
Usually the term ‘Landfill Reclamation’ is used for expanding municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill
capacity of a sanitary and scientifically managed landfill site and thus avoiding the high cost of acquiring
additional land. In the present context the term is extended to include open dumpsite of each
municipality as these sites are in prime locality and can be used for transfer stations/ for some other
useful purpose. In this study, a detailed strategy has been worked out for the remediation of the
existing dumping site.
As per the Municipal Corporation, Kakinada Estimates, the total waste in the dump yard is 6 lakhs tons.
Option – I (Bio Mining):
Since the dump is quite old, compostables should have been fully degraded by this time. Similarly
recyclables like plastics metals glasses etc might already have been picked up by the rag pickers. Hence
saleable products which can be harnessed economically will be compost and RDF fluff. Hence simple
screening thro rotary screens of varying screen size in sequence will help to recover compost. The
combustible fractions can be recovered from rejects from the screens by putting air classifiers on line.
This can be sold as RDF fluff usable by cement industries.
Equipments required for this are
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1. Three trommel screens of varying screen size alongwith set of conveyors for the compsot
screening.
2. Three air classiffiers for seperating RDF fluff from rejects.
Area Required
Processing plant---400 sq mtrs
Storage space for compost and RDF fluff--1200 sq mtrs
Roads and open space --1000 sq mtrs
End products
Compost---22000 MTs
RDF fluff--60000 Mts
Time Line for the Project
For setting up the facility--2 months
for screening operations----12 months
for removing the facilities--2 months
Option - II
As option II the following steps may have to be undertaken for reclamation and disposal of the
existing solid waste.
An excavator removes the contents of the dumpsite. A front-end loader then organizes the excavated
materials into manageable stockpiles and separates out bulky material, such as appliances and
lengths of steel cable. Soil Separation (Screening)
A trommel (i.e., a revolving cylindrical sieve) separates soil (including the cover material) from solid
waste in the excavated material. The size and type of screen used depends on the end use of the
recovered material. For example, if the reclaimed soil typically is used as landfill cover, a 2.5-inch
screen is used for separation. If, however, the reclaimed soil is sold as construction fill, or for another
end use requiring fill material with a high fraction of soil content, a smaller mesh screen can be used
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
to remove small pieces of metal, plastic, glass, and paper. It must be noted that trammel screens are
more effective than vibrating screens for basic landfill reclamation.
FINANCIAL IMPLICATION OF RECLAMATION
It is estimated that a 3-inch trommel screen can be used to reclaim the soil cover material. The weight
ratio of reclaimed soil to overs (i.e., materials caught by the screen), after metals and recyclables are
separated, is roughly estimated as 30 %, which works out to 1.8 lakhs tons. This indicates that landfill
reclamation project is efficient given that the reclaimed material is reused as landfill cover material.
The municipality may also take into consideration of the likely revenue, which may be
generated from sale of materials such as ferrous metals, aluminium, plastic and glass from the
screening process.
Reclaimed soil can be used as daily cover material for the new scientific landfill to be
developed. Also, a market exists for such reclaimed soil used in other applications, such as
construction fill.
Recovered combustible waste can also be sold as fuel.
PRECAUTIONS TO BE UNDERTAKEN DURING DUMP SITE RECLAMATION
OPERATIONS
It is necessary however that each municipality shall take care of the following safety aspects while
reclaiming and excavating the solid waste from the present open dumpsite
Hazardous wastes that may be uncovered during reclamation operations are subject to special
handling and disposal requirements. Management costs for hazardous waste can be relatively
high, but may reduce future liability.
Excavation raises a number of potential problems related to the release of gases. Methane and
other gases, generated by decomposing wastes, can cause explosions and fires. Hydrogen
sulfide gas, a highly flammable and odorous gas,can be fatal when inhaled at sufficient
concentrations.
Excavation of one landfill area can undermine the integrity of the neighboring area, which can
sink or collapse into the excavated area.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Reclamation activities shorten the useful life of equipment, such as excavators and loaders,
because of the high density of waste being handled.
The costing for this additional job of disposal of existing solid waste are given and cost estimates. The
costs worked out are based on reclamation of the land without the likely revenue being generated from
the dumped waste. For the proposed reclamation activity to complete as described above it is
anticipated that it may require at least 6 months.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
The cost estimates for integrated solid waste management system is worked out based on the detailed
study and assessment of the MSW management operations at KMC. The existing infrastructure
available with the KMC has been taken into account and costing for up-gradation of the system is
worked out. The additional investments thus required to increase the efficiency of the system and to
meet the norms prescribed by the MSW (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.
Cost estimates are made for required infrastructure for primary and secondary waste collection system
of respective ULB(Kakinada) and Cost has been given in two patterns, one is immediate investment
requirement and the second is total cost for 25 years as per 2015-16 rates for Segregation, Collection
Transportation, Processing and disposal facilities.
7.2 PROJECT COST
The cost has been estimated for short term (2017),i.e immediate requirement as Rs.3,929.94 Lakhs.
This capital cost for immediate requirement is for following components;
Capital cost for primary and secondary waste collection and transportation- Equipment’s and
vehicles for the year (2017)
Transfer Station
Cost of Bio Methanation Plant
Cost for Reclamation of Existing dump yard.
The project cost for the year 2017 is as follows:
Sl.No. Item
Required Infrastructure
Unit cost 2017
Total Cost (In Lakhs
Rs)
2017 ( Rs) 2017
1 House hold dust bins of 10 lit capacity 193,704 150 290.56
2 100 lit Bins for Commercial Establishments
140 2,000 2.80
3 Tricycles for Primary Collection 12 24,000 2.88
4 Tricycle Bins of 30 lit capacity 96 600 0.58
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5 Auto Tippers for Primary Collection ( 2 Cu.m. capacity)
39 750,000 292.50
6 Hand Carts for Street sweeping 707 8,500 61.00
7 Street Sweeping machine 1 3,100,000 31.00
8 Bins for Compactors 1.1 Cu.m capacity 2,724 27,000 735.48
9 Safety Equipment 86.00
9 Refuse Compactor ( 14m3 ) 22 3,400,000 748.00
Primary Collection and Transportation (A)Cost
2250.79
11 Refuse Transfer Station - 192 TPD Capacity
213.00
12 Biomethanisation Plants 1
11,500,000 115.00
13 Bio Mining 1200.00
B Other Facilities Cost (B) 1528.00
C Total Cost (A+B) 3778.79
Contingencies (3% of C) 113.36
IEC (0.5% of C) 18.89
Administrative charges (0.5% of C) 18.89
Grand Total 3929.94
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Total Cost in Lakhs 3929.94 1159 461 1384 1331 1552 765 1799 4841 2555 908 3053 3327 3248 1147
Total capital cost required for the immediate priority year 2017 is Rs. 3929.94 Lakhs
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2 Manpower cost per annum 1655 1737 1824 1915 2011 2112 2217
232
8 2444 2567 2695
A Total for Primary & Secondary Collection
1970 2068 2172 2280 2394 2514 2640 277
2 2910 3056 3209
O&M cost for the year 2017 is estimated as Rs 1970 Lakhs. 5% increase of O&M cost per annum is
adopted for calculating the O&M cost for subsequent years.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
The life cycle of bins is considered as 3 years. Details of twin bins requirement 2017 to 2041 is
presented below.
Table 7-3: House Holds bins Requirement
Years P
rese
nt 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029 Capital Cost
Rs in Lakhs (2017-2041)
Population 345901 355858 365816 375773 385731 395.94
No. of House holds
96852 99640 102428 105216 108005
No. of new Households
96852 2788 2788 2788 2789
Quantity of House hold bins required
0 193704 5576 5576 5576 5578
Unit rate in Rs 150.00 165.00 182.00 200.00 220.00
Rs. In lakh 290.56 9.20 10.15 11.15 12.27
Table Continued…
Years 2032 2035 2038 2041 Cost Rs in Lakhs (2017-2041)
Population 395689 405646 415604 425561 395.94
No. of House holds 110793 113581 116369 119157
No. of new Households
2788 2788 2788 2788
Quantity of House hold bins required
5576 5576 5576 5576
Unit rate in Rs. 242.00 266.00 293.00 322.00
Rs. In lakh 13.49 14.83 16.34 17.95
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The life cycle of bins is considered as 3 years. Details of twin bins requirement 2017 to 2041 is
presented below.
Table 7-4:House Holds bins Requirement
Years P
rese
nt 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029 Capital Cost
Rs in Lakhs (2017-2041)
Commercial establishments
3500 3675 3859 4052 4254 47.94
No. of Commercial Bins (Black) 1no./50 units
70 74 77 81 85
No. of Commercial Bins (Blue) 1no./50 units
70 74 77 81 85
Total no. of Bins Required
0 140 148 154 162 170
Unit Price.Rs 2000.00 2200.00 2420.00 2662.00 2928.00
Cost in Lakh 2.80 3.26 3.73 4.31 4.98
Years 2032 2035 2038 2041 Cost Rs in Lakhs (2017-2041)
Commercial establishments
4467 4690 4925 5171 47.94
No. of Commercial Bins (Black) 1no./50 units
89 94 98 103
No. of Commercial Bins (Blue) 1no./50 units
89 94 98 103
Total no. of Bins Required 178 188 196 206
Unit Price.Rs 3221.00 3543.00 3897.00 4287.00
Cost in Lakh 5.73 6.66 7.64 8.83
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The normal life of a tricycle is 3 years, provided it is maintained properly. Details of tricycle costing
along with twin bins requirement from Year 2017 to 2041 is presented below.
Table 7-5: Tricycles Cost
Years
Pre
sen
t 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029 Cost Rs in Lakhs (2017-2042)
Population Projections 345901 355858 365816 375773 385731 738.87
No. of House holds 96852 99640 102428 105216 108005
Households living in Congested lane (60% of Population)
38741 39856 40971 42086 43202
Tri-Cycle for every 200HH (1000 persons)
194 199 205 210 216
Standby @ 10% 19 20 21 21 22
Total Tricycles required 201 12 219 226 231 238
Unit price .Rs 24000 26400 29040 31944 35138
Cost in lakhs 2.88 57.82 65.63 73.79 83.63
Table Continued…
Years 2032 2035 2038 2041 Cost Rs in Lakhs (2017-2042)
Population Projections 395689 405646 415604 425561 738.87
No. of House holds 110793 113581 116369 119157
Households living in Congested lane (60% of Population)
44317 45432 46548 47663
Tri-Cycle for every 200HH (1000 persons) 222 227 233 238
Standby @ 10% 22 23 23 24
Total Tricycles required 244 250 256 262
Unit price.Rs 38652.00 42517.00 46769.00 51446.00
Cost in lakhs 94.31 106.29 119.73 134.79
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Road length to be covered by Manual Sweeping (90%)
613 644 676 710 745
No. of hand carts required (5% stand by)
65 707 811 851 894 939
Unit rate of hand carts in Rs. 8500 9350 10285 11314 12445
Cost in lakh 60.10 75.83 87.53 101.15 116.86
Table Continued…
Year 2032 2035 2038 2041 Cost in Lakhs
(2017-2047)
Road length 869 913 958 1006 1120.1
Road length to be covered by Manual Sweeping (100%)
782 821 862 906
No. of hand carts required (5% stand by)
986 1035 1087 1140
Unit rate of hand carts in Rs. 13690 15059 16565 18222
Cost Rs in lakh 134.98 155.86 180.06 207.73
7.10 COSTING OF COMPACTOR BINS
Table 7-9: Compactor Bins (0.66 cum) Cost
Year
Pre
sen
t 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029 Capital Cost in Lakhs
Road length 681 715 751 788 828 720.72
No of green bins required (500mtrs one bin req.)
1362 1430 1502 1577 1656
No. of black bin required( 500 mtrs one bin req)
1362 1430 1502 1577 1656
Total No. of bins required 0 2724 2860 3003 3153 3311
Unit cost of the bin in Rs. 27000 29700 32670 35937 27000
Cost in lakhs 735.48 849.48 981.15 1133.23 1308.89
Table Continued…
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Unit cost of the bin in Rs. 43484 47832 52615 57877
Cost in lakhs 1511.76 1746.07 2016.70 2329.31
7.11 COSTING OF REFUSE COMPACTOR
Table 8-10 : Cost of Refuse Compactor
S.
No
Description of
Parameters
Cap
acity
Norms 2017 (in
Lacs)
2025 (in
Lacs)
2032 (in
Lacs)
2040 (in
Lacs)
Total
in
Lakhs
1 R.C equipment
with compacted
waste
14
m3
10 T pay
load
2 Quantity of waste 192 242 295 367
3 The quantity of
MSW in each bin
container at 75%
full of 1100 ltr
1.1 x 0.75
=0.83 M3
and 0.83 x
0.4 = 0.33
Ton
4 No of R.C
Compactors trips
required per day
14
m3
10T load
@ 60%
20 25 30 37
5 Number R.C
Compactors
required
14
m3
1 trips /
day
20 25 30 37
6 Requirement of
R.C Equipment
vehicle with 10%
spare
14
m3
1.1 22 28 33 41
7 Number of
Existing
Compactors
14
m3
0 0 0 0
8 Total Refuse
Compactors
required
14
m3
22 28 33 41
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
7.12 COST OF THE PROPOSED COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION PLAN
Total capital cost for the proposed collection and transportation system in the town includes the cost of
Primary Collection, Street Sweeping, Secondary Collection, tools & health safety items, equipment for
street sweeping and Transportation.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Total capital cost for Collection and Transportation is Rs. 2250 Lakhs for Kakinada for the year 2017, i.e immediate requirement for the Kakinada. Total capital
cost for collection and transportation till the year 2042 is estimated as Rs. 28115 Lakhs for the KMC solid waste management.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
7.13 O&M COST FOR THE PROPOSED COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION PLAN
The total operation and maintenance cost for the proposed collection and transportation system is
given below .This cost does not include manpower cost.
Table 7-11 : Summary of O&M Cost per Annum for KMC
S.NO Component No. of Units
Basis Annual O&M Cost, Rs. Lakhs
1 Compactor bins 2724 Rs.300/Bin/Annum 8.2
2 Tricycle 213 Rs.2000/Tricycle/Annum 4.3
3 Auto Tippers 67 Maintenance Cost @ 3 % of Vehicle Cost &
8.8
Operation Cost - Fuel @ 15 km/ liter, and assumed travel of 40 km/ day per vehicle
39.1
4 Bins for Commercial establishmentts
140 Rs.200/Bin/Annum 0.3
5 Refuse Compactors (14m3)
22 Maintenance Cost @ 5 % of Vehicle Cost &
37.4
Operation Cost - Fuel @ 3 km/ liter, and assumed travel of 130 km/ day per vehicle
208.8
6 Street Sweeping Machine
1 Maintenance Cost @ 6 % of Vehicle Cost &
0.0
Operation Cost - Fuel @ 3 km/ liter, and assumed travel of 35 km/ day per vehicle
2.6
7 Hand carts 772 Rs.500/Annum/Unit 3.9
8 Brooms @2kgs/worker/month
1544 Rs.80/unit 1.2
9 Spades 193 Rs.100/unit 0.2
10 Shovels 129 Rs.250/unit 0.3
11 Crow Bar 129 Rs.250/unit 0.3
Total 315.3
Total operation and maintenance cost for collection and transportation of waste for the year 2017 is
estimated to Rs.315.3 Lakh excluding manpower cost. 5% increase of O&M cost per annum is adopted
for calculating the O&M cost for subsequent years.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Human resource cost per month is estimated on the basis of salary per month for the respective
designation and its role in solid waste management. Estimation of per month human resource cost is
estimated in table given below.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Total human resource cost per month for the year 2017 is estimated as Rs.137.87Lakhs per month. 5% increase of O&M cost per annum is adopted for
calculating the O&M cost for subsequent years.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
2 Manpower cost per annum – Primary & Secondary 1655
Total 1970
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
The SWM project is conceptualized keeping in view the way of life of the citizens and their aspirations
to see their city clean. The implementation strategy and institutional framework will have to be such
that it is sustainable in the long run and meets the following requirements;
Ensuring efficiency in implementation and accountability for outcomes through appropriate
contractual and performance measures
Efficient raising, allocating, deploying and servicing financial resources deployed in the project
Forging formal links among the community driven approach, the proposed institutional model
and State and Local Government’s administrative apparatus
Generating internal and external ownership of the project
The implementation strategy for an efficient and integrated SWM system of KMC and RMC has
been designed keeping into consideration several factors like the cultural, political and
demographic profile of the region, existing set up, funding requirements, pay back capacity etc.
In integrated waste management, all the elements work together to form one complete system for
proper management of municipal waste. The integrated waste management system has to be designed
consistent with the demographic profile and waste stream characteristics of the city.
For integrated waste management system to succeed, it is best that all the elements of the system are
handled by a minimum number of entities with well-defined objectives. The delivery capacities of these
entities also need to be assessed carefully. Study of the experiences of other ULBs in the country where
several entities have been handling different elements of the SWM system indicate that there have
been instances of disputes, co-ordination problems, blame passing etc. affecting the overall efficiency
of the system; sometimes even leading to break-down of the system in whole or in parts.
In view of the above, the consultants have suggested an Integrated System for Management of Solid
Waste for the RMC area. Attempts have been made to utilize the existing infrastructure of RMC and
integrate the same to the suggested system to the extent possible.
The Integrated Waste Management System will have two components;
Collection and Transportation
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Integrated Waste Processing and Disposal Facility (Integrated Facility)
The collection and transportation shall be upgraded and operated by the RMC. The Integrated Facility
shall be implemented and operated under Public Private Partnership Mechanism on Design Build
Operate Own and Transfer (DBOT) basis.
Figure8-1: Implementation Strategy for Collection and Transportation
Figure8-2: Implementation Strategy for Integrated Facility
8.2 GRANT FUNDING
The grant funding has been considered as recommended under Swatch Bharat Abhiyaan Scheme.
Grant Funding for Integrated Facility
Kakinada Municipal Corporation
Integrated MSW Processing & Disposal
Facility under PPP Lenders
Equity Investors Private Operator
Concession + Land
Lease Agreement
Equity Share Capital Equity Share Capital
Debt
Grant Funding for Collection & Transportation
Kakinada Municipal Corporation
MSW Collection & Transportation
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Modern and Scientific Municipal Solid Waste Management
To effect behavioral change regarding healthy sanitation practices
Generate awareness about sanitation and its linkage with public health
Capacity Augmentation for ULB’s
To create an enabling environment for private sector participation in Capex (capital
expenditure) and Opex (operation and maintenance)
8.2.2 Mission components
The Mission has the following components:
Household toilets, including conversion of insanitary latrines into pour-flush latrines;
Community toilets
Public toilets
Solid waste management
IEC & Public Awareness
Capacity building and Administrative & Office Expenses (A&OE)
8.2.3 Funding pattern for the Project
As solid waste management is important component of the missions, funding provision for the Kakinada
Solid Waste Management can be made under Swatch Bharat Mission. As per the guidelines for Swatch
Bharat Mission (Urban), as provided by MoUD-GOI; States will contribute a minimum of 25% funds for
SWM projects to match 75% Central Share. Following table elaborates the funding pattern for the
proposed solid waste management scheme for Kakinada Municipal Corporation.
Table 8-1 : Funding Pattern for the project
Component Funding Pattern Capital Cost Rs in Lakhs
Central Government 75% 5071
State Government 25% 1690
Total Capital Cost 100% 6761
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
The price of compost is varying from Rs.1,000 to Rs.5,000 per ton in different parts of the country. The
price of compost depends on the quality/grade of compost, production process and place where
compost sold.
Table 8-2 : Market Price of Compost at Various Places
Place Manufacturer Plant(s) At Price (Rs./Ton)
Nasik (Maharashtra) Nasik Municipal
Corporation
Nasik 1,750 (Loose)2,050
(Packed)
Delhi KrishiRasayan Puri& Delhi 3,500
Delhi Excell Industries Ahmedabad, Calicut, etc. 3,500
Ahmedabad Excell Industries Ahmedabad, Calicut, etc. 3,500
Kerala Various Various 3000 – 5000
Andhra Pradesh Various Various 1000 – 3000
A comparison among the prices of compost produced from different organic material has also been
carried out for a comprehensive understanding of marketability of compost from MSW. Compost from
MSW has got good market price and can be marketed as good as compost from other sources.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Spent mushroom compost and other ingredients 2000 – 3500
Meals– high analysis
Lower analysis
6000 – 6500
3000 – 6000
Vermicomposting and other ingredients 2500 – 3500
For the proposed project the sale price of compost is anticipated as Rs.2,000/ton at the factory outlet.
8.5 SALE PRICE OF PLASTIC
The revenue from the sale of plastic is assessed at the rate of Rs 2000/Tonne.
8.6 SALE PRICE OF RDF
The revenue from the sale of RDF is assessed at the rate of Rs 1200/Tonne.
8.7 FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
The financial sustainability of the project may be achieved through the following measures;
Grant funding towards capital cost from central government
O&M Cost recovery by applying user charges for collection of municipal solid waste, sale of RDF,
Compost, Plastic etc.
8.8 REVENUE RECEIPT THROUGH USER CHARGES
In order to sustain the quality of solid waste management services, there is need to apply the user
charges in order to recover the cost incurred to provide these services. At the same time, there should
be provision to penalise those citizens against in-disciplinary actions pertaining to solid waste
management.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
It is proposed to implement user charges with respect to category (residential, commercial etc.) while
implementing the proposed solid waste management scheme for Kakinada. User charges will be applied
for door to door collection.
Table 8-4 : Proposed Used Charges For Solid Waste Management
Type of Users Monthly User Charges
Households (excluding 30% slum & BPL family) 40
Shops 120
Commercial Institutes/ Offices 600
Dhaba & sweet shops 120
Restaurant 600
Non Starred Hotels/ Dharmshala 600
Starred Hotels 5200
ClInic, dispensory & laboratories 300
Hospital up to 50 beds 1800
Hospital above 50 beds 3500
Community Halls 3000
User charges under Corporation have been proposed for Kakinada Corporation in order to project the
cost recovery for operation and maintenance cost. Following section provides the revenue receipt and
recovery scenario for KMC solid waste management.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
collection of user charges 494.14 334.98 11.56 251.10 1,091.78 -1,386
Total Revenue in 3rd year with 80%
collection of user charges 427.15 334.98 9.64 195.30 967.06 -1,393
Total Revenue collection in 2nd
year with 70% collection of user
charges
363.18 334.98 7.71 167.40 873.26 -1,374
Total Revenue collection in 1st year
with 60% collection of user charges 302.23 334.98 7.71 167.40 812.31 -1,328
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
At present, KMC does not have any revenue from solid waste management. Through the application of
user charges and by selling of compost, RDF RMC at least can recover part of operation and
maintenance cost through implementation of proposed solid waste management scheme. Assuming
that in 2021 the operation of the facility and collection of 100% user charges, estimated O&M cost for
primary collection, secondary collection, compost plant and landfill is Rs 26.93 Cr whereas revenue
receipts are expected as Rs 11.30 Cr.
However solid waste management is mandatory service to be managed by urban local body. It has high
operation and maintenance and long gestation period for the cost recovery. This gap also can to be
compensated by the Grant from state govt or central government for prolonged period. Also there is
need to implement robust reforms in terms of effective implementation of user charges from urban
local body and private sector participation in solid waste management.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Management of solid waste and its effectiveness is primarily dependent on the attitude and co-
operation and participation of the local community. People in all walks of their day-to-day activities
generate waste, which however, can be collected by the local body only once or maximum twice in a
day. In the present setup, the waste is thrown on the streets or open collection points, leading to
unhygienic conditions in the city. It is difficult for KMC to collect all the stray litter in a systematic and
regular manner. The other critical aspect of waste management is the location of waste management
facilities such as dumper bins or the disposal site. There have been number of cases where in the
community has objected to the location of these facilities in their neighborhood.
Popularly known as ‘Not in My Back Yard (NIMBY) Syndrome’, it is the general perception of the public
that location of any of these solid waste facilities will create the problem of health and hygiene. In light
of the above facts, it becomes imperative that a successful implementation of any solid waste
management plan will need effective cooperation and co-ordination of the local community in various
aspects of waste collection, transportation and disposal. Successful cases in various parts of the country
viz, Exnora in Chennai, ALM System in Mumbai, Muskan Jyoti Samiti in Lucknow, DWCUA groups in
Hyderabad and Vijayawada all accentuate the fact that effective participation by the community can
ensure a successful waste management system in the city. In view of all these factors, ensuring
community participation also needs to be incorporated as an integral component of the proposed solid
waste collection and transportation plan for KMC; Sections below discuss the several aspects of
community participation that could complement the efforts of the local body in improving the solid
waste management practices in the town.
There have been several discussions with various sections of people on the need for public participation
and cooperation for the municipal activities with particular reference to SWM. The reaction of the
community is mixed. Some are ready to participate whereas the majority is totally dissatisfied with the
past performance of KMC and RMC and feel helpless. Such attitude of majority of the population makes
the management of the MSW with public participation and cooperation even more difficult. It is felt
that a significant effort is required to induce the public to support the efforts of RMC on the
management of the MSW.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
No NGOs are operating in the town in the areas of solid waste management, health and sanitation and
welfare of rag pickers. It is however significant to note that, the level of understanding of the
community on sanitation issues is good. There are some efforts also going on for plastic recycling from
the solid waste. Thus it can be concluded that the mobilization of the community and educating them
on sanitation issues may be difficult but not an impossible task. The modalities of educating the
community are discussed below.
9.3 MODALITIES OF COMMUNITY EDUCATION AND PARTICIPATION
The steps involved in implementing and ensuring community participation will comprise of the
following sub-activities
Identification of Resident Associations (RAs) and formation of Resident’s Welfare Committees
(RWCs)
Identification and mobilization of Non-Governmental Organizations or other social welfare groups in
the city
Identification of areas of SWM where community participation is elicited
Orient the RAs, RWCs, key personalities, social activists, politicians and local corporators towards
environmental education and solid waste management
Conduct sanitation campaigns in various parts of the city emphasizing on areas where their co-
operation / participation is sought
Carry out mass media campaigns on various aspects of solid waste management
9.4 IDENTIFICATION AND ORIENTATION OF RESIDENT’S WELFARE
COMMITTEES
Resident’s Welfare Committee (RWC) is basically a group of people from a particular Resident’s
Association who can actively involve and influence the members of RAs. RWCs will ideally comprise of
around 10 to 15 people representing RA.
For the purpose of forming RWCs, all the RAs in KMC and RMC shall be listed and identified. Similarly
the commercial traders may also be divided into vegetable markets, wholesale traders, commercial
business centers, etc.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
The municipal officials shall help them to form a group of welfare association by explaining to each of
these RAs/groups the benefits of formation of such groups. The community will identify 10-15 people
who shall be representing the RAs/group in various activities of solid waste management and
sanitation.
Orientation of RWCs
The RWCs thus formed will then have to be trained and oriented by the local body officials and NGOs on
various aspects of solid waste management, especially on new guidelines of solid waste management
by MoEF. These groups will also have to be oriented towards the importance of community
participation in implementing these guidelines and need to educate all members of the RAs/group on
these aspects.
9.5 IDENTIFICATION AND MOBILISATION OF NGOS OR SOCIAL WELFARE
GROUPS
Based on the available information, the activity of NGO involved in solid waste management in the city
is marginal. These groups of organizations shall have to be identified and appraised of various activities
that could be taken for improving the solid waste management of the city and the emphasize the
significance of community participation to achieve this.
9.6 IDENTIFICATION OF AREAS OF SWM FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
The next step after identifying and mobilizing the RWCs and NGOs is to identify areas where the active
involvement of community participation is elicited and working out the modalities of the same. Some of
the areas that have emerged from experience elsewhere in the country, in which the community can
contribute to waste management are, avoiding indiscriminate throwing of waste by the residents, shop
keepers, etc. on the streets need to segregate and store the waste at source and hand over the same to
the sanitary workers of the local body or to the collector arranged by the association themselves at a
specified time understanding the importance of community secondary collection stations such as
dumper bins at various localities of the city and their criticality in the efficient management of waste
and therefore co-operating while the siting of these facilities realizing the utility of organic component
in the solid waste (compost) and understanding the importance of Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and
Recovering of various recyclables in the waste and their utility.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
All these aspects have to be explained to the representatives of RWCs and NGOs who will in turn convey
the message to the community.
9.7 ORIENTATION OF KEY PERSONALITIES, SOCIAL ACTIVISTS AND POLICY
MAKERS
After identifying the areas of participation expected from the community, the key personalities, policy
makers of the city will also have to be appraised of the implications of the new guide lines and the need
for the community participation in managing the waste. The cost implications of house to house
collection of waste and need for the community to organize primary collection from the households by
themselves are also to be highlighted.
An effective orientation program shall sensitize the group on the above aspects and shall motivate them
to educate the community. The orientation program shall be organized with active co-operation from
well-known personalities / specialists in the field of waste management in order to ensure the proper
understanding to the community in respect of waste management and the importance of such
programs in the ensuring community participation in waste management.
9.8 CONDUCT SANITATION CAMPAIGNS
In addition to the above activities, vigorous sanitation campaigns across the city shall also be taken up
emphasizing the need for storage and segregation, recycling and reduction and house-to-house
collection of waste. These campaigns shall also involve the school children and NGOs so that the
message of the campaign reaches the community effectively.
9.9 MEDIA CAMPAIGNING AND ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
Media is another important tool in environmental education. Hence extensive campaigning through
electronic media, print media, mass media and other means on environmental sanitation and solid
waste management shall be carried out. All these activities may be performed by the local body through
nodal agency assigned to an NGO who can guide and support the RWCs and the local officials in
environmental education. These NGOs shall conduct rallies, street plays, competitions and cultural
activities concerning environmental sanitation and try to educate the community.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
The measures discussed above can be implemented in phases in KMC, in all the Wards, every quarter
and shall be targeted to complete within two years period. However, provisions should also be made on
penalties and punishments to the people who do not abide by the agreed practices of waste
management.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
I g = Geometric Mean Percentage Increase per Decade
r = Average Incremental Increase per decade
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
6 Brake Down Van Each 500,000 1 500,000 550,000 1 550,000
7 Welding Machine Each 750,000 1 750,000 825,000 1 825,000
8 Tyre repair section Each 30,000 1 30,000 33,000 1 33,000
9 Generator Each 500,000 1 500,000 550,000 1 550,000
10 Internal Electrical Each 1,000,000 1 1,000,000
Sub-Total (B) 14,955,000 3,795,000 15,433,000
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
2 First Aid Kit LS 20,000 1 20,000 24,000 1 24,000 28,800 1 28,800
3 Fire Fighting Equipments LS 200,000 1 200,000 240,000 1 240,000 288,000 1 288,000
4 Equipments for Labour LS 75,000 1 75,000 90,000 1 90,000 108,000 1 108,000
Sub-Total (C) 395,000 474,000 568,800
Grand Total - A+B+C (Rs) 21,275,932 4,269,000 17,155,453
Table to be continued…..
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
5 GPS fitment Each 30,250 5 151,250 33,275 5 166,375
6 Brake Down Van Each 605,000 665,500 1 665,500
7 Welding Machine Each 907,500 998,250 1 998,250
8 Tyre repair section Each 36,300 39,930 1 39,930
9 Generator Each 605,000 665,500 1 665,500
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
2 First Aid Kit LS 34,560 1 34,560 41,472 1 41,472
3 Fire Fighting Equipments LS 345,600 1 345,600 414,720 1 414,720
4 Equipments for Labour LS 129,600 1 129,600 155,520 1 155,520
Sub-Total (C) 682,560 819,072 2,939,432
Grand Total - A+B+C (Rs) 13,175,810 23,852,027 79,728,222
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
5 DETAIL OF OPEN PARKING PLATFROM AND COVERED PARKING KKD,PTM&GLU/SWM/17
6 DETAIL OF COMPOUND WALL WITH BARBED WIRE FENCING & ENTRANCE GATE
KKD,PTM&GLU/SWM/25
7 TOILET BLOCK KKD,PTM&GLU/SWM/28
8 RTS KAKINADA KKD/SWM/29
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari