TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................ ii LIST OF TABLE .......................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURE......................................................................................................... iv Section-II DIRECTED RESEARCH ................................................................................ 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................1 1.1 Objective……………………………………………………………………...2 2. METHODOLOGY AND TOOLS...........................................................................3 2.1 Methodology ....................................................................................................3 2.2 Tools used…………………...………………………………………………..4 3. CHANGE IN VILLAGE PROFILE DUE TO WATERSHED IMPLEMENTATION .....................................................................................................6 3.1 Pre watershed ...................................................................................................6 3.2 Watershed work implementation ...................................................................10 3.3 Post watershed ................................................................................................17 4. WATER BALANCE .............................................................................................24 5. WATER DISTRIBUTION BASED ON DATA ANALYSIS ..............................31 6. CONCLUSION .....................................................................................................39 7. REFERENCES ......................................................................................................41
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................ ii
LIST OF TABLE .......................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF FIGURE......................................................................................................... iv
Section-II DIRECTED RESEARCH ................................................................................
3-1 Water sources in Jamasindh village during 1995-99 10
3-2 Decadal Average Annual Rainfall, Coefficient of Variation
(CV), Rainy Days and Average Rain/Rainy Day, Bagli
Block, 1950-95
12
3-3 Action plan and structures details (Source: bisali document) 17
3-4 Change in multiple variables in village profile during 2002-
2012
19
4-1 List of wells 25
iii
iv
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure No. Figure Page No.
3-1 SD model for water dynamics during 1995-99 7
3-2 Groundwater (GW) stock dynamics during 1995-99 8
3-3 Basalt and dolomite entrapped groundwater stock dynamics
during 1995-99
9
3-4 Variation in cattle and human population 20
3-5 Variation in cultivation land for different crops 21
3-6 Variation in numbers of different water sources 22
3-7 Well classification with water fetching facilities 22
3-8 Energized and Non-energized water utilization 23
4-1 Surface water storage structure in Jamasindh village (Total
capacity 80, 000 cubic-meters)
24
4-2 Dug Out Pond (DOP) structure in Jamasindh village (Total
capacity 4, 000 cubic-meters)
24
4-3 SD model for water dynamics during 2002-12 27
4-4 Ground water stock variation during 2002-12 28
4-5 Basalt and Dolomite entrapped water stock variation during
2002-12
29
5-1 Water consumption in 2011-12 from different sources 32
5-2 Source wise water utilization for drinking purpose 33
5-3 Source wise water utilization for human activities other than
drinking
34
5-4 Water consumption distribution for cattle 35
5-5 Maize cultivation land based water source distribution 36
5-6 Cotton cultivation land based water source distribution 37
5-7 Wheat cultivation land based water source distribution 37
Section-II
DIRECTED RESEARCH
1. INTRODUCTION SPS has taken up 112,000 acres for direct implementation of watershed
programmes spread over 57 villages, leading to effective spending of Rs. 250 million
and generating nearly 2 million person-days of employment. The total storage capacity
of the water harvesting structures created by SPS is over 4 million cubic metres. This
has had the primary impact of ensuring drinking water security to all households in
these villages. Rabi irrigation has shown a rise of 300% and the overall irrigation ratio
has more than doubled. A significant impact of the work has been drought-proofing of
the kharif crop. As in any typical dry-land region, rainfall in these areas is low, highly
erratic and characterized by long dry spells between rainy days.
Water harvesting structures help farmers tide over this crisis by providing crucial
"life-saving" protective irrigation. We see the watershed programme as vital public
investment to incentivize private investments by even the poorest farmers on their own
lands. The yield of kharif (mostly rain fed) crops has shown a rise in the range of 10-
20% and that of rabi (mostly irrigated) crops has shown a rise of 60-70%. Overall, the
value of production of kharif and rabi crops together has doubled. The Benefit-Cost
Ratio ranges from 1.49 to 2.06 and Internal Rate of Return on investments from 30%
to 49% [1].
As per our Directed Research, we have analyzed the watershed work
implementation in the Jamasindh village. The watershed work has been implemented
under Council for Advancement of People's Action and Rural Technology
(CAPART), formed in 1986, as a nodal agency for catalyzing and coordinating the
emerging partnership between voluntary organizations and the Government for
sustainable development of rural areas.
CAPART was formed by amalgamating two agencies the 'Council for
Advancement of Rural Technology' (CART) and People's Action for Development
India (PADI). CAPART is an autonomous body registered under the Societies
1
Registration Act 1860, and is functioning under the aegis of the Ministry of Rural
Development, Government of India. Today, this agency is a major promoter of rural
development in India, assisting over 12,000 voluntary organizations across the country
in implementing a wide range of development initiatives [2].
1.1 Objectives: The objectives of our Directed Research were as follows:
• To study & analyze the water utilization pattern before and after the watershed
work implementation.
• To study & analyze water balance of the village.
• To study the different water sources and utilization pattern.
• To draw inferences from links between Social Structure and Pattern of Water
use (domestic, irrigation and others).
2
2. Methodology and tools
2.1 Methodology
Problem definition: We focused on study & analysis of the water utilization pattern
before and after the watershed work implementation in the village. Also, the water
distribution and water balance was under major consideration. Some trends were
expected based on analysis of interlinking between current village profile and
watershed work by SPS under CAPART scheme.
Research unit: The Jamasindh village profile before watershed work implementation,
the watershed work implementation, the Jamasindh village profile after watershed
work implementation and the stakeholders were our research unit. We tried to
interview as many categories of stakeholders as possible to get a better perspective
about the watershed work implementation. We also visited a different village named
Magradeh to get an idea of the village profile without watershed work implementation
which was nearby 10 km far from Jamasindh village. This visit had facilitated us with
a more focused approach towards recognizing the change in the village profile after
watershed work implementation.
Primary and Secondary source of data: Both quantitative and qualitative data are
required for a substantial research work as they complement each other. The
qualitative data and information have been mainly collected through PRA activities
and villager’s broad view towards watershed implementation. In order to gather the
quantitative data, a two pronged approach of collecting primary data and secondary
data has been adopted.
Survey of the villagers of every age group, interview of sarpanch, patwari of
the village formed the basis for primary data. Villagers’ survey was very much helpful
as they worked in the same watershed work implementation and they were very much
aware of the transition phase within the Jamasindh village due to the same. The
3
physical existence of the watershed structures and followed transition also helped a lot
in understanding the results of watershed work implementation.
The records on watershed work implementation and change in irrigation
pattern, household level water utilization related information maintained by the SPS
provided quantitative data and constituted secondary data for the survey. Also, the
data provided by sarpanch, patwari and Advanced Center for Water Resources’
Development and Management (ACWADAM) reports added more information to the
secondary data.
We conducted the Directed Research in the same village, where we had
conducted the village work so data collection through interview was not that tedious
but we continued with the semi-structured pattern following a pre-designed survey
questionnaire which helped a lot in conducting the interview without any
uncomfortable feeling for the interviewee. The questionnaire had been prepared for
both i.e. supply side and the demand side (Questionnaire in annexure).
Also the informal discussions with the villagers were very effective as the
participants often expressed their opinions about water scenario in a more open
manner as there were no guided questions. This aided the qualitative aspect of the
research by helping capture the villagers’ opinions within a context – bound natural
setting. The respondents had an opportunity to seek clarifications from us and also
give in their suggestions and opinions (beyond the questionnaire).
2.2 Tools used Questionnaire survey was mainly based on the two pre designed survey
questionnaire based on both supply and the demand side. The supply side
questionnaire enabled us to enlist the different water sources details, their uptime
status in terms of water availability and their importance in terms of utilization domain
4
such as drinking, bathing, irrigation etc while the demand side questionnaire provided
the information about the water source distribution, load on an individual water
source, variation of source for any particular utilization within a year as per season
variation.
Semi-structured interviews along with the informal discussion provided us general
information about the village profile before the watershed work implementation and
during the watershed work implementation phase without which it was tough to know
about the past status.
PRA tools also helped in terms of providing both qualitative and quantitative
information. FGDs mainly helped us to know the different beneficiary’s perspective
about the watershed implementation work as they belong to different habitations while
the resource map enlistment had given an indication about source dependency and
utilization.
Source measurement and inspection was mainly performed to calculate the water
balance in Jamasindh village. It also helped in collecting the information regarding
water storage capacity addition and improvement in recharge rate after the watershed
work implementation. We used the measuring tape provided by ACWADAM & SPS
joint project worker in dimension measurement of wells and other watershed
structures. The total capacity of earthen dams and DOPs structures were 80,000 cubic
meters and 4000 cubic meters respectively. The difference in well dimension and
water level depth inside the well was different for each well depending on the soil
pattern, water demand by owner and distance from the watershed structures.
5
3. CHANGE IN VILLAGE PROFILE DUE TO WATERSHED
IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 Pre watershed
During 1995-99, Jamasindh village was facing deficit in all terms of natural
resources which were very much required for the life sustenance. Even the watershed
implementation plan action report of SPS depicts the same in terms of water deficit for
irrigation, fodder deficit because of deforestation along with less crop production and
very less employment opportunities within the village. In words of Mohan-Kalabai, a
villager staying in Jamasindh during 1995-99, only 5 to 10 families were in the village
during 1998-99 and rest all had migrated as there were no further hope of sustainable
lifestyle. Government was also avoiding the needful to be done after the tribe-state
clash in 1997-98. At least one or two member of each family was bonded labor in the
nearby town Malwa (Ghat upar) for the family sustenance in the village or for paying
the loan interest.
Jowar and maize were the main crops in Jamasindh village. The sources for
irrigation were wells but mostly farmers were dependent on rainfall. The another
reason for worry was the high intensity rains for less number of days within the
monsoon season and the condition became very critical as the entire cultivation was
rainfall dependent. In general, every family had a debt of Rs 8000 per annum and they
were bounded to pay the asked interest to the private moneylenders as no other
facilities were available to them.
The information regarding variation in different resources during 1995-99 has
been collected via primary surveys and we enlisted the same in vensim software to
visualize the changes within a 5 year span i.e. 1995-99. We have assumed some initial
values for basalt and ground water stock within Jamasindh village area, which is
mentioned in the vensim model. The model outputs were as follows with all the
figures in cubic meters. In the below vensim model output we can see that the
6
Figure 3-1
SD model for water dynamics during 1995-99
7
Groundwater stock water is increasing but the main reason behind the same is
the major decrement in the groundwater consumption rate during 1995-99. The
decrement in the consumption rate is just because of the decrement in the consumption
rate from well which has been further described in Figure 3.2. The variation in the
increment rate is as per the rainfall variation in the region.
We have used some assumptions in our vensim simulation as data regarding basalt
entrapped ground water and ground water is not possible to know at a very correct
level. The few assumptions are as follows:
• Basalt entrapped water stock =5,00,000 cubic meter
• GW reserve water stock=40,000 cubic meter
• Annualized weight-age for water consumption in case of human and cattle,
who switches their source of utilization though out the year; though source list
is separately listed in next chapter i.e. water distribution.
Figure 3-2
Groundwater (GW) stock dynamics during 1995-99
CurrentGround water stock40,00030,00020,00010,000
0consumption rate for GW per year70,00065,00060,00055,00050,000Recharge rate for GW per year60,00055,00050,00045,00040,000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999Time (Year)
8
The overall consumption is reducing because the all other forming
consumption profile is decreasing with the time. The decrement in water consumption
shows the very high migration rate because of insufficient resources. The ground
water stock deficit can be observed in Figure 3-2 as the total ground water stock is less
than the annual consumption for different livelihood options. If we see the basalt
groundwater reserve then the consumption rate is very much higher than the recharge
rate due to the very less percolation rate, though the consumption is very less because
of very less extraction as there were no borings during 1995-99. The basalt
groundwater stock variation with time can be shown as follows (Refer Figure 3.3):
Figure 3-3
Basalt and dolomite entrapped groundwater stock dynamics during 1995-99
CurrentBasalt and dolomite ground water reserve510,000505,000500,000495,000490,000consumption rate for basalt and dolomite entraped GW per year1
800700600500400
Recharge rate for basalat and dolomite entraped GWper year 1864201995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Time (Year)
9
Water distribution pattern
The sustenance was the main issue during 1995-99. The villagers were using
the single public well and the single public hand-pump for drinking water use. The
cultivation was mainly rain fed but few families having their own well were
cultivating crops with ground water. Even if there was enough water stock for
drinking purpose but people were migrating as agriculture was their main livelihood
and that was getting affected badly because of ground water deficit for agriculture.
Source details
During 1995-99 the major water sources for day to day livelihood were as follows:
Table 3-1
Water sources in Jamasindh village during 1995-99
S. No. Source Name Number of similar
sources (Private/Public)
Source Depth (m)
1 Hand-pump 0/1 >200
2 Well 8/1 <6
3 Small pond (300 cubic meter) 5/0 ~2
3.2 Watershed work implementation
The idea of watershed work implementation started with the initial resource
characterization in Bisali watershed area. The selected watershed area had an
advantage of having a natural catchment area as being surrounded with ridges of
Vindhyanchal hills, compact basalt bed on an average depth of 3 to 7 meters and the
most important was the need for the sustainability of the livelihood in the watershed
area.
Bisali, Jamasindh and Narsinghpura were the three main villages under Bisali
watershed area. SPS held a series of meetings with the village community to identify
10
the most urgent problems facing the village. The possible solutions to these issues
were discussed with groups of village people as well as with scientists and other
experts. The watershed plan has been finalized on the basis of these consultations and
incorporating the suggestions which came in limelight by these consultations.
Resource appraisal exercises conducted by SPS revealed that the watershed
was densely forested nearly 60-70 years ago. The region was part of the erstwhile
Dhar state. As a strategy to alleviate pressures on the agricultural land, the state
encouraged tribal to migrate to this area and settle down there. Pattas to land were
provided to these tribal who cleared forests and made colonies. These rich forests were
targeted by the Forest Department (FD) as well for commercial exploitation during the
same period. The testimonies of the first-generation migrants indicate instances of
'sequential overexploitation' by the FD.
According to these tribal, some of whom have worked in forest coupes, this
area has been coupe-felled four times in the last 50 years. A third element in forest
destruction was the wood thefts by forest contractors and outsiders, who have
established clear routes of wood traffic between this area and the trading centres in
Malwa. It must also be remembered that free grazing is an established practice in the
area. The combined impact of all these has reduced the forests to a highly degraded
status.
The watershed work implementation was totally dependent on the rainfall and
catchment area so relevant data collection and analysis was very much needed.
Though SPS had opted for the rainfall measurement in the watershed work
implementation area but the past data was very much essential. SPS had opted for the
secondary data based analysis as no other databases were available for the same
period. The rainfall data had been collected for Bagli block from Indian
Meteorological Department (IMD) for the time span of 1950-95, which are as follows
(Refer Table 3-2):
11
Table 3-2
Decadal Average Annual Rainfall, Coefficient of Variation (CV), Rainy Days and
Average Rain/Rainy Day, Bagli Block, 1950-95 [3]
Decade Annual
rainfall (mm)
CV of rainfall Number of
rainy days
Rain per rainy day
(mm)
1950-60 897 0.41 - -
1960-70 851 0.23 37 23
1970-80 1117 0.29 42 27
1980-90 778 0.22 39 20
1990-95 972 0.33 38 26
Average
(1950-95)
923 0.32 39 24
As in the other semi-arid agro-ecological regions of our country, 90% of the
annual rainfall is concentrated within the months of June to September. During this
period, the rain occurs typically on 35 to 40 days, in several discrete and intense
spells. The watershed work had been implemented by SPS under the CAPART
scheme during 1999-2003 and the cost benefit analysis had been done for the same.
The watershed work was supposed to generate employment as a very short term target
resulting into the permanent migration reduction. In the long run, the project was
expected to overcome the deficit in fodder availability, reduction in agriculture based
on the Increment of the water storage and ground water recharge rate.
Stakeholders
CAPART is an autonomous body registered under the Societies Registration Act
1860, and is functioning under the aegis of the Ministry of Rural Development,
Government of India. Today, this agency is a major promoter of rural development in
12
India, assisting over 12,000 voluntary organizations across the country in the
implementation of a wide range of development initiatives. The watershed
development was funded under the same scheme.
SPS is an NGO who has implemented the watershed project in Jamasindh village
under Bisali watershed work. It has provided the admin, technical and other expertise
for the project execution.
Beneficiaries may be subdivided into two categories i.e. short term beneficiaries and
long term beneficiaries. Short term beneficiaries’ category consists of the laborers
from the same or nearby villages while the long term beneficiaries’ category consists
of the farmers who get sufficient water for irrigation now, villagers with secure
drinking water availability throughout the year and the landless laborers who do not go
to nearby town following the permanent migration trend.
Interventions in the Ridge Area: Soil and water conservation measures undertaken
in the ridge area was very much important and it controlled soil erosion in highly
sloping land. Further, they helped into regeneration of the degraded forest cover by
improving soil moisture profile as well as recharge of the deeper aquifers in the
discharge zone of the watershed.
a. Contour Trenching: Staggered contour trenching was done in 60 hectares in ridge
areas with slopes more than 15%. The trenches had a standard size of 0.5m x 0.5m and
are spaced at 20m horizontal intervals. Cost of trenching per hectare in the base year
was Rs. 2933.
b. Contour Bunding: Earthen contour bunding is proposed in 50 hectares with slope
less than 15%. Earthen contour bunds had a height of 0.5-0.6m and upstream and
downstream slopes of 1:1 and 1.25:1 respectively in permeable soils and 1.25:1 and
1.5:1 in relatively impermeable soils. Base cost of bunding was Rs.2460/ha in
13
permeable soils and Rs.2600/ha on impermeable soils. Boulders were also being used
depending on the availability. At present most of the contour bund depth have
decreased to less than 50% of the initial depth values.
Intervention in the drainage line
Interventions in the drainage line had been done to control the volume and
velocity of the runoff. In addition they help in groundwater recharge as well.
a. Loose Boulder Check-dams: These were constructed usually in streams up to the
second order and less than 20% stream bed slope. These typically have a height of
1.2m and upstream and downstream slopes of 1:1 and 3:1 respectively. They are
spaced at 1.2m vertical interval and have 10-30m horizontal interval and have an
average volume of 25 cubic meters. The base cost of a boulder check-dam works out
to Rs.806. Where boulders are not easily available, the base cost of boulder-cum-earth
check-dams was Rs.1056.
c. Earthen Naala Bunds: These were erected in the drainage lines in with the purpose
to harvest runoff for purposes of percolation. In the plan, 2 Naala Bunds are proposed.
The base cost of a 2m high and 25m long naala bund was Rs.49, 000.
d. Channel Maintenance: Deepening channels and raising embankment along
sections of streams were performed, where the naala meanders and causes inundation
during peak floods. This has the dual purpose of controlling soil erosion and gully
formation as well as protection of the agricultural crops against damage.
Water Harvesting
Surface water harvesting is one of the important planks of the watershed
development plan. The undulating lands were ideally suited for construction of farm
ponds. The natural topography is aided by the geological factors in this zone, where
the soils are relatively impervious and the underlying coarse-grained Katkut
14
sandstones are good aquifers. Thus, in addition to storing water for protective
irrigation, these structures also helped in recharge of groundwater.
a. Dug-cum-Embankment Ponds: These were implemented nearby Jamasindh
village settlement, where the topography is conducive to their construction. 8 such
structures had been constructed in this area. Because of the limitation of black soil
availability, the structures are designed as the core-wall type earthen structures.
The combined capacity of these structures works out to 80,000 cubic-meters
i.e. on average capacity of 10,000 cubic-meters each. The primary objective of
construction of these structures was to provide vital protective irrigation to the kharif
crop along with the feasibility of fisheries development as well as watering of nursery
plants. Base cost of a typical dug-cum-embankment type structure was Rs.63, 000.
b. Dugout Ponds: These ponds are to be constructed in areas where the geology is
favorable for water storage but the topography is unfavorable. 5 such ponds had been
constructed in Jamasindh village. Base cost of a typical dugout pond of size 20 x 20 x
2m (800 cum capacity) was about Rs.25, 000.
c. Others: In addition to construction of new structures, the watershed development
plan also proposes to enhance the capacity of the already existing storage structures by
repairing them. Also field bunding had been done in flat land regions.
Afforestation
The different tree/grass species had been selected based on topography and soil
profile for afforestation, as in the degraded forest land, the emphasis was on hardy and
fast growing species that can meet the needs of the local people for fuel and fodder.
Tree planting here is being undertaken together with contour trenching.
The entire afforestation programme is predicated on the understanding that once the
needs of the people are met, they have a strong incentive to protect the forest. The
15
wedge that has been driven between the forest and the people must be sealed through
creative co-operation between the community and the state machinery. In the resource
appraisal exercises, the people expressed the need to conserve forests and pledged to
extend their support to any programme with this intent. A Forest Users Group has
already been formed which would plan and guide the afforestation efforts under the
watershed development plan.
Sustainable Groundwater Utilization
The utilization pattern and distribution was also one of the main key issues
during and after watershed work implementation. The groundwater profile was
expected to be improved but a complete success of the watershed implementation
work could have been stated only when the every family in the area would get benefit
out of the watershed work implementation. The socially deprived families will not be
able to utilize the recharged groundwater due to unavailability of personal well etc,
even if in some cases families were having private well but the depth of the well was
very less. It was also not feasible to facilitate each household with a private well.
Finally, the access to the ground water for the poorest households had also been
secured through selective excavation and deepening of dug-wells. A village-level user
of prospective well beneficiaries had been formed. The user group along with the
beneficiaries determined the selective households and advance amount repayment
schedules in terms of both money and time.
Non-farm Activities
Fodder availability had been planned for improvement in the health of the
livestock. As the milk yield improvement would provide greater scope for collection
and marketing of milk on a large scale. Similarly, non-farm activities could arise in the
processing of forest produce like neem seeds, mahua flowers and seeds etc. The
organic manure from neem and mahua are important ingredients of the soil
improvement package for the area itself. Neem oil as a pest repellent commands a
comfortable market in urban centres like Indore.
16
TTable 3-3
AAction plan aand structurees details [3]
3
w
T
ch
.3 Post w
The Bisal
watershed im
The watershe
Based on
hanges in vi
• Secur
• Multif
• Increm
watershed
li watershed
mplementatio
ed project ha
n the waters
llage profile
ity over drin
fold increme
ment in irrig
d project had
on work in J
as significant
shed work in
e can be enlis
nking water r
ent in overal
ated land for
17
d been succe
Jamasindh v
tly changed t
n the Jamas
sted as follow
requirement
ll agricultura
r kharif crop
essfully imp
village was
the entire vil
sindh villag
ws:
plemented by
part of the
llage dynam
e, the direc
y SPS and th
same projec
mics.
t and indire
he
ct.
ect
.
al land and pproduction.
p.
• Multifold increment in human population.
• Jowar (sorghum) cultivation stopped and cotton cultivation started.
• Employment generation within the village for landless people.
• Permanent migration reduced to nearby negligible figures.
• In seasonal migration also, villager ask for the desired labour rate.
• Fodder availability has promoted livestock and livestock related benefits.
• Decrement in soil erosion and black soil availability to improve soil profile.
• Energized pumping from wells boosted up rapidly.
• Number of wells increased to 24 from 9 no. of wells in 1999.
• Villagers started the production of vegetables and fruits.
The primary survey data has provided the quantitative change in multiple variables
within a time span of 10 to 11 years i.e. 2002 to 2012, which can be enlisted in table
below. The cattle population includes ox, cow, buffalo and calves. The sharp
increment in human and cattle population was nearby similar in ratio-folds. We can
see in Figure 3-4 that the human population and cattle population both increased by
approximately 3 times during 2002-12. The main reason was increment in cultivable
land and the employment opportunity within the village. Even back migration
happened during 2002-12. The increment in cultivation land and the afforestation in
nearby dry-lands full-filled the fodder demands, which finally reflected in terms of
increment in cattle population.
The increased number of surface water and ground water sources also promoted
the energy intensive approach towards groundwater extraction. The quantitative
growth in all above mentioned parameters have been shown in the below table. The
list consists of the quantitative comparison between the population, different water
sources, cultivable land and different machineries n the year 2002 and 2012 (though
some changes were continuous over the time while some happened within past few
years):
18
Table 3-4
Change in multiple variables in village profile during 2002-2012
S. No. Variables Units 2002 2012
1 Human Population - ~250 703
2 Cattle population - ~85 299
3 Wheat cultivation land Bigha ~30 280
4 Maize cultivation land Bigha ~115 443.95
5 Cotton cultivation land Bigha ~0 42.5
6 Others (Fruit and vegetable) cultivation
land
Bigha 1 10.5
7 No of wells - 9 23
8 No. of hand pumps - 4 6
9 No. of borings - 0 8
10 No. of private surface water storage
structures
- 0 2
11 No. of public surface water storage
structures
- 13 13
12 No of electrical pump wise energized
well
- 3 15
13 No. of diesel gen-set based energized
well
- 0 5
14 No. of tractor - 0 1
15 No. of bikes - 0 8
16 No. of chakki - 0 3
17 No. of thresher - 0 1
19
Figure 3-4
Variation in cattle and human population
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Human Population Cattle population
Num
bers
2002
2012
The cultivation land area changed very rapidly after the watershed work
implementation and major changes happened in wheat and maize which can be
observed in Figure 3-5.
Though maize was also one of major crop earlier but the improvement in soil
moisture has converted the whole cultivation land area suitable for maize cultivation
with the help of different water sources and rainfall as a major.
At present, 43.25 bighas of maize cultivation is totally dependent on rain-fed
agriculture else rest 440.70 bighas of maize cultivation is being partially irrigated by
surface water, ground water or boring. The irrigation pattern varies with the source
capacity to provide water for irrigation as for example the rain-fed cultivation land for
maize gets the negligible water for irrigation while the boring fed maize cultivation
land gets the maximum water for irrigation. The increment in wheat cultivation land is
mainly because of surface water availability. At present 132.4 bighas out of 280
bighas are being irrigated by the stored surface water only.
20
Figure 3-5
Variation in cultivation land for different crops
050100150200250300350400450500
Wheat cultivation land
Maize cultivation land
Cotton cultivation land
Others (Fruit and veg) cultivation
land
Land
in bighs (2
500 sqm)
2002
2012
The watershed work also facilitated the ground water sock with higher
recharge rate along with increment in special areas development for recharging such
as surface water storage tank, check dams etc. The number of dug-wells increased
from 9 to 24 during 2002-12 following the sharp increase in ground water stock and it
can be observed in Figure 3.6.
The numbers of public surface water structures have seen no increment during
2002-12 while following the success of public structures, two private surface water
structures came in picture. The number of borings increased from 0 to 8 and mainly
started after 2006-07. The main reason was the demand increment and successful
installation of the hand-pump in the same area.
At present the energized pumping is the most common trend over each dug-
well. The energized pumping is mainly done for the irrigation purpose. The graphical
representation of energized and others dug-wells can be enlisted as follows based on
the primary survey data.
21
Figure 3-6
Variation in numbers of different water sources
0
5
10
15
20
25
No of wells No. of handpums
No. of borings
No. of private surface water
storage structures
No. of public surface water
storage structures
Num
bers
Variation in numbers of different water sources
2002
2012
Figure 3-7
Well classification with water fetching facilities.
02468
10121416
Govt well with pump house
Well with genset Well with pump others
Num
ber o
f wells
22
Figure 3-7 shows the number of energized sources in the village. Out of 24
wells, 21 are having some sort of energized pumping facility but they mainly use it for
irrigation purpose. Out of the 21 wells, one well serves the 6 households in the villages
those are using energized pumping for their drinking water supply under PWS scheme.
Rest households opt for manual water fetching from hand-pumps and dug-wells and
manually carry up to their homes.
Figure 3-8
Energized and Non-energized water utilization
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Energized drinking water supply Manually fetched & carried by family members
Num
ber o
f hou
seho
lds
The overall change occurred in Jamasindh village can be observed in the above
graphical representations. The increment in human population, cattle population,
cultivation land and number of water sources shows the radical improvement in the
overall village profile. Further, the energized pumping in bore wells, dug-wells and
PWS scheme shows the user group profile and willingness to opt for energy intensive
utilization pattern to cope up with their needs or comfort.
23
4. WATER BALANCE One of the major objectives of the Directed Research (DR) was to study and
analyze the water balance model in the Jamasindh village. To calculate the water
balance, we focused our DR more towards the quantitative type. We have surveyed
each water source and measured their dimensions along with data collection about the
source uptime in terms of water availability. The findings are as follows:
Figure 4-1 Surface water storage structure in Jamasindh village (Total capacity 80, 000 cubic-meters)
Figure 4-2 Dug Out Pond (DOP) structure in Jamasindh village (Total capacity 4, 000 cubic-meters)
24
The well details are as follows:
Table 4-1
List of wells
S. No. Well Ownership Diameter (meters) Base Depth (meters)
Well (W1) Govt. 3.5 6.5
Well (W2) Ganga Ram/Nooribai 5.3 4.84
Well (W3) Rai Singh/Leelabai 5.5 7.1
Well(W54 Kalabai/Mohan 4.75 12.4
Well(W5) Silwati/Aapsingh 6.5 7.2
Well(W6) Urlibai/Gulab 8.1 6.4
Well(W7) Anjabai/Subharam 9 3.25
Well(W8) Ramlal/Lalita 5.2 9.4
Well(W9) Nawadibai/ Jhiriya 6 10.9
Well(W10) Aladibai/Rukhriya 4.3 10
Well(W11) Sayanibai/Bheemsingh 5 7.15
Well(W12) Gyarsibai/Late Mangilal 4.4 .45
Well(W13) Gangi/Rangari/SriRam/Sayari 9.4 6.56
Well(W14) Gitabai/Radheshyam 6.4 8
Well(W15) Semlal 7.5 5.8
Well(W16) Bahtya 9 7.5
Well(W17) Naijabai/Bahela 5.8 6.5
Well(W18) Nankabai/Munna/SURAJ 5.65 7.05
Well(W19) Bhiklibai/Sursingh 5.5 4.4
Well(W20) Ranubai/BharSingh 6.5 8.2
Well(W21) SURMAL 7 4
Well(W22) PremSingh/ Kiran 5 4.5
Well(W23) Nuar Singh/Dutiya 5.6 7.6
Well(W24) Jankibai/Jhanjharsingh 4.3 10
25
We have surveyed the utilization profile of each individual source to have the
exact idea of the water balance for that specific source. Though we have used some
assumptions in our vensim simulation as data regarding basalt entrapped ground water
and ground water is not possible to know at a very correct level. The few assumptions
are as follows:
• Basalt entrapped water stock =4,90,000 cubic meter
• GW reserve water stock=40,000 cubic meter
• Annualized weight-age for water consumption in case of human and cattle,
who switches their source of utilization though out the year; though source list
is separately listed in next chapter i.e. water distribution.
We have analyzed the surveyed data along with the above mentioned values
and correspondingly provided the weight-age for each utilization level stakeholders. It
can be better described as per based on an example such as a person may opt for
drinking water fetching from a particular well in summer and winter season but in
rainy season he opts for hand pump for drinking water needs, so the corresponding
annual weight-age for utilization would be 0.67 for well and 0.33 for the hand pump,
though the final addition has been rounded up to the nearest integer value.
After collection of the source data, utilization dynamics and corresponding
weight-age; we simulated our findings in vensim to know the main result exactly i.e.
water balance for the Jamasindh village after watershed work implementation. Further
we divided the results in different sections i.e. the stock, recharge rate and
consumption rate. All the water values are in cubic meters.
The stock flow diagram for the water dynamics in Jamasindh village during
2002-2012 is modeled using vensim. The vensim model and results for different
stocks are as follows:
26
FFigure 4-3
SD model for
r water dynaamics duringg 2002-12
27
Groundwater stock
Figure 4-4
Ground water stock variation during 2002-12
CurrentGround water stock400,000300,000200,000100,000
0Annual GW consumption200,000150,000100,000
50,0000
Annual GW recharge200,000150,000100,000
50,00002002 2004.5 2007 2009.5 2012
Time (Year)
The above Figure 4-2 shows initial increment in groundwater storage which is
decreasing post 2009-10. The main reason for increment was the better percolation
rate through SW storage structures and many other initiatives on inclined slope such as
contour trenching and bunds etc. The decrement part is a joint result of low rainfall
and the increased groundwater consumption rate post 2009. The variation in annual
groundwater recharge is varying a bit around a specific mean which is directly
depending upon the rainfall variation with a mean value of around 800mm. Though
the surface water storage is little bit independent of rainfall variation as 600mm of
rainfall is well sufficient to fill up all the surface water structures but the major part of
percolation happens through plane soil and entire village area which is directly
dependent on the rainfall in any particular year.
28
The below Figure 4-3 represents the basalt and dolomite entrapped water stock
in Jamasindh village, which is being extracted by borings and hand pumps. If we
analyze this image carefully, then with storage of around 5, 00,000 cubic meters the
stock is going to end by 10 to 12 years only. The main decrement in stock came after
2008, when the energized borings started extraction of the entrapped water reserve.
The recharge rate is very low in comparison to the consumption rate so it is not
making any significant improvement in total stock. The nearby exponential increment
in the basalt and dolomite entrapped groundwater stock consumption rate is just the
direct impact of the borings installation within the village.
Basalt and Dolomite entrapped water stock
Figure 4-5
Ground water stock variation during 2002-12
CurrentBasalt and dolomite ground water reserve600,000500,000400,000300,000200,000Annual basalt and dolomite entraped GW consumption rate1200,000150,000100,00050,000
0Annual basalt and dolomite entraped GW recharge rate1
6045301502002 2004.5 2007 2009.5 2012
Time (Year)
29
Analysis
The ground water stock can be analyzed based on both recharge and consumption
rate as for basalt and dolomite entrapped groundwater stock, one can only think of the
consumption rate. The groundwater stock was increasing till 2008-09 and thereafter
the decrement started. The decrement is mainly the direct effect of the increased
consumption rate and some dependency on rainfall variation. In Jamasindh village,
agriculture is the most water consuming activity and as per the primary data source
only 50.3 bighas cultivable land is completely fallow for now while the total
cultivable land is 583.8 bighas. Based on the primary survey data, we can extrapolate
the water consumption arte which is going to be saturated somewhere near about 10 to
15% more than the from present water consumption rate. In case of following the
same consumption trend, Jamasindh village is going to face water deficit in coming
decade only. The possible solutions for the sustenance may be the farmer willingness
to opt for drip irrigation, which is available at 80% subsidy from Government side or
natural bliss of having high rainfall every year. In case of basalt and dolomite
entrapped groundwater stock, the stock depletion rate is very high and aquifer size is
not exactly known to anyone. At present time only, not a single boring provides the
water extraction for 2 to 3 hours on a single continuous operation. Following the fact,
we can say that the basalt and dolomite entrapped groundwater stock is depleting very
fast. It needs all stakeholders’ active participation for preserving the basalt and
dolomite entrapped groundwater stock.
30
5. WATER DISTRIBUTION BASED ON DATA ANALYSIS The baseline picture of water distribution in Jamasindh village was also the part of
our DR. The supply-demand side survey following the data analysis helped a lot in
understanding the water distribution dynamics in the village. A family in Jamasindh
village utilizes water mainly for 3 sectors:
• Water requirement in majors crops cultivation.
• Water requirement by human population.
• Water requirement by cattle population.
The villagers use a single or combination of sources for the fulfillment of any
of the above mentioned requirements. The individual and combination of
sources are as follows:
• Hand-pump
• Well
• Boring
• Earthen dam
• Dug out pond (DOP)
• Hand pump + Well
• Hand pump + Earthen dam
• Well+ Earthen dam
• Well+ Earthen dam+ DOP
• Earthen dam + DOP
The graphical representation for water usage from the different source by the
Jamasindh villager for total water utilization in 2011-12 can be shown as follows. The
maximum utilization of water is by dug out ponds. But this source of water is
available only from August to February.
31
FFigure 5-1
WWater consummption in 20011-12 from different souurces
W
th
am
hu
m
se
w
y
h
as
d
fo
In som
he utilization
mong the ow
uman drinki
mentioning th
easons as fe
water intrusio
The b
ear as the in
and-pumps.
s people do
ecreases dur
or their drink
me cases, th
n pattern ha
wner of ava
ing water re
hat the drink
w dug-wells
on.
boring based
nstallation s
The well al
not will to g
ring that sea
king purpose
35%
Water consum
12
he utilization
as changed o
ailable sourc
equirement h
king water de
s get contam
d drinking w
ite is far fro
long with ha
go very far f
son of the ye
e.
%
mption (cub
1456
32
n pattern var
over the yea
es and the u
has been sho
emand shifts
minated beca
water deman
om the main
and-pump co
for water fet
ear. Villager
24%
41%
bic meters) sources
82614
142445
ries seasonal
ars. Also, vi
user. The wa
own below
s towards th
ause of nalas
nd pattern is
n habitation
ombination i
tching and th
rs do not use
in 2011-12 f
lly whereas
irtual water
ater utilizati
in Figure 5-
he hand pump
s and other
s constant th
having all d
increases in
he water req
e any surface
from differe
Sur
Dug
Bor
ent
rface Water
g‐wells
ring
in some cas
market exis
ion pattern f
-2. It is wor
p during rain
means of ra
ses
sts
for
rth
ny
ain
hroughout th
dug-wells an
winter seaso
quirement al
e water sour
he
nd
on
lso
rce
FFigure 5-2
Source wise wwater utilizaation for drinnking purposse
b
w
m
is
The S
een shown i
water during
The m
major fulfillm
s constant thr
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Num
ber o
f person
Source wise
in Figure 5-
rainy and w
main depend
ment in othe
roughout the
0
50
00
50
00
50
00
50
00
50
Mar‐JJun Julyy‐Oct NNov‐Feb
water utiliza
-3. The main
inter season
ation for hum
n findings w
.
man activitie
were the vari
es other than
iation towar
n drinking h
ds the surfa
has
ace
ency remain
r seasons al
e year.
ns on the we
so. Here als
ell during Ma
o the boring
arch to June
g water base
e and consist
ed dependen
t a
cy
33
Figure 5-3
Source wise water utilization for human activities other than drinking
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Mar‐June July‐Oct Nov‐Feb
Num
ber o
f Person
Handpump
Well
Boring
Well+Handpump
Earthen dam
DOP
Well+ Earthen dam
Handpump+Earthen dam
Well+ Earthen dam+ DOP
The water utilization profile for cattle population has been shown in below
Figure 5-4. The main findings were that the major portion of cattle population depends
on dug-wells throughout the year, while dependency on hand-pump decreases during
July-Feb as the water availability in the surface water structures stay well enough to
cope up with the part of the cattle population water requirement. The major part of
cattle population depends on earthen dam during July-Feb.
34
Figure 5-4
Water consumption distribution for cattle
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180N
umbe
r of
cat
tle
Mar-June
July-Oct
Nov-Feb
The water source utilization for maize cultivation is shown in below Figure 5-
5. The major sources for maize cultivation are dug-wells and surface water though
surface water contributes in the least irrigation with irrigation head of around 5 to 7
cm.
35
Figure 5-5
Maize cultivation land based water source distribution
0
20
40
60
80
100
120M
aize
cul
tivat
ion
land
in b
igha
The water source utilization for cotton cultivation is shown in below Figure 5-6. The
major sources for cotton cultivation are dug-wells and borings. Cotton crop needs a
lot of water for irrigation, which can be termed as 6 to 7 times of irrigation with an
average irrigation head of 8 to 10 cm. The BT cotton is in practice since 2004 but the
major increment came in effect after 2008 due to borings. 17 bighas out of 42.5
bighas are being cultivated by boring as their water source. There is no dependency
on surface water structures for the cotton cultivation as the cotton cultivation needs a
lot of water for irrigation as explained above in this paragraph and also the water
availability in the watershed structures stay very low during the cotton cultivation
season.
36
Figure 5-6
Cotton cultivation land based water source distribution
0
5
10
15
20
25
30Co
tton
cultiv
ation land
in bigha
The water source utilization for wheat cultivation is shown in below Figure 5-
7. The major sources for wheat cultivation are well and different surface water storage
structures. 99.1 bighas out of 280 bighas are being cultivated via well as their
irrigation source.
Figure 5-7
Wheat cultivation land based water source distribution
0102030405060708090
100
Whe
at cultiv
ation land
in bigha
37
The total land irrigated under the surface water storage structures are 132.4
bighas out of 280 bighas. We can observe the relationship between the watershed
work implementation and the increment in wheat cultivation land as at the time of
kharif crop.
The final outcome of data analysis showed that the Ground water contributes
the most towards the water consumption in Jamasindh village followed by the boring
and surface water respectively. The ground water and surface water stock recharges
annually while the basalt and dolomite entrapped water stock takes a lot more time to
recharge. The recharge rate may 100 to 1000 times smaller than the present
consumption rate so this is a critical time to have some regulation or social agreement
over the boring based basalt and dolomite entrapped water consumption.
38
6. CONCLUSION The watershed work implementation has improved the Jamasindh village profile in
terms of local sustenance. This statement can be further elaborated with the listing of
direct and indirect effects of watershed implementation, which are as follows:
• Employment generation within the village during watershed work
implementation which helped in back migration.
• Multi-fold increment in Groundwater and Surface water annual recharge
collectively.
• Significant decrement in soil erosion on ridge side as well as on the farms.
• Farmers are now cultivating wheat and cotton though cash crop farming not
supported and promoted by SPS.
• Cultivation land has increased by more than 3 and 8 times in case of maize and
wheat respectively.
• Food security has stopped permanent migration while the fodder availability
has helped in the livestock increment.
• Increment is soil moisture has also decreased the water requirement during
maize cultivation.
• 365 days water availability in 24 dug-wells in the Jamasindh village in
comparison to 9 dug-wells before the watershed work implementation.
• Significant reduction in permanent migration as local employment opportunity
increased in agricultural sector.
• The livestock increment brought bio-manure (NADEP, Sanjivak etc) in
practice which further boosted the yield production at low cost.
• Though de-siltation process did not happen in Jamasindh village based surface
water structures till yet, but SPS is doing black siltation work in Jamasindh
village from other villages’ surface water structures now and it is expected to
be continued by in-village surface water structures in 2013-14.
• Water market concept is emerging in Jamasindh area. At present 10
households are paying for water in terms of grain or money.
39
• Watershed work implementation helped a lot to families, having no private
water source of water.
One of the main reasons behind the successful watershed work implementation
was the topology in catchment and recharge area. The sandstone profile is up to a
depth 3 to 10 meters which made it feasible to recharge 24 wells throughout a year.
The in-depth basalt bed has provided a good storage capacity to surface water
structures. The site selection for surface water storage structure was at the border of
basalt and sandstone profile which facilitated both storage and recharging as well.
The boring fed cultivation and other household works are in practice in extreme
east side of the village. No watershed work has been done in that area as the catchment
area will be very small in that region. Even if only 8 bore wells are there in Kakad and
Rishitalai mohalla collectively but the water extraction rate is very high. The data
findings show that the 35% of total water consumption in Jamasindh village is being
extracted by the hand pumps and bore wells only, out of which bore wells contributes
majorly. It is leading to the rapid decrement of basalt and dolomite entrapped water
reserve.
40
41
7. REFERENCES 1. http://www.samprag.org/watershed.htm site visited on August 14, 2012
2. http://capart.nic.in/orgn/index.html site visited on August 14, 2012
3. SPS (2001, unpublished) “Watershed Plan for Bisali Sitapuri Watersheds,
Bagli Block, Dewas district”, submitted to Council for Advancement of
People's Action and Rural Technology (CAPART), Ministry of Rural