Table Of Contents Table Of Contents Table Of Contents Table Of Contents 20”X37KM KOLO CREEK-RUMUEKPE TRUNKLINE REPLACEMENT PROJECT i Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited Environmental Impact Assessment of the 20” x 37 km Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement Project FINAL REPORT October 2004 OKORDIA ADIBAWA EGBEMA WEST ASSA EGBEMA OGUTA OBELE AHIA UBIE APARA OPOBO UTAPATE YORLA IBIBIO AFAM ISIMIRI IMO RIVER I IMO RIVER II IMO RIVER III OTAMINI UMUCHEM NKALI BRASS BRASS BOMU OWERRI KOROKORO AGBADA II EBUBU ELELENWA BODO WEST ALAKIRI AGBADA I PORT HARCOURT KOLO CREEK RUMUEKPE OLOIBIRI MININTA SOKU ENWHE ETELEBOU NUN RIVER OBIGBO NORTH BUGUMA CREEK ORUBIRI ODEAMA CREEK BELEMA KALAKULE NEMBE III NEMBE IV SANTA BARBARA SANTA BARBARA SAN BARTHOLOMEW SAN BARTHOLOMEW SANBRERO SANBRERO NEW CALABAR NEW CALABAR EKULAMA BONNY BONNY NEMBE I NEMBE II BONNY DIEBU CREEK KRAKAMA AWOBA CAWTHORNE I CAWTHORNE II CAWTHORNE III TORA M/F NICHOLAS NICHOLAS Pipeline to be replaced
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Table Of ContentsTable Of ContentsTable Of ContentsTable Of Contents
Table 5.4: Existing Waste Handling Practice 5-14 Table 5.5: Summary of construction phase mitigation 5-16 Table 5.6 Monitoring Criteria and Frequency (SPDC’s
responsibility) 5-21
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Dr. S. I. Mensah - Project Manager/Vegetation/Wildlife Dr. G. Obuoforibo - Socio-Economics Dr. E. B. Nyong - Health Risk Assessment Mr. M. I. Ofili - Microbiology Mr. S. I. Roberts - Soil Mr. I. Agbagwa - Vegetation Mr. Femi Salako - Air Quality Mr. Udom - Geology/Hydrogeology Miss I. Asatubo - Desktop Assistant MISS T. Chieduko - Desktop Compilation and Review
Dr. E. R. Daka ‘Bisi A. Adeosun - Incorporation of FMENV Comments SPDC
Miebi Odubo - Project Engineer Oti Dada - EIA Supervisor P. Aberenika - Field Inspector
The consultants, Tial Trade and Satamaks hereby express their gratitude to the
management of Shell Petroleum Development Company for the opportunity to
conduct on her behalf the Environmental Impact Assessment for the 20’ x 37 km
Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement Project.
An impact assessment study of this nature could only have been satisfactorily executed with the active support, assistance, co-operation, understanding and patience of the SPDC staff intimately linked with the project. In this respect, we sincerely thank Mrs. Oti Dada, Messers. Miebi Odubo and Promise Aberenika.
We thank the chiefs of the communities, and community elders, of the various communities visited for the peaceful and enabling environment to undertake the study. We are equally grateful to the youth leaders for the mobilizing roles they played to effect a hitch-free study within the communities concerned.
Introduction/Background SPDC proposes to replace the 20’’ Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunk Line (T/L) with carbon steel pipeline due to corrosion. The current operational 20" x 38km Kolo Creek - Rumuekpe T/L, a carbon steel pipeline, was commissioned in December 1994 to replace an existing corroded 20” line commissioned in 1974. The 1974 line was flushed and mothballed after decommissioning. The current line evacuates approximately 102,000 bopd from Diebu Creek, Nun River, Kolo Creek, Etelebou, Gbaran and Enwhe fields to the Rumuekpe pipeline manifold. The first intelligent pigging inspection of the replacement line (February 1996) indicated extensive and severe wall loss (up to 55%). The corrosion patterns were similar to those seen in the corroded and mothballed line with an indicated corrosion rate of >4mm/yr. The wall loss was confirmed by manual ultrasonic inspection. Thereafter the pigging frequency was increased to twice monthly. A second inspection (November 1996) indicated more extent of corrosion with wall loss of over 80% in some sections but the corrosion rate reduced to 0.6mm/yr. Semi-automated ultrasonic inspections carried out in 1997/98 confirmed the rate.
Need for the Project The corrosion was deemed “unmanageable” by a recent engineering study carried out on the line in 1999. The study however recommended pulling in a 14” Steel strip laminated GRE pipe into the existing pipeline. The use of this material in the nearest future cannot be guaranteed due to size constraints 14” is the minimum size that could be pulled into a 20” steel pipe. Failure of the GRE material during pre-qualification test for the intended service and the fact that recent inspection of the existing line indicates that the corrosion rate continues unabated and that the line is likely to leak before the year 2003/2004 informed the decision to replace the line with carbon steel pipes with adequate provision for frequent pigging and biocide injection.
Project Description
The new 20” pipeline will replace the existing 20” x 38km Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe
Trunkline that currently evacuates production from Diebu Ck, Nun River, Kolo Ck,
Etelebou and Enwhe fields to the Rumuekpe M/F. The new line is expected to
evacuate ~ 184MBD with a water cut of ~ 9%. The line is to be laid on the existing
Right-of-Way on the trace of the disused 20” line, which will be exhumed. The line
will be equipped with pigging facilities at both the Kolo Creek and Rumuekpe
manifolds. The tie-in of 8” Enwhe delivery line at approximately 18.5km from Kolo
Creek Manifold will be the only branch on the Trunk Line.
The activities of the replacement process will involve the following:
Mobilization of Contractor to site; ROW Survey Works and Land Acquisition; ROW
Clearing and Grading; Excavation; Stringing and Bending; Beveling, Welding and
Non-destructive weld inspection; Field joint coating; Lowering and Backfilling;
Cathodic Protection; Manifold Extension (Fence and Concrete hard standing);
Cleaning, Gauging and pressure test/de-watering; Shutdown activities; Tie-in at end
facilities; Standardization; Post Shutdown Activities; Concrete Works;
Commissioning and Handover; Decommissioning and Mothballing of Existing
pipeline; Site Clean up; Demobilization of contractor from site.
Decommissioning and Abandonment of Existing pipeline
The lifespan of a new pipe is thirty (30) years. Prior to excavation for construction of
the new pipeline, the old disused line shall be cleaned and flushed using foam pigs
and water to ensure that no oil/grease effluents are present in the line during
excavation and cutting. After cleaning and flushing, the old disused line is to be
excavated and recovered. The recovered pipes shall be cut into manageable lengths
(~3m) and transported back to SPDC scrap pipe yard at Kidney Island where they will
be stored pending when they would be needed for other non-critical requirements.
The new line shall be laid in the trench from which the old line was recovered.
On commissioning of the new line, the existing operational trunkline will be
positively isolated, de-oiled and flushed clean using foam pigs driven by water. The
line will be mothballed (filled with inhibited water), isolated and capped at both ends
(Kolo Creek and Rumuekpe manifolds).
In line with the company’s policy on sustainable environmental development, and to fulfill regulatory requirements by Federal and State Agencies, an Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the proposed project was commissioned. Laws, Regulations, Policies and Protocols All the applicable legislation and guidelines relating to the proposed 20" x 37km Kolo Creek - Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement Project have been reviewed. The legislation and guidelines covered are derived from Federal Government laws and regulations, State Government Edicts, International conventions or agreements, as well as SPDC’s HSE policy. It was also stressed that the EIA is being carried out not only to comply with statutory requirements, but also to demonstrate SPDCs standards, policies, good practices and commitment to preserving the environment in her operations.
Baseline Conditions of the Area
Baseline ecological study was carried out from May 2 – 14 and November 19 – 26 1999 (Rain falls all year round in the Niger Delta most of the time hence dry season does not really set in early in this region until later in December). Data was collected on the various aspects of the environment in line with standards for such data collection. This forms the basis for the preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment Report for the project
The proposed project shall follow the existing Right of Way (ROW) of the 20” Kolo
Creek – Rumuekpe Trunk Line. It runs from Kolo Creek Manifold at Kolo Creek
field (Easting 430000mE, Northing 100000mN) in Bayelsa State, to Rumuekpe
Manifold at Rumuekpe field (Easting 470000mE, Northing 110000mN) in Rivers
State.
Climate Wind direction was generally westerly (W), southerly (S), southwesterly (SW),
northeasterly (NE) and southeasterly (SE); however westerly wind flows
predominated.
Air The concentration of air pollutants especially suspended particulate matter were found
to be higher in dry season, however the levels (13.8-69.1µg/m3) observed in both
seasons’ samples were lower than FEPA limits (269µg/m3). Noise levels of (34.5 –
59.3dBA) recorded along the proposed project area were low.
Geology/Hydrogeology Soil stratigraphic sequence as determined from borehole log sheet with
lithostratigraphic correlations indicates the shallow woody, clay, upper layer is 0 –
10m. The aquifer is confined below an overburden consisting of relatively thin sand
layer and a thicker clayey layer. The ground water flow was from the Northeast to the
southwest direction, which is in conformity with the regional ground water flow in the
Niger Delta.
Soil The soils of the area are largely defined by their acidity (pH 3.9 – 6.13). The acidity is
normal and characteristic of the soils of Sombriero – Warri Deltaic plain. The low
nutritional status (organic matter content) of the soils with mean value of 0.91% - 1%,
is an important constraint on the capacity of the soils for agricultural use. The total
hydrocarbon concentrations, oil and grease, and heavy metal contents were found to
be generally low except for the Sombriero river sediments that showed relatively high
THC, and oil and grease attributed to an oil spillage in the early 1990s.
Vegetation The floristic composition structure and density of the present vegetation types of the study areas have resulted from enormous and other habitat disturbance/interference of the original rainforest vegetation. There exists especially along the ROW frequent patches that superficially look like broken or secondary forests. Higher plant species like the composite are however found in the forest and farmland/fallow land vegetation. Vegetation survey of the entire area enabled the identification of the five distinct vegetation types. Fresh water swamp vegetation, Lowland rainforest (mixed tropical rainforest), Bush fallow vegetation pipeline line vegetation, and farmland/plantation vegetations. There were also macrophytes of the aquatic systems.
Potential environmental impacts of the project have been identified. The proposed
project potentially has both adverse and beneficial environmental impacts; these
potential impacts expected from the major activities of the project are summarized
hereunder.
Significant Positive Impacts
Socio-economic impacts Economic empowerment The proposed project would provide opportunities for the gainful engagement of skilled and unskilled labour. In line with SPDC policy on employment, employment will be given to members of the host communities in the course of the execution of the project. The recruitment of labour from the host communities during the construction activities could, in addition to developing the skills of some youth, stimulate the local economy and promote economic activity in the area. Community Assistance/Community Development The host communities would be consulted by SPDC on affordable community assistance / community development projects. These shall include the provision of infrastructures/amenities (services, educational, health, etc) and youth training, which are expected to contribute to the well being of the host communities. Elimination of potential risk of oil spill Considering the rate of corrosion observed in the old pipelines proposed for replacement, if the replacement is not carried out, then there would be a very high risk of leakage which will result in oil spill and consequent contamination of the environmental resources. Significant Negative Impacts
Biophysical impacts Impacts of Construction and pre-commissioning activities The proposed pipeline will follow an existing pipeline ROW, which is cleared for maintenance from time to time. Site preparation/clearing impacts would therefore reflect the degree of disturbance that already exists in the area. However, some significant impacts are expected in the course of the construction and pre-commissioning phases of the project. Air Quality/Noise Impacts Machinery movement will produce some level of gaseous emissions from exhaust of
operating machines and vessels. Impact will be slight increase in levels of CO, CO2,
NOx, etc. in the immediate environment. This impact is localized and short term,
lasting only for the duration of the equipment’s operation.
Noise impacts are expected from diesel engines that would drive construction equipment. The highest noise levels are expected around the pipeline ROW where the noise generating equipment shall be operational. The noise shall attenuate sharply at distances away from the work area. Impact on Vegetation/Wildlife
The ROW clearance and trenching activities will result in loss of vegetation. However, the vegetation in the
pipeline ROW is cleared for routine maintenance. The greatest potential for
additional impacts on vegetation exists where clearance exceeds the usual area. There
has been some encroachment of farmland at certain sections of the pipeline ROW,
which shall result in loss of economic plants. However, farming on the ROW is an
unsafe act and those involved must be discouraged. Wildlife may be potentially
disturbed/displaced during construction and their movement may be temporarily
obstructed. However, this impact is expected to be short term and any wildlife
displaced during construction at any particular point is likely to return immediately
the construction is over.
Flooding/Erosion Impacts Construction of land pipelines involves the digging of trenches, where the pipelines are laid and then backfilled thereafter. If the pipeline trenches are not properly backfilled and the area reinstated, there is a potential that hollows/heaps may be created along the ROW. This may lead to an alteration of the rain run-off water flow and possible flooding/erosion of some areas, which may lead to sedimentation in the near by creek.
Impacts of Water/Road Crossing Works The dredging operations for pipeline installation at water crossings could lead to the
stirring up of fine sediments that may remain in suspension for a long time, which
could affect aquatic flora and fauna. In addition to sediment re-suspension, there is
also the potential impact of obstruction of traffic and fishing activities while
construction work lasts at water crossings. Similarly, pipeline construction at road
crossings would constitute a nuisance to road users, cause traffic delays and
diversions.
Impacts Due to Spillage There is the potential impact due to accidental spill/discharge of oils/chemicals such as lubricants into the environment from vehicles and machinery. Impact of hydro-test Water Prior to the commissioning of the pipeline, the new pipeline shall be hydro-tested. The discharge of the test-water may impact the environment if not properly managed before disposal. The nature and magnitude of the impact shall depend on the composition of the test-water.
The greatest operational impact is the potential for oil spills from pipeline rupture. This could arise as a result of pipeline failure or even sabotage. Maintenance activities would involve mainly ROW clearance and pigging operations. Pigging operations could potentially result in contamination of the environment by oily sludge and other wastes if not properly managed. Socio-economic impacts
There exists a potential impact due to social conflicts between SPDC and host communities arising from
perceived neglect or disaffection of the communities. In addition, during the
construction phase, potential impacts may arise due to nuisance, and demands for
compensation. Compensation payments may also generate some inter – or intra-
communal strife if not properly handled.
Pipeline construction at road crossing would cause traffic delays, diversions and nuisance. Traffic delays and diversions may translate into economic losses man-hour losses and higher fuel consumption by motorists. Mitigation Measures During mobilization mitigation measures proposed are that SPDC shall:
• Review pre-mob procedures & all plans and award relevant certificates
• Ensure materials are properly loaded and transported with adequate security and communication provided
During the construction phase SPDC shall:
• Ensure toolbox meetings are held
• Provision and use of proper PPEs
• First aid kits and first aiders are available
• Vegetation clearing and excavation is limited to ROW
• Ensure there is proper waste segregation
• Re-use excavated soil in backfilling of trenches
• Exercise special care in crossing of existing pipelines
• Identify and clearly mark exposed pipeline
• Send all flushing water and pigging waste to Bonny Terminal for treatment
• Ensure qualified welders are used with their identity numbers clearly indicated on welded pipes
• Send old pipes and metal scraps to Kidney Island for storage
• Ensure pipe coating is not damaged during lowering
• Use a holiday detector to ensure there is no pipe damage
• Ensure that compaction material is free of stones, vegetable matter and debris
• Ensure all permits and licences are obtained from relevant authorities
• Ensure that excavations across medium and minor creeks are done during low tide
• Ensure pigging wastes are sent to Bonny Terminal for treatment in the thermal desorption unit
• Oil spill response equipment is stored at flowstations
• Ensure that immediate repairs are done for corroded/sabotaged sections and there is clean-up of contaminated sites
During decommissioning and abandonment, SPDC shall:
• Ensure all waste streams are handled according to SPDC’s waste management policy
Environmental Management Plan Effective management of the environment is achieved by following a systematic approach from planning, development, implementations, monitoring, and feedback. This proffers a long-term management approach to environmental aspects f our activities. For this project the EMP involves the provision of
• A waste management plan
• A community development plan
• Emergency response plans
• An audit plan and;
• A decommissioning plan Environmental components shall also be monitored via analysis to ensure compliance with regulatory limits. Monitoring criteria include
• Biannual aquatic, sediment, and soil monitoring,
• Weekly surface water monitoring during dredging, and;
• Annual wildlife and vegetation monitoring Conclusion This EIA has been carried out in accordance with regulatory requirements and the
potential impacts have been identified. SPDC has however, put in place adequate
mitigation measures, environmental management plan as well as a monitoring plan to
eradicate and or minimize the potential adverse impacts.
CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction The Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited (SPDC) is proposing the replacement of the 20” Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Trunk Line (T/L) due to corrosion. The trunkline was commissioned 1994 to replace the existing corroded 20” line commissioned in 1974 and evacuates approximately 102,000 bopd from Diebu Creek, Nun River, Kolo Creek, Etelebou and Enwhe fields to the Rumuekpe pipeline manifold. The design lifespan for the pipeline was 20 years. The first intelligent pigging inspection of the line in February 1996 indicated extensive and severe wall loss (up to 55%). 1.1 Project Background The current operational 20" x 38km Kolo Creek - Rumuekpe T/L, a carbon steel pipeline, was commissioned in December 1994 to replace an existing corroded 20” line commissioned in 1974. The 1974 line was flushed and mothballed after decommissioning. The current line evacuates approximately 102,000 bopd from Diebu Creek, Nun River, Kolo Creek, Etelebou, Gbaran and Enwhe fields to the Rumuekpe pipeline manifold. The first intelligent pigging inspection of the replacement line (February 1996) indicated extensive and severe wall loss (up to 55%). The corrosion patterns were similar to those seen in the corroded and mothballed line with an indicated corrosion rate of >4mm/yr. The wall loss was confirmed by manual ultrasonic inspection. Thereafter the pigging frequency was increased to twice monthly. A second inspection (November 1996) indicated further corrosion with wall loss of over 80% in some sections but the corrosion rate reduced to 0.6mm/yr. Semi-automated ultrasonic inspections carried out in 1997/98 confirmed the rate. The corrosion was deemed “unmanageable” by an engineering study carried out on the line in 1999. The study however recommended pulling in a 14” Steel strip laminated GRE pipe into the existing pipeline. The use of this material in the nearest future cannot be guaranteed due to size constraints (14” is the minimum size that could be pulled into a 20” steel pipe), failure of material during pre-qualification test for the intended service, and the fact that recent inspection of the existing line indicates that the corrosion rate continues unabated and that the line is likely to leak before the year 2003/2004. Hence the decision to replace the line with carbon steel pipes with adequate provision for frequent pigging and biocide injection. The new 20” pipeline will replace the existing 20” x 38km Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunkline that currently evacuates production from Diebu Ck, Nun River, Kolo Ck, Etelebou and Enwhe fields to the Rumuekpe M/F. The new line is expected to evacuate ~ 184MBD with a water cut of ~ 9%. The line is to be laid on the existing Right-of-Way on the trace of the disused 20” line, which will be exhumed. The line will be equipped with pigging facilities at both the
Kolo Creek and Rumuekpe manifolds. The tie-in of 8” Enwhe delivery line at approximately 18.5km from Kolo Creek Manifold will be the only branch on the Trunk Line. 1.2 Description of the Project Location Kolo Creek and Rumuekpe fields are located in the seasonal swamp and land area of the Niger Delta about 68km and 42km respectively north east of Port Harcourt (See – Figure 1.1). The proposed project location cut across OML 28 and OML 22 of SPDC concession. The proposed trunkline shall follow the existing Right of Way (ROW) of the 20” Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunk Line which runs from Kolo Creek Manifold at Kolo Creek field (Easting 430000mE, Northing 100000mN) in Bayelsa State, to Rumuekpe Manifold at Rumuekpe field (Easting 470000mE, Northing 110000mN) in Rivers State. The project traverses five Local Government Areas, Ogbia in Bayelsa State; Abua/Odual, Ahoada West, Ahoada East and Emohua in Rivers State Kolo Creek, Orashi and Sombreiro Rivers, that empty into the Atlantic Ocean, drain the area. The area lies within the fresh water alluvial zone of the Niger Delta dominated by two types of ecosystem namely, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The vegetation is wetland type of ecosystem. The weather pattern of the area is under the influence of the Inter-Tropical discontinuity. 1.3 Administrative and Legal Framework The objective of this section is to review applicable legislation and guidelines relating to the proposed 20" x 37km Kolo Creek - Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement Project. The legislation and guidelines outlined in this chapter are derived from Federal Government laws and regulations, State Government Edicts, International conventions or agreements, as well as SPDC’s HSE policy. The EIA is being carried out not only to comply with statutory requirements, but also to demonstrate SPDCs standards, policies, good practices and commitment to preserving the environment in her operations.
1.3.1 Applicable Regulations A list of Nigerian Environmental Legislation relevant to this project is outlined below:
• Ordinance of 31 December 1914: Mineral Oils Ordinance
• Regulations of 1 June 1958: Minerals Oils (safety) Regulations
• Regulations of 11 April 1963: Minerals Oils (safety) Regulations
• Act No 6 of 29 March 1978: Land use Act
• Act No 42 of 25 November 1988: Harmful Wastes (Special Criminal Provisions etc) Act
• Act No 50 of 29 December 1989: Natural Resources Conservation Council Act
• Act No 58 of 30 December 1988: Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act
• Regulations of 15 August 1991: National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitation) Regulations
• Regulations of 15 August 1991: National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Producing Waste) Regulations
• Regulations of 15 August 1991: National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid Hazardous Waste) Regulations
• Guidelines of 1991: National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution
• Act No 59 of 2 August 1992: Federal Environmental Protection Agency (Amendment) Act
• Act No 86 of 10 December 1992: Environmental Impact Assessment Act
• FEPA Procedural and Sectoral Guidelines for Oil and Gas Industries of 1995
In the following sections is contained the review of regulations relevant to proposed 20" x 37km Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement Project. 1.3.2 Federal Legislation 1.3.2.1 The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) All affairs relating to environment of Nigeria are under the jurisdiction of the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV). The ministry was created in 1999, by the democratic government that came into power on 29th May 1999. Hitherto, matters of environmental protection and conservation were the responsibilities of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). FMENV therefore took over the role of FEPA.
Amongst the roles of FMENV is the enforcement of the EIA Act No. 86 of 1992, which also gives specific powers to FMENV (then FEPA) to facilitate the environmental assessment of projects that require EIAs. Consequently, the then FEPA had set out EIA guidelines for the Oil and Gas industries in Nigeria. The EIA process follows the requirements outlined in the EIA Sectoral Guidelines for “Infrastructures” and “Oil and Gas Industry Projects” (FEPA, 1995). The FEPA Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria (Part II) contains the guidelines for the management of solid and hazardous waste and provides interim permissible limits as protective measures against indiscriminate discharge of particulate matter and untreated industrial effluents into lakes, rivers, estuaries, lagoons and coastal waters. Chapter one of the guideline is a description of the characteristics and criteria of various types of dangerous wastes and the toxicity limits for various waste types. Chapter two sets out the requirement for any person responsible for a spill or discharge into the environment except when such release is otherwise permitted under the provision of “FEPA”. Also provided in the FEPA Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria (Part I, Chapter four) are the noise exposure limits for Nigeria and the elements of the regulations. These elements embody noise standards (including acoustic guarantees), guidelines for the control of neighborhood noises (especially with respect to construction sites; market and meeting places) and permissible noise levels in noise-prone industries and construction sites. The National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitation Regulations (S.I.8, 1991); and Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Wastes (S.I.9 1991) requires the installation of anti-pollution equipment for the detoxification of effluent and chemical discharges emanating from the industry, and stipulates the level to which effluents shall be treated. Also contained in the document is the restriction on the release of toxic substances, the requirements for a pollution-monitoring unit and on-site pollution control or assigning the responsibility for pollution control to a person or corporate body accredited by the Agency. Regulations for unusual or accidental discharges, list of chemicals, contingency and emergency plans, generator’s liability, permissible limits of discharge into public drains, solid wastes to be disposed of in environmentally safe manner, release of gaseous matters, workers safety and penalties are also contained in this document.
1.3.2.2 The Department of Petroleum Resources The Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) is under the Nigerian Ministry of Petroleum Resources. DPR is charged with the specific responsibilities of regulating activities in the Oil and Gas industry in order to ensure strict compliance with relevant regulations. The DPR performs its regulatory functions under the mandate of the Petroleum Minister as provided for in the provisions of the Petroleum Act 1969, which empowers the Minister to make regulations for all petroleum operations including environmental matters. Under the Petroleum (Drilling and Production-Amendment) Regulations 1988, DPR is responsible for monitoring compliance with the Minister’s regulations and approved control methods and practices. These requirements are detailed in DPR’s “Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria” (EGASPIN Revised Edition 2002). The guidelines also provide for the establishment of an E & P sector-specific environment permitting system covering solid waste disposal, liquid effluent discharge and atmospheric emissions.
• Oil Pipelines Act of 1956 Concerns construction, maintenance and operation of oil and gas pipelines. Section 11(2) of the Act provides for the definition of an oil pipeline as follows: "For the purposes of this Act an oil pipeline means a pipeline for the conveyance of mineral oils, natural gas and any of their derivatives or components, and also any substance (including steam and water) used or intended to be used in the production of refining or conveying of minerals oils, natural gas and any of their derivatives or components". The Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette of 2nd October, 1995 Vol. 82, No. 26 on Oil Pipelines Acts provides in detail all the regulations on pipelines, proposed routes, construction activities and the associated protection measures. Consideration for public safety shall be in accordance with the provision of API/RP 1102 or any other recognized equivalent standards
• Petroleum Act 1969 Section 9-(1) (b) (iii) of the Petroleum Act 1969 (Decree 51) states that the Minister of Petroleum Resources may make regulations on "the prevention of pollution of water courses and the atmosphere".
• Criminal Code Section 247 of the Nigerian Criminal Code makes it an offence, punishable with up to 6 months imprisonment for "Any person who: a) violates the atmosphere in any place, so as to make it noxious to the health of persons in general dwelling, or conducting business in the neighbourhood, or passing along a public way or; b) does any act which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe to be, likely to spread the infection of any disease dangerous to life, whether human or animal."
• National Inland Waterways Authority Established by the National Inland Waterways Authority Act No. 13 of 1977, it is the function of the Authority to
• grant permit and licences for sand dredging, pipeline construction, dredging of slots and crossing of waterways, and;
• subject to the provisions of the Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 1992, carry out environmental impact assessment of navigation and other dredging activities within the inland water and its right-of-ways.
Contained in Part VI of the Act are offences and penalties. It states that subject to the provisions of the Lands Act, 1993 and the Nigerian port Act 1993, any person who willfully or negligently and without the consent of the Authority obstructs the waterways with rafts, nets, logs, cask of oil, dredgers, barges, pipelines, pylons, or bridges shall be liable upon conviction to a fine.
• Land Use Act 1978 The Land-use Act of 1978 states that "...it is also in the public interest that the rights of all Nigerians to use and enjoy land in Nigeria and the natural fruits thereof in sufficient quality to enable them to provide for the sustenance of themselves and their families should be assured, protected and preserved". This implies that acts which could result in the pollution of the land, air and waters of Nigeria negates this decree, and are therefore, unacceptable.
• Abandonment Guideline As far as abandonment of facilities is concerned, the applicable guidelines shall be as required by FMENV for oil and gas/infrastructural facilities and the DPR EGASPIN of 2002. The DPR EGASPIN stipulates that an operator, whose activity has been known to cause significant adverse environmental effect, should restore it as much as possible to its original state. This also deals mainly with oil spill sites. It is envisaged that more comprehensive guidelines and standards for abandonment of facilities will soon be enacted. 1.3.3 State Legislations 1.3.3.1 Rivers State Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Since the inauguration of the present democratic administration, Rivers State Government has established a full-fledged Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (RSMENR) headed by a commissioner. The ministry was created from the Rivers State Environmental Protection Agency (RSEPA). RSEPA was empowered by the decree setting up FEPA (Decree 58 of 1988, as amended by Decree 59 of 1992), which encourages State governments to set up their own Environmental Protection Agencies. Consequently, the then Rivers State Environmental Protection Agency (RSEPA) was charged with the protection of the environment of Rivers State, and operated with Edict No. 2 of 1994.
In 2002, RSMENR published the Interim Guidelines and Standards on Environmental Pollution Control and Management in Rivers State. The guidelines seek to: � Regulate the generation, handling, storage, disposal and management of
all wastes of whatever origin in Rivers State � Regulate physical development in compliance with the principle of
sustainable development � Enhance and where possible, restore the quality of the environment and, � Protect the biodiversity of the flora and fauna of Rivers State. 1.3.3.2 Bayelsa State Environment and Development Planning
Authority The Bayelsa State Environment and Development Planning Authority Edict of 1998 charges the Authority with the responsibility for the protection and development of the environment and biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of the State’s natural resources. The Authority shall also work with project developers who are required to conduct EIA for their new projects. Part VII of the edict is on offences and penalties and states in section 33 that “No person shall discharge any form of oil, grease or spent oil produced in the course of any manufacturing operation or business into any public drain watercourse, stream, canal, pond highway or other land 1.3.4 International Agreements and Conventions Nigeria is signatory to several international agreements affecting the environment as follows Vienna Convention (including the Montreal Protocol and the London amendment, 1994). The objectives of this convention are to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting or likely to result from human activities which modify or are likely to modify the ozone layer and to adopt agreed measures; to control human activities found to have adverse effects on the ozone layer (Bergensen and Parmann, 1994 as cited by Environment and Resource Technology Ltd., 1995). The Bonn Convention (1979) The Bonn Convention’s area of focus is the conservation and management of migratory species (including waterfowl and other wetland species) and promotion of measures for their conservation, including habitat conservation. Conservation of these habitats is one of the principal actions taken for endangered species or groups of species, which are subject of Agreements under the Bonn Convention. This was adopted in 1979.
The Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) The objectives of this Convention, which was opened for signature at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, are the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. This includes by appropriate access to genetic resources, appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies, and appropriate funding. World Heritage Convention (1978) This Convention sets aside areas of cultural and natural heritage, the latter defined as areas with outstanding universal value from the aesthetic, scientific and conservation points of view. Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (1987) The Basel Convention addresses the worldwide concern over the risks posed by the generation and disposal of hazardous and other wastes. This Convention defines the wastes to be regulated and controls the Trans-boundary movement of hazardous wastes and other wastes to protect human health and the environment against their adverse effects. At present, there are no approved disposal sites for hazardous wastes in Nigeria. 1.3.5 SPDC Policies and Guidelines
SPDC has as components of its HSE-MS, policies and commitments that guide its operations. These policies and commitments are of international standard and conform to the Shell Group policies worldwide. Some of the relevant policies and guidelines that would be followed while executing the proposed 20" x 37km Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement Project are presented as follows:
• Community Affairs, Safety, Health, Environment and Security
• Community Development
• Waste Management
• Hydrocarbon spills contingency (prevention and timely response),
• Environmental Management,
• Environmental Impact Assessment,
• Land Acquisition and Compensation
• Abandonment
• Rehabilitation and Restoration of Polluted Sites Elements of these policies and operational philosophies have taken into consideration relevant Nigerian regulations, international laws, guidelines, conventions and treaties.
SPDC shall in the course of executing this proposed project ensure that all relevant standards and conditions are complied with, and where double standards exist, SPDC would as much as possible comply with the more stringent one. 1.4 Terms of Reference SPDC commissioned an EIA of the proposed Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe T/L replacement project in order to comply with statutory requirements and the company policy. The EIA would establish the environmental issues associated with the project, consider and evaluate project alternatives with regard to cost effectiveness and environmental friendliness, predict their impacts and magnitudes, and recommend mitigation measures. The terms of reference for this EIA captured the scope of study for this project. The summary of the scope is as follows: EIA scope
• Literature review • Baseline data acquisition (field work & laboratory analyses) • Assessment and prediction of potential impacts • Determination of appropriate mitigation measures • Preparation of an environmental management plan (EMP)
The detailed scope of the baseline data acquisition is stated below Biophysical
• Climate and meteorology • Air quality and noise • Vegetation • Land use/cover • Wildlife • Geology and hydrogeology • Soil/sediment quality • Aquatic studies/ Hydrobiology & fisheries • Ground & surface water qualities
Social
• Demography • Socio-economic and cultural conditions of the communities • Socio-political structure/organization • Social structure/social groups • Social amenities • Social needs of the communities • Community perceptions/opinions/benefits of the projects
Health • Available health facilities • Social lifestyle in communities (circumcision, alcohol use & smoking) • Health determinants
Environmental Impact Assessment As required by DPR and FMENV, a detailed Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has been conducted for the project. Key EIA findings and results will be translated into specific actions. The EIA objectives were:
• To establish the existing baseline ecological and socio-economic conditions of the area.
• To identify, evaluate and predict the environmental impacts of the project on the affected area.
• To develop control strategies with a view to mitigating /ameliorating significant impacts.
• To identify any environmental issues and concerns, which may, in the future affect the development.
• To provide bases for support and control documentation and consultation with regulators, interest groups and the public at large.
CHAPTER TWO 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The proposed project is the replacement of the 20” Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Trunk Line commissioned 1994 that evacuates approximately 102,000 bopd from Diebu Creek, Nun River, Kolo Creek, Etelebou and Enwhe fields to the Rumuekpe pipeline manifold. Though the design lifespan for the pipeline is 20 years, intelligent pigging has indicated extensive and severe wall loss (up to 55%) making replacement inevitable. 2.1 Project Justification Need for the project
The structural integrity of the existing Kolo creek – Rumuekpe trunkline is reducing at a rate that could make it prone to rupture in the near future. A rupture of the pipeline would have both environmental and economic repercussions. Environmental consequences would arise from the potential effects of spilled oil on the ecosystem and human environment. Economic imperatives inherent in the rupture of the pipeline would arise from the cessation of production in the affected fields and the inherent loss of revenue to the local and national economies. The immediate replacement of the line would ensure:
• The protection of the environment from crude oil pollution
• Revenue to Government is not lost
• Evacuation of the crude is uninterrupted
• Pipeline integrity is maintained and crude oil loss due to corrosion leaks is reduced to as low as practicable, and
• Reduction in compensation payments to third parties for contamination and expenses on spill clean-up
Based on the current status of the line, corrosion rate and ineffective short-term remedial action, it is likely that the line would leak and thus requires urgent replacement. 2.2 Project Location Kolo Creek and Rumuekpe fields are located in the seasonal swamp and land area of the Niger Delta about 68km and 42km respectively north east of Port Harcourt (Figure 2.1). The 20” Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunkline is part of the Trans Niger Pipeline (TNP) and was commissioned in December 1994 to replace an earlier 20” trunkline commissioned in 1973 and later decommissioned and mothballed. The proposed trunkline shall follow the existing Right of Way (ROW) of the 20” Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunk Line which runs from Kolo Creek Manifold at Kolo Creek field (Easting 430000mE, Northing 100000mN) in Bayelsa State, to Rumuekpe Manifold at Rumuekpe field (Easting
Project alternative were considered with respect to the route, pipeline material and overall project. These alternatives are discussed in detail in the following sections. 2.3.1 Route Selection
There is an existing route within SPDCs right of way (ROW). Considering the fact that this is a replacement project, selecting a new route other than the existing one would have amounted to additional costs for fresh acquisition, more land take (in addition to the existing ROW), delays in project resulting from route selection studies, acquisition processes, etc. 2.3.2 Pipe Material Selection
This is the only pipeline that evacuates production from Kolo creek, Etelebou, Gbaran, Nun River, Diebu Creek and Enwhe flow stations. Hence, there is no other alternative for evacuating the production. However, in terms of material selection, a detailed study carried out by Shell Global Solutions International (SGSI) made the following recommendation: Pipe Material Conclusion 1. CARBON STEEL (+Corrosion Allowance) Possible Option
2. CARBON STEEL (+Thermoplastic Internal Lining) Possible Option
(limitation: vent points)
3. CARBON STEEL (+ Internal Coating with e.g. FBE) Option Dropped (method
not reliable)
4. GRE (Glass Reinforced Epoxy) Option Dropped (limited to 50 bar pressure)
5. RTP (Reinforced Thermoplastic) Option Dropped
(maximum size: 10’’ dia.)
6. 13 Cr. (13 - Chrome) Possible Option
(limitation: high cost)
7. DUPLEX STEEL Option Dropped (too
expensive)
8. CLADDED STEEL Option Dropped (Internal Cladding of C/S with 316 S/Steel) (complicated technology)
9. GRE-SSL (Steel Strip Laminate) – Possible option
The use of GRE-SSL material could however not be guaranteed due to size constraints (14” was the minimum size that could be pulled into a 20” steel pipe) and failure of the material during pre-qualification test for the intended
service which prompted the manufacturer (Ameron) to withdraw its offer to sell the product for the project.
The selection of the pipeline material type was decided after extensive studies carried out by SGSI at the conceptual design stage of the project and confirmed during the detailed design. Carbon Steel of grade API 5L X-60 has been chosen as the pipe material. Coating inspections of the current operational pipeline has shown no coating defects. The corrosion in the pipeline has been mostly internal. The prevailing environment is well tolerated by factory applied polyethylene coating, besides polyethylene is devoid of certain health risks as compared with some epoxy type coating.
2.3.3 Overall Project Selection 2.3.3.1 Option 1: Do Nothing Option
A no-project scenario where the pipeline is used under its current status without the replacement of the line would result in the following
• Extensive and severe corrosion at a rate of approx 0.6 mm/yr
• Increased rate of crude leakage into the environment
• Contamination of the environment with crude leading to degradation
• Loss of revenue to the federal government from further de-rating of the line and crude spillage into the environment
• Increase community unrest due to crude contamination of their environment
• Increase in compensation payments and clean-up due to crude spillage
• Continuous repairs to the line which in the long run would not be cost effective
The list is not exhaustive as constant spillage could spiral into areas not mentioned. For these reasons listed a no-project option is Not Recommended
2.3.3.2 Option 2: Pull 14” steel strip laminated GRE pipe into existing pipeline
Following results of the studies carried out by Shell Global Solutions International (SGSI), it was recommended to pull in a 14” Steel strip laminated GRE pipe into the existing pipeline. The use of this material in the nearest future could however not be guaranteed due to size constraints (14” is the minimum size that could be pulled into a 20” steel pipe) also, the material failed during pre-qualification test for the intended service. The study also recommended the use of stainless steel material for the replacement line. This was however shelved due to cost considerations. Not Recommended
2.3.3.3 Option 3: Divert production from Kolo Creek – Gbaran flow station
The 20” x 38km Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe trunkline is the sole pipeline that evacuates production from the Diebu Creek, Nun River, Kolo Creek, Etelebou and Enwhe flow stations hence the requirement to replace the existing corroded line. The alternative would be to divert flow from the flow stations to the Gbaran flow station. This would however involve the following:
• Construction of new delivery lines from each of the flow stations to Gbaran
• Decommissioning and Abandonment of each of the old delivery lines
• Production deferment from the 5 flow stations until Gbaran flow station comes on stream in 2004
• New land take
• Huge costs and time Due to this reasons, this option was Not Recommended 2.3.3.4 Option 4: Replace existing line with carbon steel pipes
This option involves the replacement of the existing 20” x 38km Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunkline that currently evacuates production from Diebu Ck, Nun River, Kolo Ck, Etelebou and Enwhe fields to the Rumuekpe M/F with a new 20” x 38 km carbon steel pipeline Planning for the outright replacement using carbon steel commenced in 2000 after field monitoring campaign/studies (Figure 2.2) conducted by SRTCA showed the possible corrosion mechanism was as a result of activities of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) including Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Oxygen (O2) and that no bacterial activity nor Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) was detected in the flow station saver pits (Table 2.1)
On-line water/gas sampling and analysis (BAKER) Kolo Creek water injection plant Saver pit at Flow Station Inlet outlet of Trunk Lines Side Stream – KPR to determine corrosion rate
Nun River
Nkpoku
Nun River
Gbaran
Obele
Rumuekpe
water injection
Rumuekpe
Kolo Creek
Nkpoku
Diebu Creek
Enwhe
Etelebou
Agbada
emulsifier injection
Crude Sampling analysis (SRTCA) Samples from each F/S Detailed analysis in Amsterdam
Semi-automated US inspection (RTD) Verification Linalog Determine corrosion rates
The new line is to be laid on the existing Right-of-Way on the trace of the disused 20” line, which will be exhumed. The line will be equipped with adequate provision for corrosion management (frequent pigging and chemical injection). There shall be pigging facilities at both the Kolo Creek and Rumuekpe manifolds. The tie-in of 8” Enwhe delivery line at approximately 18.5km from Kolo Creek Manifold will be the only branch on the Trunk Line. Selected Option. 2.4 Value/Cost of the project The level 2 capital cost estimates was compiled in-house for the construction works using the CES. Check estimates were also prepared in house using DEE Cost Premises for Surface Facilities (2004 Programme Preparation) and previous/current pipeline contracts. These supported the CES estimate. A high level cost breakdown is given in Appendix 2.2. The costs are in 2003 US Dollars.
2.5 Envisaged sustainability The Key objectives of the project are to:
• Ensure evacuation capacity for current and future production targets for next 30 years
• Reduce production deferment and environmental pollution The envisaged sustainability of the project is categorized as follows: Economic Crude oil generates approx 80% of Nigeria GDP. The current line evacuates approximately 102,000 bopd from Diebu Creek, Nun River, Kolo Creek, Etelebou and Enwhe fields to the Rumuekpe manifold and exported from Bonny Terminal. This project therefore, would contribute to the revenue accruing to Nigeria and SPDC. Technical As E & P operators with over 30 years experience in the Niger Delta, SPDC has the proven ability to replace and maintain the trunk line. Strict adherence to internationally and nationally acceptable engineering design and construction standards, innovative technologies that are economically viable and environmentally friendly shall be utilized in the execution of the proposed project. Environmental Pipeline construction techniques vary according to the environment and are guided by engineering design standards. This would ensure that the integrity of the line is maintained and incidents that could negatively impact the environment are reduced to as low as possible. The incorporation of findings and
recommendations of this EIA at the various stages of the project development, and adherence to the EMP would ensure environmental sustainability. 2.6 Access Requirements
Access to the manifolds during construction, pigging and maintenance operations will be via the existing SPDC location and government roads. However, along the trunk line, access will be via the ROW. 2.7 Physical Environment and Project Layout
The new pipeline is to be installed in the trench line of an existing disused pipeline and in the vicinity of an existing operational line (which shall subsequently be decommissioned, repaired and mothballed). The pipeline route traverses bush fallow and farmland areas, marshy/seasonally flooded freshwater / rainforest swamp forests, creeklets, creeks and rivers. The ROW crosses the following features: Tarred roads at Otuasega, Okporowo and Ihuama axes Freshwater / Rainforest Swamp Forest Water bodies Kolo Creek at Ibelebiri/Oruma axis Orashi River at Odigwe axis Sombriero River at Ihuama, and Other smaller creeklets and streams The basic configuration of the Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe pipeline is depicted in Figure 2.3.
FF Figure 2.3: Configuration of 20” Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Trunkline The communities closest to the pipeline route include Otuasega, Oruma, and Ibelebiri in Bayelsa State; Odau, Ozochi, Odigwe, Aminigboko, Owerewere, Okporowo, Okoma, Ihuowo and Ihuama communities in Rivers State. 2.8 Project Scope The project involves the following key activities:
• Detailed design
• Statutory approvals and licenses
• Materials Procurement/Collection and Coating of Materials
• Construction (Including recovery of old disused line)
The detailed design of the line completed in December 2002, was carried out by MacDonald International Engineering Limited and was preceded by a conceptual design phase carried out in-house. The conceptual design studies set the broad parameters for the project. The pipeline was designed in accordance with the relevant sections of ANSI/ASME B31.4 supplemented by chapter (3) of SHELL Design and Engineering Practice (DEP) 31.40.00.10-Gen. (PIPELINE ENGINEERING). The pipeline was designed taking into consideration the operating conditions and requirements over its entire projected life cycle including final abandonment, i.e. the maximum planned throughput and turn-down, the characteristics of the fluids to be transported, the pressure and temperature requirements, the mode of operations, the geographic location, and the environmental conditions. The result of the detailed design and engineering are contained in Table 2.2. 2.8.1.1 Hydraulic Design
In order to determine the size and possible range of operational parameters of the pipeline, a hydraulic analysis was performed using PIPE PHASE and PIPESIM software. The analysis involved simulation studies using various pipe diameters vis-à-vis the fluid properties, inlet conditions, and flow rates. The hydraulic analysis provided the pressure and temperature profiles along the pipeline for steady state and transient conditions and a 20” pipeline diameter provided the optimum pipe size to meet the desired operating conditions. The hydraulic analysis took into consideration full account of possible changes in flow rates and operational modes, over the complete operational life of the pipeline. The hydraulic analysis was carried out using moderate growth production forecasts figures (see Figure 2.4) that incorporates future production prospects and the water cuts for individual flow stations. Hence the maximum production rate of 184MBD takes into account transportation of produced water and provision for peak productions and future expansion. The hydraulic analysis also provided data to address surge pressure during shutdown. The hydraulic simulation studies carried out during the design stage included sensitivity analysis using various pipe diameters. The study was however not limited to determining the size of the Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe T/L as a stand alone pipeline but took into consideration the effect on the sizing of the entire SPDC Trans Niger Pipeline (TNP) Network of which the Kolo Creek line is an integral part. The sensitivity analysis indicated very high pressures of between 66-82 barg for ~ 7 years of the line operation and velocities higher than the acceptable 2m/s for same period if an 18” diameter pipe was used. The selected 20” diameter line size provides the acceptable pressure and velocity regimes for the intended service taking into consideration the TNP network.
Fig 2.4 20” Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunkline Hydraulic Analysis (using Moderate Growth Production Forecast Figures)
2.8.1.2 Operating philosophy
For the predicted life cycle (30 years) conditions, the design took due account of operations, inspection and maintenance requirements, as well as established operating philosophy and practices which had been agreed in advance (at the conceptual design stage) with the personnel responsible for the operation of the pipeline. These include manning levels for the operation, integrity monitoring and maintenance of the pipeline system, etc. The pipeline will be equipped with double block and bleed valves at both the Kolo Creek and Rumuekpe manifolds. In addition to other functions, these valves also act as isolation points for the pipeline. The philosophy of installing isolation valves (block valves) at the river crossings is primarily to isolate the river crossing section should there be a loss of containment in that section. The aim is to reduce to the barest minimum the volume of inventory discharged to the water. Valve Interlocks will be installed on the main manifold valves at Kolo Creek and Rumuekpe Manifolds. Interlocks make the valves tamper proof.
SPDC’s ROW surveillance contract will be used for manifolds and pipeline ROW monitoring. Also monthly helicopter over fly of pipeline ROWs will be carried out by SPDC and in addition to the above a remote monitoring system is being tested for application on SPDC pipelines. 2.8.1.3 Surveys and Land Acquisition
The detailed design also included Preliminary ROW survey/Investigation; this established the existing ROW was free from any encroachment that could interfere with the new pipeline construction. However, to confirm this and for Full Preparation Survey of working strip, SPDC Survey Department has commenced detailed survey works on the ROW. The scope covered by survey is as follows: � Carry out a standard PI/FP survey of the pipeline routes � Detail in features within and 100 metres off the ROW (F/L, P/L, power lines,
roads, buildings, etc.). � Stake out the ROW boundaries with tall yellow painted wooden pegs at 25m
intervals. � Carry out sounding of Orashi and Sombreiro rivers along the route at interval
of 11-25m. � Establish depth of pipes and distance between them at the river crossings. � All roads, creeks, pipeline crossings should be detailed and produced as insets
on a scale of 1:500. � Use pillar Nos. from KRM 01 � Determine the highest expected water level using marks on the trees or any
other structure The Survey is to fully establish the route for the new pipeline. 2.8.2 Statutory Approvals and Licenses
In accordance to the Oil Pipelines Act, Cap 338 Permit To Survey and Oil Pipeline Licence was applied for in 2001 and 2002 respectively. The relevant regulatory bodies have approved the following permit and license.
• Permit To Survey (PTS) Number 1418 granted in May 2002 by the Ministry of Petroleum Resources.
• Oil Pipeline License (OPL) Number 696 granted in June 2003 by the Ministry of Petroleum Resources.
An Environmental Impact Assessment of the project is also ongoing. The EIA among other things considers the interaction between the project activities and the environment during each stage of the pipeline life cycle. 2.8.3 Materials Procurement and Coating
All project materials (line pipes, valves and bulk materials) have been ordered. Over 80% of valves and bulk materials have been received while the outstanding 20% mostly supplementary materials and line pipes are yet to be received. Line pipes and the outstanding order are expected to arrive in Q1 2004. All materials for the project were ordered via SPDC Contracting and Procurement Department East (CPE). CPE is also responsible for logistics and other support required to ensure materials are stored safely and delivered on schedule. All procured materials will be delivered to the successful bidder at location(s) to be specified by SPDC prior to mobilisation. Procured line pipes and fittings that require coating (Polyethylene and Concrete) shall be delivered to Warri Port from where they will be received by the Coating Contractor. 2.8.4 Construction
The Pipeline construction shall be performed in accordance with the relevant sections of the current versions of Shell Standard Construction Specifications supplemented by DEP 31.40.00.10-Gen. (PIPELINE ENGINEERING) and relevant sections of the ANSI/ASME Codes. Construction shall also comply with any additional criteria resulting from the design. Construction activities close to existing facilities shall be planned in coordination with the operations function, as shutdown of these facilities would be required. The construction contractor shall provide all necessary calculations and procedures to ensure that the pipeline is installed in a safe and timely manner and with minimum impact on the environment. There shall be the determination of the approximate routes of both lines, and any other lines and facilities, using available drawings and line detectors, and confirm the exact positions, by manual excavation at appropriate intervals. Pipelines and facilities exposed will be inspected at each location to check the identity of the lines. All exposed lines and facilities shall be permanently marked to indicate which are to be removed and which are to be left in place. Detailed record of the location of each exposed line section, with relevant details (depth, soil conditions etc) shall be kept. The “as found” route of the line to be removed shall represent the exact route of the new line to be installed except at significant crossings such as waterways or exceptional locations. Details of any new route requirements will be considered and approved prior to trenching.
The project construction consists of a number of interlinked hardware items, namely,
• Abandonment (recovery) of disused 20” pipeline
• Pipeline traversing land, seasonal swamp, road, creek and river crossings
• Onshore scraper trap (Pig launching and receiving) manifolds
• Tie-ins
• Block valve manifolds
• Pipeline repairs (metal sleeving and sectional replacements) The work to be performed consists of collection of materials, survey, bush clearing and ditching (including thrust boring and dredging), stringing, welding of new sections and radiography, lowering into ditch, flushing, pressure testing and de-watering, tie-in to existing facilities, commissioning and handover, site reinstatement and clean up and preparation of as-built documentation. The works has been phased into pre-shutdown, shutdown and post shutdown activities. 2.8.4.1 Pre-Shutdown Activities This shall involve the following: 2.8.4.1a Yard fabrication
In order to reduce site works, light pre-fabrication works shall be carried out at the contractor’s workshop/fabrication yard prior to mobilisation to site. The fabrication works shall comprise welding of fittings (elbows, tees and flanges) to line pipes for hook up at the end facilities, scraper traps and block valve riser sections including pipeline string/strings for creek/river crossings and structural works (gantry hoist, pipe supports, valve access platforms etc). Yard operations shall be established as required to meet the construction schedule. 2.8.4.1b Community Engagement and Sustainable Development Strategy
The Project Advisory Committee (PAC) concept, which is being successfully used in other major projects in SPDC-E to obtain uninterrupted LTO, will be adopted in the management of the interface points in this project. The PAC involves an integrated body that gives room for the following:
The formation of the PAC shall be prior to mobilisation to site and commencement of site works. The PAC shall form the main plank of community participation, which will give community and indeed all-major stakeholders in the project a sense of belonging and partnership. The PAC shall comprise authorized representatives of all major stakeholders as follows:
• 2 Community members from Landlord communities and 1 from non-landlord community (such members shall be dropped as soon as work is completed in that sector of the community),
• Pipeline project community affairs team members
• Contractors’ representatives.
• two representatives each from the two State Governments/Community Relation Bureau.
• Two Nigerian Police Officers (one of whom shall be a State Security Service personnel) from each State,
• one representative of NAPIMS. The strategy adopted for the execution of the PAC is described in the report “SD/CA Management Plan for MTR Project”. Sustainable Community Development procedures shall be adopted for Community Development in this project. Area community development officers (CDOs) and community liaison officers (CLOs) in conjunction with the project and sustainable development team currently conducting Participatory Rural Appraisal in each of the landlord communities with a view of identifying community development projects to be executed alongside the pipeline construction works. Appendix 2.4. Sustainable community development (SCD) and interface management shall be a core line responsibility, but with strong central guidance, control and monitoring by the SCD team. The land Area Team will be accountable for managing all sustainable community development and interfaces against an agreed long-term plan (which shall be part of a wider framework for development in the Niger Delta).
The contractor shall mobilise all necessary contractor personnel, materials and equipment to site after setting up of the PAC and resolving community issues and obtaining SPDC’s approval of their site works programme. Prior to mobilisation, SPDC shall carry out pre-mobilisation inspection of all items/personnel to be mobilised to site. All equipment and personnel mobilised to site shall be certified fit for purpose and approved by SPDC before deployment to site. 2.8.4.1d ROW Survey Works
Prior to commencement of any construction works, the Contractor shall perform a detailed pipeline corridor survey to establish all crossings (road, creeks and rivers) including locations of existing facilities. The contractor shall, with the assistance of SPDC surveyors, re-open the pipeline wayleave from Kolo Creek manifold to Rumuekpe manifold. The contractor shall confirm all set out boundaries along the ROW and at all manifolds. The Contractor will be responsible for ensuring that the existing survey pillars are maintained and are not destroyed by construction activities. 2.8.4.1e ROW Clearing and Grading
Contractor shall clear grade, and strip the ROW and prepare the areas where the new line shall be laid. Grading operations shall be carried out only on dry land. The ROW shall be cleared for its complete width. At road crossings, removal of topsoil shall be kept to a minimum, and surface materials shall be removed (where necessary) only at the time of crossing installation. Contractor shall provide adequate room for handling of materials and equipment on site. All worksites shall be prepared in accordance to Shell Standard Construction Specifications sections 2, 3 and 4. 2.8.4.1f Flushing, De-oiling and Excavation
The new line is to be laid on the existing ROW on the trace of the disused 20” line, which will be exhumed. Prior to excavation, the disused line shall be cleaned with water and foam pigs, and it shall be ensured that the line is completely free from oil and grease. Cleaning will be deemed satisfactory once a level below 10ppm of oil in water is consistently achieved. It is note worthy that this line had been flushed and properly mothballed after it was decommissioned in 1994. The line will however be cleaned and flushed again to ensure that no oil/grease effluents are present in the line during excavation and cutting Since the new pipeline shall be located with the existing operational line in the same ROW, the existing pipe shall be located by means of a pipe detector and then manually exposed at specified intervals. The locations of the exposed pipeline shall be shown to the SPDC Site Representative for approval. Once
pipeline route is confirmed and flushing of the disused line is completed, excavation to recover the disused line shall commence using mechanical excavators. The ditch, after recovery of the disused line, shall then be prepared in readiness for the laying of the new pipeline. The contractor shall carry out dredging of creek/river crossings and confirm satisfactory dredging from sounding profiles prior to installation of this trunk line section. All dredging works shall be carried out according to SPDC Standard Construction Specification Section 36. All road crossings shall be by thrust boring or manual excavation as agreed by all stakeholders and approved by SPDC. Contractor shall ensure collection of relevant permits from third party authorities for these activities and that traffic is well controlled.
2.8.4.1g Removal of Disused line and Trench Preparation
After cleaning and flushing, the old disused line is to be excavated and recovered. The recovered pipes shall be cut into manageable lengths (~3m) and transported back to SPDC scrap pipe yard at Kidney Island where they will be stored pending when they would be needed for other non-critical requirements. The new line shall be laid in the trench from which the old line was recovered. Trench dimensions shall be at least 30cm more than the outside diameter of the coated pipe. Trench depth and width shall be increased as necessary where the pipeline approaches crossings or other specialized route sections. In swamp sections, if the push-pull method is adopted by the contractor, trench depth and width shall be sufficient to allow pipe floatation without causing any damage to the pipe or its coating. Where required the excavated trench shall be secured against collapse by suitable means e.g. timber planks, sheet piles, etc. All existing structures shall be located by manual excavation. After completion of pipeline installation activities, timber planks, sheet piles, etc shall be completely removed. 2.8.4.1h Stringing and Bending
The contractor shall string the line pipes along the ROW beside the open ditch with suitable equipment and handling tools. Stringing of pipes shall be interrupted where necessary to allow passage of vehicles, livestock, etc. Coated pipes shall rest on padded supports or timbers to avoid damage to coating. This shall apply also during transportation of pipes. Strung pipes shall be provided with caps at both joint ends to keep the joint free from dirt and extraneous materials. Joint and weld numbers shall be permanently marked on the external surface of the pipe at suitable locations to allow proper recording of welds.
Factory made hot bends having a minimum bend radius of 15D shall be used in the project. Horizontal and vertical deviations shall be obtained as much as possible by stress free elastic bends. Stringing and Bending shall be carried out in accordance with Section 25 of the Shell Standard Construction Specification. 2.8.4.1i Bevelling, Welding and Non-destructive weld inspection
An approved pipe cutter or thermal cutting and bevelling machine shall be used to perform joint bevelling. Manual cutting shall not be permitted. Bevels shall conform to the requirements of the welding specification. Pups required for tie-ins shall be cut from undamaged pipes. The minimum length of pup to be inserted in the line shall be 1.0m. The line pipes will be laid and welded by separate crews. They will be laid on padded supports or timber skids for welding along the ditch. The contractor shall make all field bends, cut pipe lengths as required and make welds in accordance with section 21 and 25 of Shell Standard Construction Specifications. All pipeline strings for creek and river crossings shall be made up on land and shall be pulled into place with due consideration to navigation, seasonal fishing etc. Visual inspection of welding will be made as the welding is being performed. Non-destructive testing of welds using radiographic procedures, which expose the full circumference of the joint, will be carried out following the completion of the weld. One hundred percent radiography of all weld joints shall be employed. All radiography films will be processed and interpreted on site to facilitate quick repairs of defective welds. Fillet weld joints shall be subjected to dye penetration tests. SPDC QA/QC representative on site prior to acceptance, must certify the entire weld joints okay. 2.8.4.1j Pipeline coating
The coating system for the proposed Trunkline will be as follows:
• Anti Corrosion Coating PE (polyethylene) Coated line pipes with shrink sleeve used for field joints.
• Weight Coating The section of the delivery line that falls in seasonal swamp area and river crossings will be coated with concrete to protect the anti-corrosion coating and to overcome negative buoyancy during installation.
The thickness of concrete coating was determined after detailed buoyancy calculations are carried out as part of the detailed design. The thickness calculated is 80mm (Table 2.2). Heat shrinkable sleeves or repair patches shall be used for repairs of defective field joint coatings taking into account the extent of the portion to be repaired. Holiday test shall be conducted on all field joint coatings. Shell QA/QC representative on site must certify this okay before lowering can commence. Defective coatings shall be clearly marked. All repairs shall be inspected visually and with a holiday detector to confirm that they are acceptable. All riser sections shall be protected using Riser clad. 2.8.4.1k Lowering and Backfilling
Lowering The welded pipe shall be lowered gently into the ditch without subjecting the line to any stress. The pipes will conform to the ditch and substantially supported by the ditch bottom. The bed underneath the pipe shall be prepared by installation of soft material (medium sand bed) to obtain a soft surround for the installed pipe. The material shall be free of stones, rocks, timber, roots, debris and any other material, which may damage the pipe coating. The sand bed shall have a minimum depth of 150mm. During lowering in dry land special care shall be taken to ensure the pipe coatings sustain no damage. Coated pipes shall be handled with rubber-covered broadband slings adequate for the pipe diameter. Strings shall be constructed so that they can be removed from under the pipe without dragging any metal parts against the pipe coating. For swamp and marshy areas lowering or sinking the pipe into the trench shall be carried out carefully to avoid damage to the pipe coating and/or pipe. Backfilling Initial backfilling shall be carried out by installation of soft material (medium sand bed) to obtain a dampened surround for the installed pipe. Initial backfill material shall be free of stones, rocks, timber, roots, debris and any other material, which may damage the pipe coating. The sand bed shall have a minimum depth of 150mm. Pipeline trench excavated in swampy areas shall be backfilled with excavated material up to the ground level. The backfill material shall be free of stones, rocks, timber, roots, debris and any other material, which may damage the pipe coating. Backfilling operations shall be carried out with due attention to avoid pipeline uplifting. Trench backfilling shall be completed in uniformly compacted layers not exceeding 150 mm: stockpiled spoil and shall crown it (heap up) along the top of the trench line.
Floatation channels either temporary or permanent shall be fully backfilled to re-establish original ground level. Backfilling of creek/river crossings shall be carried out after satisfactory installation of the pipeline section is confirmed by sounding profiles. When the pipe has been lowered into place the line shall be surveyed using satellite based GPS and the identity and exact location (co-ordinates and elevation) for the pipe, weld and feature shall be recorded. The site engineer shall ensure that mechanical equipment does not subsequently traverse along or across the installed pipeline unless protection has been provided in accordance with the approved procedures. 2.8.4.1l Cathodic Protection
There is existing, impressed cathodic protection CP system at Kolo Creek situated between the campsite and the flow station and at the Rumuekpe manifold. The existing (disused and operational) 2 x 20" Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe trunkline are protected by this system. Presently these lines are adequately protected and the CP system is operating at about 10% output. Additional load can be added conveniently to protect the new line in addition to the existing line, which will be decommissioned. The cathodic protection test stations will be done in two phases. The below ground installation (cable connections) will be carried out soon after lowering-in prior to backfilling. The above ground installation will be carried out on completion of the back-filling exercise. 2.8.4.1m Manifold Extension (fence and concrete hard standing)
The manifolds fence and concrete hard standings shall be modified/extended as necessary to accommodate the new end facilities. 2.8.4.1n Cleaning, Gauging, Pressure testing and De-watering
The new line shall be cleaned using brush-cleaning pigs. The pipeline shall also be gauged using aluminium gauging plate(s). The new line shall be flushed clean and pressure tested to 1.25 times the design pressure (1375psi or 95bar) with a maximum supplementary pressure allowance of 5bar for 24 hours continuously using potable or inhibited water in accordance to SPDC Standard Construction Specification Section 29. For the pipeline sections with greater wall thickness (e.g. river/road crossing sections), the test pressure shall be 1550psi or 106.5bar based on hoop stress requirements. The SPDC site representative shall witness the pressure test. Calibrated pressure and temperature charts shall be used to record pressure and temperature respectively during the pressure test. The pressure and temperature
charts shall be submitted to, and accepted by, SPDC prior to commissioning of the new lines. The new line shall be de-watered after pressure testing using compressed air and foam pig. 2.8.4.2 Shutdown activities 2.8.4.2a Tie-in at end facilities
The contractor shall fabricate and tie-in the new line to the 16” header at Kolo Creek M/F via a 20” x 16” reducer and a flanged connection to an existing “provision for future connection”. Similarly, the line shall be tied to the existing 40” light and medium headers at Rumuekpe M/F via existing 20” flanged ball valves. 2.8.4.2b Standardisation
All class 400# rated sections/valves and fittings at each of the end facilities shall be identified and changed out as much as possible with 600# rated components. All aboveground pipeline sections shall be blast cleaned, primed and painted in accordance with Section 22 of the Standard Construction Specification. A 1-day shutdown of Kolo Creek, Diebu Creek, Etelebou and Nun River flow stations shall be required to carry out the tie-in works. 2.8.4.3 Post Shutdown Activities 2.8.4.3a Concrete Works
All civil works involved in the hook-up of the new line shall be carried out in accordance with the SPDC Standard Construction Specification Section 12. All existing concrete works damaged by the construction exercise shall be re-instated to its original grade. 2.8.5 Commissioning and Handover
A pre-commissioning audit of the new lines to verify their conformity with the construction drawings shall be carried out. All spades and temporary connections shall be removed and a physical check will also be carried out on all facilities to confirm their operability prior to commissioning the lines. The contractor shall participate in the pre-commissioning audit, and shall effect any remedial works identified. SPDC personnel shall return all manifold valves to normal operating positions, open up the flow stations and commission the new line. The contractor shall provide crew support as necessary during the start-up and the introduction of
hydrocarbon into the line. Baseline Cathodic Protection (CP) Survey and intelligent pigging shall be carried out prior to handover. 2.8.5.1 Site Clean up and Demobilization from site At the end of site works, contractor shall ensure that the ROW and work site are properly cleaned and reinstated. After handover and restoration of work site to SPDC’s satisfaction, contractor shall demobilise entire resources from site. Comprehensive project materials reconciliation between SPDC and the contractor shall be carried out on completion and acceptance of construction works. All identified scrap/surplus materials shall be documented. The contractor shall return all scrap materials to SPDC scrap yard at Kidney Island. All unused (surplus) materials provided by SPDC shall be returned to SPDC project surplus stores at Kidney Island. The contractor shall submit a set of “as-built” drawings for the new construction to SPDC. The scope shall include the update on the approved construction drawings (including plan and profile) to reflect the “as-built” situation of the new line. 2.8.6 Decommissioning and Mothballing
On commissioning of the new line, the existing operational trunkline will be positively isolated, de-oiled and flushed clean using foam pigs driven by water. The line will be mothballed (filled with inhibited water), isolated and capped at both ends (Kolo Creek and Rumuekpe manifolds). 2.9 Project Schedule and personnel requirement The actual activity from commencement of site preparation to demobilizations expected to last approximately eighteen months. During this period about sixty-five (65) personnel are expected to work on this project (peak period) and would be accommodated in house boats. A breakdown of the number of personnel per activity phase is shown in table 2.3 below.
Table 2.3: Project Activities and Personnel Requirement
Baseline data on the biophysical and socio-economics environments were collected. Sources of information include field survey, government/non-Government agencies, libraries, etc. Locations of sampling points for biophysical data are presented in Figure 3.1. A two-season fieldwork was undertaken (May 1999 for rainy season and November 1999 for dry season).
3.1.1 Soil Studies
Line transects were cut across the pipeline ROW at 2 km intervals throughout the length of the ROW from Kolo Creek Manifold to Rumuekpe Manifold. A total of 18 transects were cut across the pipeline ROW. Also random samples were collected from other areas in order to have a comprehensive coverage of the project area.
Two sets of soil samples were collected. One set was collected along the ROW and the other set collected from distances 100 m away from the pipeline route on either side of the ROW. Each soil sample within a sampling location was a composite of 5 auger borings. The auger used was made up of a semi-cylindrical bore of uniform cross-section, and marked at 15 cm intervals. Sampling was carried out by augering to a depth of 30 cm. The surface sample (0 –15 cm) was separated from the subsurface (15 – 30 cm) samples and placed in labeled polythene bags.
The use of the auger ensured that reproducible units of soil samples were collected, which guaranteed high quality data collection. Surface litter of non-decomposed plant materials was removed before sampling to ensure that only soil samples were collected.
Soil samples were collected in appropriately labeled and sealed polythene bags in accordance with the quality assurance criteria as contained in the Environmental Guidelines and Standards (DPR, 1991) for the Petroleum Industries. Laboratory Analysis Prior to the analyses, soil samples collected from the study area were air-dried and made to pass through a 2 mm sieve. The fine earth was then used for the analyses. The following is a description of the methods used for the different analyses carried out on soil samples.
pH The pH values of the soils were determined in the laboratory using a pH meter. The pH was determined by dipping the electrode into a 1:25 soil:water suspension that had been stirred and allowed to equilibrate for about 1 hour.
Hydrocarbon Content
The hydrocarbon contents of the soils were determined with a UV-visible spectrophotometer. After shaking 5 g of a representative soil or sediment sample with 10ml of toluene, the oil content was extrapolated by measuring the absorbency of the extract at 325 nm on a UNICAM HELIOS UV-VISIBLE v2.03 spectrophotometer. A standard curve of the absorbency of different known concentrations of hydrocarbons in extractant was first drawn after taking readings from the spectrophotometer. The hydrocarbon concentrations in the samples were then calculated after reading the concentration of the hydrocarbons in the extract from the spectrophotometer. With reference to a standard curve and multiplication by the appropriate dilution factor, the total hydrocarbon concentration was calculated.
Exchangeable Cations
Ten grammes of a finely ground representative sample were shaken in a conical flask with 100 ml of 1N ammonium acetate for about 1 hour and filtered into plastic cups. The filtrate was used for the determination of Ca by titrimetry, while Na and K were determined by flame photometry. The concentrations of the cations were calculated after taking due notes of the dilution factors and expressed in milligram equivalent per 100 g.
NO3-
Nitrate nitrogen was determined by the phenoldisulphonic acid method after 5 g of soil
sample was shaken in 50 ml of 1N K2SO4.
Organic Carbon/Matter Carbon was determined by wet combustion method of Walkey and Black (1934). One
gramme of finely ground representative sample was weighed in duplicates into beakers.
Ten milliliters of potassium dichromate solution was accurately pipetted into each beaker
and rotated gently to wet the soil sample completely. This was followed by the addition of
20 ml of conc. H2SO4 using a graduated cylinder, taking a few seconds only in the
operation. The beaker was rotated again to effect more complete oxidation and allowed to
stand for 10 minutes before dilution with distilled water to about 200 – 250 ml. Twenty-
five ml of 0.5N ferrous ammonium sulphate was then added and titrated with 0.4N
This was carried out using the Bouyoucos hydrometer method. It involves separation of soil particles into sand, silt and clay fractions and determining the percentage of each size class. The texture of the soil was obtained with the aid of the “Textural Triangular diagram. Determination of Heavy Metal Contents in Soil The heavy metal contents of soils were determined after dry ashing the soils and extracting with dilute nitric acid. The ashed samples were then treated with 10 ml of 2N HNO3, filtered into a 50 ml volumetric flask and diluted to the 50 ml mark with distilled water. This solution was used for determination of the various heavy metals by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Estimation of soil microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) The composite soil samples for microbiology were introduced into sterile plastic bottles,
properly labeled and kept in the refrigerator (4o – 8
oC) until ready for analysis. Total
viable counts of culturable, aerobic heterotrophic microbes were obtained by preparing
serial 10-fold (or decimal) dilutions of the samples in sterile physiological saline (0.85%
w/v NaCl in deionized water) and surface plating onto sterile nutrient agar medium in
triplicate. Inoculated plates were incubated at room temperature (30o + 2
o C) for 48 hours
before colony enumeration. Hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms were assayed for
using the vapour phase transfer method (Okpokwasili and Amanchukwu, 1988). Bacteria
and moulds were enumerated.
For the fungal counts, 1ml of soil dilutions of the 10-3
dilution was transferred with sterile
pipettes into McCartney bottles containing 9 ml molten potato dextrose agar (PDA)
maintained at a temperature of 42 – 45oC in a water bath. The ultimate dilution used was
thus 10-4
. With another sterile pipette, 0.1 ml of streptomycin solution of an appropriate
strength was added to each bottle of agar and soil suspension to suppress bacterial growth.
The contents in each bottle were mixed by gently rocking the bottle, poured into sterile
Petri dishes, and then incubated in duplicate at 25 – 30oC for 3 days. Fungal colonies that
developed were enumerated after this period.
3.1.2 Vegetation The vegetation study was accomplished by taking an inventory and samples of plant species within and outside of the ROW. Characterization/identification of plant species and the structure of plant communities were worked out in the field. However, plant species that could not be immediately identified in the field were taken to the herbarium in the University of Port Harcourt for proper identification using “Flora of Tropical West Africa”, by Hutchinson and Dalziel (1963). Analysis of vegetation communities within a quadrat of 20 cm
The pathological status of some plants was observed and samples were taken to the laboratory for pathological analysis. Also, plant materials were dried and 2 g of dry tissue was acid-digested for heavy metal analyses. 3.1.3 Wildlife An inventory of the terrestrial wildlife fauna of the study area was drawn up from various sources. These include direct sighting of individuals, examination of indirect evidence such as faecal droppings, feathers, footmarks and vocal cues, and by questioning local hunters and residents. 3.1.4 Aquatic Studies 3.1.4.1 Surface Water The water samples were collected at the pipeline crossing location, as well as upstream and downstream locations of the pipeline crossings at the Sambreiro and Orashi rivers. Samples were also collected from Kolo Creek, other creeks and streams. Composites of five water samples were collected at each location.
All sample containers were rinsed with the water being sampled before putting in the sample into the containers. Samples for hydrocarbon analysis were collected in glass bottles, while those for heavy metal analysis were acidified to pH 2.0, using nitric acid in a separate set of sampling bottles.
Samples for microbiological analysis were collected in sterile plastic bottles and stored in ice-packed containers and later transferred to the refrigerator within four hours of collection. Laboratory Analysis
Phosphate
Phosphate content of the surface water was determined by the stannous chloride method (APHA 1992). Phosphate in water reacted with ammonium molybdate in acidic medium to form molybdophosphuric acid, which was reduced to molybdenum blue complex by stannous chloride. The intensity of colour was measured at 690nm using Spectronic-20 spectrophotometer.
Sulphate
Sulphate was determined by the turbidimetric method (APHA 1992). The sulphate was reacted with barium ion in the presence of sodium chloride-hydrochloric acid solution containing glycerol and ethyl alcohol. This results in the formation of colloidal barium sulphate, which was measured at 420nm.
Suspended Solids This parameter was measured by gravimetric method (APHA, 1992). 200ml of water
samples were filtered through pre-weighed 0.5µ membrane filter. The filters were then
dried to constant weight in an oven at 103 – 105oC.
Chloride Chloride was measured titrimetrically by the Argentometric method in slightly alkaline
solution with silver nitrate (AgNO3), solution in the presence of potassium chromate as
indicator (APHA, 1992).
Oil and Grease Oil and grease was measured after pre-extracting 100ml sample with 10.0ml carbon
tetrachloride, using a Horiba Oil Content Analyzer (OCMA-200, range 0 – 100 ppm).
Biochemical Oxygen Demand The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is conventionally reported as the five-day value
and is defined as the amount of oxygen required by living organisms engaged in the
utilisation and stabilisation of the organic matter present in water or wastewater. The unit
of expression is milligram oxygen per litre (mg O2 L-). The standard test involves seeding
with sewage, river water, or effluent, and incubating at 20oC.
The BOD of the water samples collected was determined using modified oxygen depletion/Winkler’s method (APHA, 1992). It is a titrimetric procedure based on the oxidising property of dissolved oxygen DO.
Two sets of samples were collected; one set for immediate dissolved oxygen (DO)
determination and the other for incubation for 5 days at 20oC. Prior to titration, each of the
samples (250 ml) was fixed with 2 ml of Winkler 1 reagent and 2 ml of Winkler II
reagents, 2 ml of concentrated H2SO4 was also added to aid liberation of iodine equivalent
to the original DO content in the sample. The samples were then titrated with a standard
solution of thiosulphate. The difference between initial and 5-day DO gives the BOD mg/l.
3.1.4.2 Plankton Sampling
Phytoplankton and zooplankton samples were collected using the screen method. For phytoplankton, 1 litre of water samples was collected in a plastic container and preserved in a solution of Lugol’s iodine. Quantitative zooplankton samples
were obtained by filtering a known volume of water through a 55µ-mesh size plankton net. The net and contents of the retention container were rinsed into a collection jar and fixed in 10% formalin solution.
Samples of benthos were obtained using a stainless steel Ekman type grab. Sub-samples were taken for microbiological studies and heavy metals analysis and the remainder sieved through a 1.0 mm-mesh sieve, using the water where the sediment was collected, and preserved in 10% formalin solution.
3.1.4.4 Fisheries Fishing activity was assessed by counting the number of fishermen at work at the time of sampling. The types of gear used by fishermen were observed and their catch examined for types of fish. Fishermen were also interviewed to obtain further information on the attributes of the fisheries of the areas under study. Samples were obtained for laboratory examination.
3.1.5 Geology / Hydrogeology The stratigraphy of the subsurface soil was investigated using Percussion Drilling technique to drill to the aquifer depth. The drilling was carried out without the introduction of extraneous substances. Six boreholes were drilled in the study area.
Sample cuttings were taken at intervals from each borehole (especially at points where it changes in lithology) for laboratory soil testing of textural characteristics.
The wells were screened and cased with PVC pipes, gravel packed, cemented and capped. The use of PVC pipes for casing and screening was to prevent infiltration and contamination of the groundwater. The wells were developed by flushing for a period of about two hours and allowed to equilibrate before water samples were collected.
Groundwater flow direction in the study area was determined using the three boreholes drilled in the Kolo Creek Field. The boreholes were located in a triangular manner. The depth to water (static water level) in each borehole was measured with a Fisher Model WLT electric water level indicator. The depth to water (SWL) of each borehole was subtracted from the elevation of the borehole to obtain the total water head at that point. A triangle was drawn on the map with the boreholes and their respective total head values at the apices of the triangle. Lines joining points of equal water elevation (equipotential lines) were drawn, and perpendicular lines drawn to these lines gave the groundwater flow direction in the area.
The stratigraphy of the boreholes was studied in the field. The hydrogeologic conditions in the project area were assessed using the boreholes drilled. Groundwater samples were collected for potability analysis. The water samples
were collected into appropriately labeled containers as recommended by DPR (1991).
3.1.6 Air Quality/Noise Measurement
The ambient suspended particulate matter level in the study area was sampled with Hi-Vol. sampler, an impinger train, a vacuum pump and a power generating set. The equipment was stationed in an open suitable space in areas away from and within settlements. A total of 3 locations were sampled for suspended particulate matter.
Other air quality parameters namely, noise, ambient temperature, NOx, SO2, and H2S,
were determined in-situ using hand-held detectors, at 5 different locations along the entire
length of the pipeline route. Noise levels were determined using a noise meter (DAWE
1422). For other parameters, NOx, was determined using meter model GC 901, fitted with
a NOx sensor 01 (G-cell 44-900); SO2, using meter model GC 801, fitted with SO2 sensor,
(G-cell 44-800) and H2S, using GC-700 meter (fitted with G-cell 44-700 H2S sensor).
3.1.7 Socio-Economics and Human Health Studies The Community/Socio-Economic Assessment involved the gathering of social (demographic housing, settlement pattern, education facilities), cultural (origin/ historical information, shrines and sacred forest), economic (occupation, commerce, income) and land-use pattern data, etc of the pipeline communities (Fig. 3.2).
The socio-economic and health risk assessment surveys were carried out using detailed and, well-structured questionnaires, personal interviews, meetings/ consultations and taking inventory through observations. The questionnaires were distributed through focal points and covered all strata of the community members. The wide spectrum of the community members interviewed ensured that every view was considered and noted.
Health Risk Assessment involved the assessment of the health status of the people (sanitation, water supply, waste disposal, food types, diseases/common illness, habitations etc.), community health survey and physical/clinical observations among others.
3.1.8 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
This was an integral part of the studies and it covered all aspects of the study. The quality assurance programme conformed to FEPA, DPR and other international standards. The programme covered sample collection during fieldwork, transportation to the laboratory and handling of laboratory analyses, data verification / communication. Documentation of actual sample storage, treatment and laboratory analyses was handled by the use of chain of custody procedures.
• Obtaining a representative portion of the material concerned
• Obtaining a sufficient volume of the samples for analyses
• Sampling of the ecological components
• Establishment of numbering system and proper labeling of containers
• Use of appropriate field recording forms, and
• Regular meting during fieldwork to assess progress and performance.
The sampling rationale took into consideration the possible principal sources of bias, e.g., inaccuracy and imprecision and establishment of sampling points and sampling collection were carefully selected by proven methods to remove systematic error. Representative sampling (composite samples) ensured high quality data collection.
Sample Collection and Handling
Sample collection and handling methods used are those specified in the DPR, guidelines and standards (Part VIII D: Standard procedures for sampling and analyses) and FEPA Guidelines. Samples collected were properly sealed and labeled. The following information was provided on each of the samples:
• Identification code or sample number,
• Date and time of sampling,
• Description of sample, and
• Methods of sampling
A duplicate copy of this information was sent along with the sample collected when the samples were being sent to the laboratory for examination.
Movement of the samples, sample identification and other information were recorded on sample chain of custody form.
Soil Samples The horizontal extent (area coverage) of surface soil was investigated by obtaining representative samples (at least five to ten different random boring collected at random make up a composite sample of a location) with a 9cm-diameter hand auger. Surface litters of undecomposed plant materials were removed to ensure that uncontaminated soil samples was collected.
To obtain representative sample of the whole soil mass, steps taken include:
• the taking and mixing of a series of cores from the area to be sampled and;
Water Samples Surface Water Collection All sample containers were pre-washed with detergent and rinsed several times with
distilled water. Containers for the collection of samples for heavy metals analysis were
acid-washed. Before the collection of samples, the containers were rinsed with the water to
be sampled. Water samples were collected below the surface and containers were always
filled to brim.
For metal analysis, samples were treated with HNO3 to pH 2 to prevent precipitation.
Samples for organic matter content analysis were preserved in HCl to prevent
biodegradation. Glass containers were used for the collection of samples for hydrocarbon
analysis. The samples were immediately preserved in ice-cooled boxes and transported to
the laboratory for analysis, samples were stored in a refrigerator at approximately 4oC to
minimise storage changes prior to analyses
In situ measurements were carried out in the field for pH, temperature, and turbidity to
ensure quality of data. The equipment for in situ measurements were always properly
checked and calibrated before and after sampling.
Vegetation Samples Most of the plants were identified in the field, thus ensuring correct identification. Unidentified plants were pressed immediately after each day’s collection to ensure that vegetative characteristics were intact and plants look as natural as possible.
Microbiological Analyses Surface water and soil samples were collected in sterile glass bottles. The samples were
stored in an ice-cooler in the field and refrigerated at 4oC after the day’s field activities
thus ensuring that the organisms did not change in their population characteristics before
laboratory analysis.
Laboratory Analyses A combination of standard in situ measurements, the DPR Guidelines and Standards
procedures Part VIII (D) 2.0 (sampling procedures for sampling and analyses) and US
were adopted in this study. Surface water samples were subjected to physico-chemical
analysis using various methods published by the American Public Health Association
(APHA, 1992).
In general, during the analyses, the sensitivity, stability, accuracy, and precision of results and capability for calibration of the equipment were some of the prime considerations for the choice of analytical procedures. Field blanks, standards, spiked and blind control samples were used to provide independent checks, to assess changes in sample composition that may arise due to handling, storage and transportation as well as performance of the specific analytical procedure(s) in the laboratory.
The Project Area covers a total of 53.76km x 37.58km (2020.30sq. km) approximately; defined by the following Co-ordinates: (Top Left: 424746.00E, 478506.00E); and (Bottom Right: 109900.00N, 72320.00N)
The area is dominated by Forests and Farmland, west to east of the area of interest, with more than 66% (66.63%) and 16.73% respectively, Mangrove and Sparse Vegetation in the SSE and NNE of the area under consideration. Urban/Industrial and Water (basically in the NE, and East, of entire area) form relatively lower percentage of the total project area, with 1.05% and 1.87%. The main urban areas include: Omagwa, Rundele, Rumuekpe, and Soku. The land use/Land cover area summary of the project area is presented below in Table3.1 and Figure 3.3.
Table 3.1: Land cover area summary for Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe project
Area Km2 37.77 219.26 927.64 418.46 338.00 57.89 21.28 2020.30
% Area 1.87 10.85 45.92 20.71 16.73 2.87 1.05 100
3.2.1.2 Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Trunk line Corridor
The proposed Kolo Creek - Rumuekpe trunk line corridor passes through an existing pipeline right-of-way (ROW) and crosses forests (6.85km) from Kolo Creek, and farmland, SW and East of Ibelebiri; and sparse vegetation (18.67km) near Enwhe flow station; crossing river channel (water) (22.67km) and minor settlement at Odigwe; through sparse vegetation and urban/industrial areas at Owerewere (26.88km), and then traversing through a major farmland area (approximately 8km in length) and small settlements, minor stream channel (36.60km) through to Rumuekpe (37.50km), and manifold/flow station on its joint, tying at 37.70km length. The third–party pipeline (Agip-pipeline) crosses the Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe pipeline at approximately 16.60km from Kolo Creek. There are three minor and one major river-crossings of between 0.066km (approx.66m) to 0.19km (approx. 186m) widths at crossing points, respectively. Most of the minor river crossings are channel distributaries of the major rivers making a total of 0.2km² or 1% (approximately) of the total project area, across water. The land use/land cover for the trunk line corridor is presented in Table 3.2 and Figure 3.4.
Area (km2) 0.18 0.00 11.01 5.45 8.20 3.55 1.05 29.44
% Area 0.61 0.00 37.40 18.51 27.85 12.06 3.57 100
3.2.2 Soils
The physical characteristics of the surface (0 – 15 cm) and subsurface (15 – 30 cm) soils around the study area are presented in Table 3.3. The chemistry of soil determines, to an extent its properties and peculiarities. The presence or absence of mineral elements influences the physical characteristics and agricultural quality of a soil. The result of the analysis of soils from Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe 20” Trunk line pipeline and its environs indicate a textural variation from loams through silty clay and clay. However there is dominance of clay and loam on the surface soils of around Otuasega/Owerewere axis, and Owerewere/Ihuama/Rumuekpe axis respectively.
Table 3.3: Physical Characteristics of Surface and Subsurface Soils around
the Study Area.
Surface soils (0 – 15cm depth)
Colour - Consists predominantly of shades of brown (brownish,
dark brown and greyish brown).
Nature of soil -
-
Predominantly clayey and few silty clayey areas along Otuasega/Owerewere axis.
Predominantly loamy and few clayey areas along
Owerewere/Ihuama/Rumuekpe axis.
Consistency -
-
Wet and plastic along Otuasega/Owerewere axis.
Generally loose along Owerewere/Ihuama/ Rumuekpe
axis.
Porosity -
-
Poor drainage along Otuasega/Owerewere axis
Fair and good drainage along Owerewere/Ihuama/ Rumuekpe axis.
Subsurface soil (15 – 30cm depth) Colour - Consists predominantly of shades of brown
(brownish, dark brown and greyish brown) Nature of soil -
-
Generally clayey, but silty clayey in few areas along Otuasega / Owerewere axis. Predominantly loamy and few clayey areas along
Owerewere/Ihuama/Rumuekpe axis.
Consistency -
-
Sticky wet and plastic along Otuasega/Owerewere axis. Generally loose but plastic in few areas along Owerewere/Ihuama/Rumuekpe axis.
Porosity -
-
Poor drainage along Otuasega/Owerewere axis. Fair and good drainage along Owerewere/Ihuama/ Rumuekpe axis of the pipeline route.
pH
The pH values obtained from soils along the 20” Trunk line Kolo creek – Rumuekpe pipeline route indicate high acidity of the soil samples. The observed pH values ranged from 3.90 – 6.13. Topsoil pH ranged from 4.01 – 5.62 and 4.89 – 6.13 for rainy and dry seasons, respectively, while bottom soil samples had pH values that ranged from 3.9 – 5.91 and 4.98 – 5.8, respectively, for rainy and dry seasons.
Conductivity
The mean conductivity recorded for the soil in the wet and dry season was 36.03 µScm-
and 35.48 µScm-respectively. The conductivity of the soils was low with ranges between
10-79.9 mg/gm during the rainy and dry seasons. This is an indication of the minimal
presence of saline materials and the inland nature of this area.
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) A mean TOC level of 0.91% and 1.9% were recorded in the soils during the wet and dry seasons respectively. The organic matter of most tropical soils falls in the range of 0.5-5.0% and decrease with depth (Udo, 1986). Many important soil properties like soil water absorption and retention, capacity to supply nitrogen, phosphorous and other elements to growing plants, adequacy of aeration, etc are dependent to some extent on the quality of organic matter present. Total Hydrocarbon (THC) The THC obtained in this study ranged from 2.7 – 68.2mg/kg for soil samples. The values of these potential contaminants were found to be generally low. The values did not show much seasonal variation. These low levels of hydrocarbon can be traced to the biogenic sources resulting most likely from plant material decay.
Nitrite nitrogen levels were low in both rainy and dry seasons. Concentrations ranged from 0.4 – 3.2 ppm in surface and subsurface samples. Nitrate – Nitrogen (NO3
-) Nitrate nitrogen (NO3
-) levels were moderate. Mean values were 97.85 mg/kg and 82.45 mg/kg for rainy and dry season respectively. This value is indicative of effective mineralization and contribution to the fertility of the soils. There was generally a low nitrogen level when compared with carbon, which was high. The carbon nitrogen ratio was about 30:1 accounting for the low to moderate fertility observed. However, very high ratios are known to reduce soil fertility.
Phosphate – Phosphorous (PO4
3-) Phosphate – phosphorus plays a vital role in plant metabolism. Also organisms involved in biological activities in the soil require phosphorus for the production and synthesis of new cell tissues. This anion is also known to stimulate root growth in plants. The phosphate levels observed in the soil were low and ranged between 0.11 and 0.89 mg/kg for both wet and dry season. There was evidence of increasing concentration of phosphate ion during the dry season. The phosphorous (P) levels mean values 0.18 mg/kg during the rains and 0.52 mg/kg during dry season were recorded. The low nutrient levels may be due to high leaching action arising from the rainfall recorded in the Niger Delta area. Sulphate – Sulphur (SO4
2-) The sulphate – sulphur levels were generally low. All the surface and subsurface samples in the wet season recorded sulphate content levels <1.0 mg/kg while 81.1% and 92.0% of surface and subsurface samples had SO4
2- levels in the range 0.01 – 0.09 mg/kg during the dry season.
Exchangeable Cations In assessing soil fertility, the available nutrient contents include ions in solution and those
held by the clay and organic colloids. But it is those in solution that the plant roots will
take up. The nutrient levels are always related to the exchangeable cations. The cations are
mainly calcium ions, (Ca2+
), Magnesium ions, (Mg2+
), Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+)
ions. The levels of these two cations were observed to be moderate to high. Sodium (Na+)
levels ranged from 46.8 – 201 mg/kg. The soils recorded a high cation exchange capacity.
Mean values of 93.6mg/kg - 104.4 mg/kg, 40.14 mg/kg - 49.04 mg/kg, 113.11 mg/kg –
133.3 mg/kg and 16.73 mg/kg –19.23 mg/kg were recorded for Na+, k+, Ca2+
and Mg2+
respectively during the two season sampling periods.
Heavy Metals
Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and vanadium (V) are some of the heavy metals found associated with crude oil. The baseline determination of their levels in the ecosystem is very vital. In case of ecological perturbation arising from
incidents such as oil spillages, their new levels in the post impact assessment will indicate the extent of environmental pollution.
The iron level was observed to be high in all the soil samples studied around the 20” Trunk line Kolo creek –Rumuekpe pipeline. Iron content levels ranged from 601.28 – 1084.3 mg/kg. Zinc level was observed to be high ranging from 2.13 – 32.6 mg/kg. The chromium contents of the soils were low. About 60% of the soil samples had Cr content levels below the detection limit of the test equipment during wet and dry season. However during the rainy season Cr content in the range 0.01 – 0.05 mg/l was observed in 57.7% and 19.2% surface and subsurface soils respectively. Pb content levels were also low in the soil samples. About 42% of the soils had Pb content levels below detection limit during the wet season while about 90% during the dry season had a below detection limit Pb content. During the wet period, 43% of the surface and 42% of the subsurface soil had Pb content in the range around 0.01 – 0.05 mg/kg. Copper occurred in low amounts in the soils ranged from 0.87 – 8.21 mg/kg in the soils.
Cadmium content of the soils was very low. 100% of the soils during the wet season had Cd content below detection limits. In the dry season however, 55.8% of the soils still had Cd content below detection limits while 42.3% of the surface and 46.2% of subsurface soils had Cd content levels in the range 0.0009 – 0.001 mg/kg. Vanadium was also low in the soils. V was not detected in 36.5% and 42.3% of wet and dry season soil samples respectively, however, in soils where V occurred, the concentration ranged from 0.001 – 0.019 mg/kg. Nickel content level was low in the soils. About 32% of soil in the wet season and 29% in the dry season had Ni content levels below detection limit, while in other samples the Ni concentration ranged from 0.01 – 0.1 during the wet season. Manganese as it occurred in the soils was moderate to high. The range was from 2.5 – 300 mg/kg. Mercury was not detected in the soils in the study area.
3.2.3 Vegetation
Untouched vegetation was observed on both sides of this 38-km Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunk line route, although there are several human interferences from cultivation, logging, oil activities and exploitation for a variety of products. The vegetation of the area is generally a secondary type at few places probably are more than 40 years old and assume a primary pristine nature: and girth sizes of some of the forest trees identified.
The floristic composition of the study area is diverse. A considerable variation in physiognomy, structure and girth sizes occur. Where forests exist, the distribution of trees show the scattering of the highest canopy trees all over the forest. In such areas, several species of shrubs, herbs, climbers/tangles and epiphytes also occur. These apart from completing the forest also provide soil and forest stabilization against agents of denudation. Their importance to the general
Their heights in most places range from 25 – 35 m. They include Alstonia booneii,
Piptaderiastrum africanum, Klainedoxa gabonensis etc.
The second canopy layer is completely closed with marked canopy contact. The close
contact of the sclerophyllous leaves of species in this layer make penetration of light into
the ground floor of the forest difficult. Species in this layer are between 15 – 22 m tall and
include Cleiostopholis patens, Raphia spp., Anthocleista vogelii, Uapaca hendelotii,
Musanga cecropoides.
The lowest strata is poor in species composition and occupied by herbs, ferns, grasses,
sedges and some lianus shrubs, These include Maranthocloa congensis, Cyrtosperma
senegalensis, Afromomum spp., Costus afer and Diplazium sammantic.
It is noteworthy that this forest type is somehow undifferentiated in some areas in Ihuama/Rumuekpe axis. In this area, a canopy of distantly separated and easily identifiable tree species is noticed. In the gaps, dense tangles of shrubs and lianas practically form impenetrable vegetation closely held together. These completely cover and overhang the entire forest.
In terms of Raunkaerian life forms, most of the plant species belong to the Phenerophytes. The therophytes and epiphytes were the least. This shows the woody nature of the forest. There is a serious and indiscriminate exploitation of the fresh forest water species. Restriction and strict laws on felling and logging is necessary in such areas. Lowland Rainforest (Mixed tropical Rainforest)
The lowland rainforest formation is somehow the most dominant forest formation of the study area as it extends from Kolo-Creek to Rumuekpe. However, this forest is very discontinuous and in most areas are seen remnants of its own self or rainforest of several years. The stages of re-growth and maturity of this forest differ at different places along both sides of the pipeline. In fact human activities have greatly transformed the structure and probably species richness of this vegetation type. This is reminiscent in the number of plantations, farmlands, oil palm bush that dot both sides of the pipeline and the serious logging activities that go on where the forest is mature. The forest is very mature around Kolo-Creek area and between Odau - Owerewere through Odigwe (between 8.65 km to 24.700 km) along both sides of the pipeline.
Floristic Composition Where the forest is fully matured as in Kolo-Creek and between Odau to Odigwe, there is
a distinct profile as revealed by the vertical arrangement and spatial distribution of
individual plants. The floristic composition consists of species of transitional and wet
series. The emergent trees of the uppermost layer are Klainedoxa gabonensis, Symphonia
excelsa, Ceiba pentandra, Piptadeniasrtum africanum, Cynometra megalophylla, Cola
spp, Lophira alata and Sterculia tragacantha. These trees are very tall and spatially
distributed with heights ranging from 28 m and above.
The second layer is made up of several trees species and these include Pycnanthus angolensis, Cleistopholis patens, Funtumia africana, Musanga necropolises, Anthologist vogelii, Elaeis guineensis, Mitragyna ciliata, Albizia sp, Fagara sp., Dichrostachys cinerea, Pterocarpus soyauxii, Alstonia booneii, Pentaclethra macrophylla, Xylopia ethiopica, Alchornea cordifolia, Tetraptera tetraplura, Harungana madagascariensis, Fiscus vogeliana, Baphia spp, Acio barteri and Chrysobalamus orbicularies. Trees in this canopy layer have a highest range of 10 m to 27 m. Their crown merges form a continuous canopy. Associated with trees of this canopy layer are various shrubby lianas, lianas climbers and epiphytic species. These include Chromolaena odorata, Clappertonia ficifolia, Psychortria vogeliana, Anthonatha macrophylla, Combretum racemosum, Nephroleptis bisererata, Landolphia sp., Ficus exasperata, and Lessampelos spp., Urena spp, Griffonia calyeine and Mussaeda spp.
The lowest and ground floor is poor in species diversity. The vegetation on this layer
(ground floor) is sparse and the floor is covered with leaves. The forest is reasonably
penetrable and the canopies formed by the crowns of the tree species make the forest floor
gloomy with isolated sun fleck penetrating through gaps in the canopy. Characteristic
species include Diplazium sammanti, Acanthus monotamus, Maranthocloa congensis,
Maranthochloa sessilis, Costus afer, Selaginella spp, Centhoteca spp, and saplings of
woody trees like Cleiostopholis patens and Elaeis guineensis.
The density distribution of trees in this forest type shows that Elaeis guineensis was the
most dominant. Symphonia globulifera, C.patens and A. vogelii followed this.
Structure The forest is fully mature with the vegetation properly differentiated into three distinct
strata, namely the upper, middle, and the lowest strata or storey as described above.
However, where the forest is not fully matured (secondary forest) like on both sides of the
pipeline around Oruma and before Odau, the forest profile does not show three distinct
strata. Instead, two strata are clearly visible with an emergent stratum of trees, which are
scattered all over the forest, and a second stratum, which merges with the ground floor.
The emergent in these areas are mostly Picnanthus angolensis, Elaeis guineensis,
Chlorophora excelsa and Musanga cecropiodes. This forest is remarkably regular and
uniform in structure, though the abundance of small climbers and young saplings gives it a
dense and tangled appearance. In terms of the Raunkiaerian life forms, the life spectrum
indicated that the mesophanerophytes, megaphanerophytes and microphanerophytes
constitute the dominant life forms (about 65%) and represented by herbaceous, shrubs and
saplings of tree species constitute about 25%, while the ferns, epiphytes and palms
Results of the dry and rainy season sampling of this forest did not show any changes in vegetation structure and profile. However, constant exploitation of this forest for timber definitely will change its species richness and composition. This will in the long run affect the structure of the forest.
Bush Fallow Vegetation
Bush fallow vegetation of 1 to 15 years old fringe the pipeline ROW on both sides at several intervals. These bush fallow lands represent areas where farming and other severe exploitation have taken place years ago. Interjected by patches of farmlands is a fringe of bush fallow vegetation on both sides of the ROW from Owerewere to Okoma.
Floristic Composition Grasses, herbs and few stands of timber and tree crops characterize this Bush fallow
vegetation type. The floristic composition consists dominantly of Alchornea cordifolia,
spp., Citrus sinensis, Cola acumuminata and Dacroides edulis. Common ferns and
grasses are Selaginella spp., Diplazium spp., nephroleptis biserrata, Cyanodon dactylum,
Axonopus compresus, Sporobtus pyramidalis and Pennisetum spp.
Alchornea cordifolia, Harungana madagascariensis and Chromolaena odorata dominated
the bush fallow vegetation.
Structure The vegetation of the Bush fallow areas is very open with the ground floor covered with
herbaceous species. The overall height generally range from 1 m to 7 m high except for
the emergent tree species like Chlorophora excelsa and Elaeis guineensis which range
from 15 m to 20 m high. The Bush fallow vegetation is open and unstratified.
The life form spectrum shows high incidence of nanophanerophytes, chanerophytes, hemicryptophytes and cryptophytes, indicating that the plant communities are unstratified and generally lack woody trees except for few and scattered (phanerophytes) stands of trees. These areas are thus degraded areas. The Bush fallow vegetation did not show much change during the two-season sampling.
Other crop plants identified in some of these farms are Chrydophyllum albidium, Artocarpus communis, Dacroides edulis, psidium guajava and Cola acuminata.
Vegetation around the settlements Several communities exist from Otuaesega of Kolo-Creek area to Rumuekpe. Economic
tree crops dominate these communities. The different economic tree crops identified in
these communities include Cocos nucifera (coconut), Annona muricata (sour sop), Cola
acuminata (native cola), Citrus sinensis (orange), Musa sapientum (Banana), Musa
Azadirachta indica and Hura crepitans. Also such vegetation as Telfaria occidentalis,
Pterocarpus soyanxii and Cucurbita moschata were identified.
3.2.3.2 Phytopathological Studies
The disease symptoms and microorganisms isolated from diseased plants along the ROW for the two sampling seasons are presented in Table 3.4. Visual and on-sight pathological assessment of the area showed that leaf spots were the most dominant disease symptoms affecting several plants. Laboratory pathological analysis showed that several organisms are associated with these symptoms. Generally, fungal diseases were most prevalent. The diseases observed on the crops and plants species are comparable for the two seasons; both in nature and severity through more fungal genera were recorded during the rainy season studies. This may be due to the constantly humid nature of the season, which favours fungal growth.
The state of health of the overall vegetation and the commonest species appeared quite normal. None of the diseases isolated were unusual to the plant species. There is no evidence of endemic vegetation problems along the ROW. However, it is noteworthy that the cassava mosaic virus and such fungal pathogens as Phomopsis sp., Fusarium sp., Cercospora sp., Mycosphaerella sp. and Colletotrichum sp., isolated from species along the ROW are all capable of causing epidemic disease under favourable environmental conditions.
Nephrolepis biserata Leaf spot and chlorosis Pestalotia spp.
3.2.3.3 Plant tissues Analysis Results of the heavy metal contents of the plant species from the study area are presented in Table 3.5. The concentrations of the non-essential trace metals (e.g. Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr), which are also the most toxic ranged from below detectable limits to generally low levels. The relatively high concentrations of essential metals such as Zn, Fe and Mn do not represent contamination.
The wildlife result as presented in Table 3.6 shows that the environment around the study areas to be typical rainforest habitats that have been greatly disturbed over time. Due to activities like farming, industrialization and new settlement/community development, the vegetation has therefore been reduced to weeds, grasses, farmlands and a few scattered trees with patches of secondary forests. This has in turn greatly affected the distribution of wildlife in this area. Wildlife commonly sighted or shown to be present in the area includes: Rodents (rats, giant rats, cane rats, grass cutters and squirrels); Carnivores (bats, pangolin, African civet, Dwarf mongoose, forest genet, bush pig); Herbivores (Royal antelope, African Bushrel, Bushbuck); Birds (fowls, Kites, Doves, Hornbills, Parrots, Vulture and other birds); Reptiles (Lizards, Kinks and a few Snakes); Amphibians (Toads and Frogs) etc.
These abundant species find pasturage from the weeds, grasses and Farm crops. The presence in large numbers of rodents in particular, and the near absence of
the big mammals like Leopards, Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Monkeys, Deers etc) which make up the typical rainforest wildlife are major indicators that the environment along the pipeline stretch has suffered massive deforestation over the years. Among the avian species, the most abundant were those commonly associated with farmlands and villages while those typical of the rainforest environments were lacking. Amongst the reptilia, the Pythons, Crocodiles and Monitor lizards typical of the dense rainforests were rare and/or absent in the area.
Generally, new and emergent colonizers of farmlands, swamps and the sparsely distributed secondary forests have replaced the wildlife associated with the tall trees and canopies of the dense tropical rainforests.
The freshwater swamp forest occurring around Kolo Creek and Ihuama\Rumuekpe areas provided habitat for the numerous amphibians, fishes, snakes and piscivorous birds. The big games visit the swamps at night according to hunters’ reports during which time they may be trapped or shot. The River and gallery from Owerewere through Odigwe (between 8.65km point-24.7km) along both sides of the pipeline provide habitats for predacious birds, monkeys, squirrels, snakes, pangolin etc. While the undergrowth and the cushion of the dry leaf litter provided cover for some ground and burrow dwellers. The bush fallow vegetation which were often cut and burnt during planting commonly found along the ROWS are seen Lizards, Mice, Rats, Rabbits, and birds. The cultivated farmlands as well as the bush fallow provide cover and feeding ground for Rabbits, Cane Rats, Shrews, Hedgehog, Porcupine, Birds and snakes. Some wildlife-byproducts such as hooves, horns, beaks, feathers, skin and teeth are used as ornaments as well as for traditional medicine production. Special talking drums are produced from hides and skin derived from antelopes and bushbucks. Traditional warriors, wrestlers, traditional rulers and other distinguished men also wear some of these ornaments during certain occasions as mark of their bravery or status in society. However, some wildlife constitutes a problem to cultivated farmlands. The cane rats, rabbits ground squirrel, hedgehog, rats and porcupine cause severe damage to economic crops while seed eating birds can reduce maize yields in a farm.
Generally the adult size of the animals and the overall abundance number is low. The hunters interviewed attributed this to excessive exploitation of the animals through hunting and trapping for food or money. Excessive hunting has greatly depleted the wildlife in many tropical habitats and the continuous exploitation of such wildlife makes them very vulnerable and increases the probability of their becoming endangered (Happolds, 1987).
Another phenomenon threatening wildlife in these areas is deforestation through
uncontrolled logging and clearing for agricultural purposes. Of all the animal species
reported in this study, only the Royal antelope Neotragus pygmaeus is under the
endangered list, the others are either vulnerable or common.
Wild Life Abundance The abundance status indicate that amongst the mammals, the ‘grass cutter’ Thryonomys swinderianus was the most abundant and very common especially along the R.O.W. other abundant species with a generally satisfactory status include, Cricetomys gambienus, Erinacieus albiventus, Syricapra grimnota and Tragelaphus scriptus. The ganet, Gennetta and the Pangolin, Mamarius tetradactyla are dwindling in number and becoming more vulnerable. The royal antelope Neotragus pigmaeus, bush-tailed porcupine (Arthenerus africanus), long tailed Pangolin (Manis longicondata), and all the birds of the falconidae family including the african black kite (Milvanus migrans), Shitera (Accipiter baclius), Sparrow Hawk (Accipetre erythropeus), and the black shouldered kite (Elanus caerubus), as indicated in the decree 11 of 1985 appear endangered, while other specie such as Vivera civetta, Herpestes sanguineus and Nandida binotata are rare. Among the aves, the black kite, Milvus migraus was the most abundant in the dry season. Other birds with a satisfactory status of abundance include the allied hornbill, Lophorerus semifasitus the pied crow, Corvus albus, the cattle egret Bulbulcus ibis, the fowl, Francohanus bicedacaratus, and the guinea fowl Guttera pucherari. . 3.2.5 Aquatic Studies
3.2.5.1 Physico-chemistry of water bodies The data on the physico chemical characteristics of water samples collected from the rivers, and creeks traversed by the pipeline in wet and dry season are given in the Tables 3.7.and 3.8.
Depth The depth of this creek varies with the season having a range of 1.2–2.1m in the settled
dry season to 2.5 – 5m in the rainy season. The transparency was low with values around
0.0 – 0.6m in the dry season and 0.25 – 0.5m in the rainy season. The low transparency
may be attributed to shade from dense vegetation at the banks, and in the rainy season
leachates and allochthonous organic matter input from the drainage basin.
The depth of Orashi river ranges between 3.5 – 8.2m during the dry and rainy seasons. However the depth approaches the upper-limit value at the peak of the rains. Its transparency is moderate ranging from 0.2 – 1.2m in the rainy season to 1.0 – 1.7m in the dry season. The water is light brown in colour and turbid.
The depth of Sambreiro river ranges around 4 – 7metres left and right of pipe line crossing. It has a high transparency with values as high as 3 –4metres. The water is very clear with no visible turbidity.
pH
The pH values of the rivers and creeks showed little or no seasonal variation. The values were within the range of 4.89 – 6.48(all were acidic) in the rainy season
while in the dry season the values ranged from 5.1 – 6.2. their acidity increased from Sambreiro -Orashi -Kolo Creek-Kolo Creeklet.
Conductivity The conductivity of the rivers did not vary much seasonally. The lands were very low lying, indicating that water systems are fresh. Conductivity ranged from 19.5 –
75.0µS/cm during the rainy season while the values ranged from 17.6 –
52.7µS/cm in the dry season. The wet season slight increase may be as a result of intrusion of some dissolved materials that increase the conductivity of the of the water bodies. Dissolved Oxygen The dissolved oxygen concentrations were quite adequate, maximum concentrations were attained in dry season (9.3 – 14.3mg/L). In the rainy season, the oxygen concentration decreased slightly to a range 8.2 – 8.7mg/l. this relative decrease in the concentration is due to flood water that brings with it decomposable organic matter which exerts a high oxygen demand to depress the oxygen concentration.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
The BOD of water was lower in the dry season (3.01 – 4.02 mg/L) than in the wet/rainy season. In the later periods the values lay in the range 4.0 – 5.5 mg/L. this values corroborated evidence of increased allochthonous oxygen demand shown by the dissolved oxygen concentration data. Turbidity Turbidity levels in the waters and rivers of the creeks showed a visible seasonal variation. In dry season, the turbidity of these systems ranged from (0.16 – 0.28NTU) and in the wet season, the range lay from 0.28 – 3.126NTU. The creeklet of Kolo Creek was the most turbid. The other had <0.5 NTU.
Hardness There was a slight change in the hardness characteristics of the river and creeklet with increases in the rainy season and a reduction in the dry season. Rainy season values ranged from 2.5 – 27.4 mg/L for both seasons. Orashi River had higher hardness levels compared to other water bodies in the study area.
This feature is an indication of inorganic carbon level available for photosynthetic activity. Values in the rainy season ranged from 12.5 – 50.3 mg/l. The Kolo Creeklet recorded the highest level of Alkalinity in both Rainy and dry seasons.
Total Suspended solids (TSS)
The TSS values of the water bodies varied directly with the turbidity. Rainy season TSS values were higher (5.2 –22.67 mg/l) than the dry season that had the TSS range of 4.7 – 16.3 mg/l, the Kolo Creeklet also recorded the highest level of TSS in the seasons.
Total Dissolved Solids
The TDS content of the river and creek traversed by the pipeline was low and it is a reflection of salt intrusion. Dry season values were higher the rainy season values by at least 10X. Rainy season values ranged from 11.20 – 39.85 mg/l while dry season values were in the range of 136 – 520 mg/l.
Chemical oxygen Demand (COD)
The COD is used as a measure of oxygen equivalent of organic matter content of a sample that is susceptible to oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant. The COD of the water systems around the study area was low in seasonal concentration with rainy season values ranging from 11.30 – 15.10 mg/l higher than dry season values, which ranged from 2.4 – 4.0 mg/l.
Total Hydrocarbon (THC) The THC of the aquatic systems was also low like the oil and grease in both seasons’ samples. The wet season sample like in the oil and grease evaluation recorded higher THC levels (0.025 – 0.112 mg/l) compared to the dry season values of 0.010 – 0.063 mg/l. the observed increase may be due to the run-off inclusions and biogenic.
Chlorine (Cl-)
The Cl- ion content of the rivers and creeks were low in both the wet and dry seasons. This is not unexpected because the rivers and creeks in the study area are inland which is further corroborated by the TDS results.
The wet season’s values with range (5.0 – 7.0 mg/l) were slightly lower than the dry season (5.3 – 8.1 mg/l) samples in the value.
Nitrates (NO3-)
The presence of this anion in aquatic systems in ranges in excess of the regulation limit may lead to ecologically unacceptable consequences due to tendency to support algae bloom, a state called eutrophication. However this anion is very vital in the primary production in this aquatic habitats. The Nitrate levels showed classical seasonality with rainy season values (3.25 – 4.6 mg/l) being higher than dry season values, which ranged from (0.02 – 0.042 mg/l). The
wet season ranges were almost 10 times greater than that of the dry season values.
Phosphate (PO43-
)
Phosphate – phosphorus in the water bodies was also low with the rainy season values (0.07 – 0.16 mg/l) ranging higher than dry season levels (0.0001 – 0.06 mg/l).
Heavy metals content All the heavy metals tested were below detection limits except for iron and zinc. The result of the heavy metal content is shown in table 3.8. The zinc (Zn) content of the rivers and creeks were low. The wet season values ranged from 0.006 – 0.02 mg/l. This trace level of zinc must have come from the land run off since the zinc level of the soil were relatively high. The iron (Fe) contents of these aquatic systems were also low. Rainy season values ranged from 0.01 – 6.636, while dry season values recorded only in the Kolo creek and the creeklet ranged from 0.12 – 0.25 mg/l.
3.2.5.2 Sediments Apart from the wet season sediment samples from Orashi river which had a pH of 4.88, all the other sediment samples irrespective of season had pH values in the range of 5.00 – 5.99.
Sediment samples from Kolo creek had the least conductivity values in both wet and dry season followed by Orashi river sediment samples. Sombriero river sediment samples recorded the highest conductivity values in both the wet and
dry season. Conductivity values ranged from 42.00 – 73.50µScm-1 and 33.4 –
70.12µScm-1 for both wet and dry seasons respectively in the sediments of these water bodies. The conductivity values were relatively low for both the soil and sediment samples.
Sediments had TOC levels in the range 0.32 – 5.63% in the wet season with Sombriero River recording the highest level of 5.63%. In the dry season the range was 2.7 5.01%.
Sediment samples from Sombriero River had the highest THC value of 214.76 mg/kg during the wet season, followed by sediments from Orashi River with 38.93 mg/kg then Kolo creek sediments with 10.47 mg/kg. Their values for dry season were 226.14mg/kg, 10.7mg/kg and 8.13mg/kg in the same order. The seemingly high THC recorded in sediment samples from Sombriero River was not surprising as there was an oil spill incident around this area in the early 90’s. This information was obtained from locals.
The sediments recorded NH4
+ levels within regulatory limits with a range of 0.013 – 0.232 ppm. However, the Sombriero River had a higher ammonia content level
than the other aquatic systems studied. It recorded ammonia levels of 0.232 and 0.230 ppm for the rainy and dry seasons respectively.
Sediments from Kolo creek recorded the highest levels of nitrate, having a nitrate content of 437.32 mg/Kg in the wet season and 394.5 mg/Kg in the dry season. Orashi River and Sombriero River sediments recorded nitrate content levels of 153.68 ppm and 33.95ppm respectively during the rainy and 151.3 mg/kg and 30.46 mg/Kg for the dry period.
Sombriero river sediments like in most other parameters, recorded the highest level of phosphate. It recorded 0.398 mg/kg for the wet season and 0.312 mg/kg during the dry period. Orashi and Kolo creek sediments had phosphate levels of about 0.096 mg/kg and 0.18 mg/kg receptively for the wet season and dry season.
Sediment samples also had high Fe contents with Sombriero river sediments having the highest values in both seasons. The occurrence of Zn in the sediments was similar to iron with Sombriero river sediment recording the highest level of zinc. Cr content of the sediments was higher than that of the soil. However, there was no significant difference in the Cr content levels in the sediment during the rainy and dry season respectively. Pb was not detected in the sediments except for that recorded in Sombriero river sediments during the wet season. However, the value was small 0.013 mg/kg. Cu levels ranged from 2.70 – 10.8 mg/kg in the sediments. Orashi river sediment had the highest Cu content level 9.07 mg/kg and 10.01 mg/kg for wet and dry season respectively. Kolo creek sediments with Cu content of 6.34 mg/kg and 7.49 g/kg follow it for the two seasons. Sombriero river sediments recorded the least Cu content levels. Cadmium in sediment was below detectable limit in both wet and dry seasons. Sombriero river sediments had the highest V content level with a value of 0.031 mg/kg during the wet season and 0.02 mg/kg during the dry season. It was followed by Orashi river sediment 0.019 mg/kg and 0.012 mg/kg for wet and dry seasons respectively than Kolo creek sediment with V content of 0.01 mg/kg and 0.009 mg/kg for the two seasons. Sombriero and Orashi river sediments had the highest Ni content level during the dry season however the Ni level in the sediments of Sombriero river during the wet season was higher than Orashi and Kolo creek sediments which were not significantly different in value. The Ni level in Sombriero sediment was 0.036 mg/kg and 0.024 mg/kg for the wet and dry season respectively. Mercury was not detected in sediments.
3.2.5.3 Hydrobiology Phytoplankton
The Taxa constituting the algal community observed in the rivers and creeks traversed by the 20” Trunk line Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe pipeline were the bacillarophyceae, chlorophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Cynophyceae.
The Bacillarophytes included: Ulnotia pectinalis, Nitczchia spp, Penularia undalata,
Diatoria sp., Cymbella gracillis, Naviculla bacillium and Gomphonemena accuminatum.
incerta, Oscilatoria simplisima, O. nigra, O. brevita, Phormidium papyraetum, Lyngbya
conctreta, Euglena caudata, E. acus and Phacus austreatus.
Zooplankton
The faunal composition of the aquatic systems traversed by the pipeline include the following taxonomic classes; Copepoda, Rotifera, Insecta, and Cladocera. The copepoda comprised the following: Nuaplii, Cyclopoids and Calanoids. The genera
identified within the class Rotifera included Branchionus spp., Collurella spp., and
Trichocera. Larval coleoptera and larval euphemoptera were identified among class
insecta. The Cladocera was made up of Macrothrix spp., and Moina spp.
Rotifera were absent in the dry season water samples of Orashi and Sombriero rivers as well as Kolo Creek. Copepods dominated the zooplankton population in the water bodies, accounting for between 27 and 100%. About 75% of the dry season samples had copepoda accounting for more than 65% of the zooplankton population. Cladocera were identified in both the wet and the dry seasons of the Kolo Creek and Kolo Creeklet and they accounted for between 14.3 and 22.5% of the zooplankton population in the rainy season and 19.2 – 20.6% in the dry season. Copepods accounted for almost 100% of the zooplankton population in the Sombriero River during the dry season. The Kolo Creeklet and the Kolo Creek had the highest Zooplankton population. Values ranged from 520 – 680/L and 420 – 800/L for the dry and wet season respectively. For the Orashi and Sombriero Rivers, the values were in the range 140 – 200/L and 120 – 220/L respectively for dry and wet seasons.
Benthos
The benthic fauna identified in the water bodies were: Insecta, Oligocheata, Bivalvia, and
Pisces. Among the benthic insecta were identified the following species; Gybister
senegalensis, Odonnata larva, and Enochrus sp. The Oligocheates includes Alma
africanus, Dero sp, and Naidid sp. and Lumbricus sp.
Among the Bivalvia were Mutela Larva, Psiloteria sp. The benthic Pisces include; Synodontis budgetti, Clarias sp. and Malapterurus electricus. The insecta and Oligocheata dominated the benthic population in both dry and wet season in all the water bodies. Dry season values ranged from 16.7 – 44.4% for Oligocheata and 26.7 – 83.3% for insecta while rainy season samples recorded 8.33 – 57.14% for Oligocheata and 42.86 – 79.2% for insecta. The population ranged around 220
– 480/L in rainy season. The wet season recorded a higher population of benthic species than the dry season.
Aquatic Macrophytes Macrophytes observed in the Kolo creeklet include Pistia spp. and Nymphia spp. and
Vorsia spp. In the Orashi River; Eichonia spp. Azeolla sp. and Vorsia were observed,
while the Sombriero River contained Vorsia cuspidata, Utricularia sp. Nymphia sp.
Epomia aquatica, Pistia spp. and Azeola spp.
3.2.5.4 Fisheries
Fishing activities were quite low. Fishing gears used in the area include hooks, trap snare, harpoons and cast nets. The following are the fishes observed in the rivers and the catches of the fisherman sampled. A checklist of fishes observed in the area is presented in Table 3.9.
Table 3.9: Checklist of fin-fishes observed in the study area
3.2.5.5 Aquatic Microbiology Microbial Counts The bacterial and fungal counts of the water samples from the study area are given in
Tables 3.10 and 3.11 The total heterotrophic bacterial count range between 3.9 x 105
and
6.2 x 105 cfu/ml in the wet season and 3.1 x 10
5 - 12.3 x 10
5 cfu/ml during the dry season.
The total heterotrophic bacteria were greater than hydrocarbon utilizers by an order of
magnitude, which was as expected. During the raining season, percentage hydrocarbon
utilizing bacteria within the heterotrophic population ranged from 7.2 - 9.5%. The
percentage during the dry season ranged from 0.28 - 0.81%.
Table 3.10: Total heterotrophic and hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial counts of
water bodies in the study area.
Sample Station THB (X105
cfu/ml) HUB (x103cfu/ml) HUB/THB%
RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV
Kolo creeklet 3.9 3.1 2.6 2.5 7.2 0.81
Kolo creek (main) 5.7 5.2 4.8 1.5 8.4 0.28
Orashi river 6.2 7.7 5.9 3.1 9.5 0.41
Sombriero river 5.3 12.3 4.6 3.6 8.7 0.29
DSV = dry season value; RSV = rainy season value
Table 3.11: Total Heterotrophic And Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungal Counts Of The Water Bodies In The Study Area
Sample Station
THF (x104 cfu/ml) HUF (x10
3 cfu/ml) HUF/THF%
RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV
Kolo creeklet 3.8 2.6 3.0 2.3 7.9 8.8
Kolo creek (main) 3.1 2.1 2.6 1.0 8.3 4.7
Orashi river 2.9 2.5 1.5 1.9 5.2 7.6
Sombriero river 2.4 1.9 2.0 0.5 8.3 4.7
DSV = dry season value; RSV = rainy season value
The Total Heterotrophic fungal counts ranged from 2.4 - 3.8x104 cfu/ml and 1.9 - 2.6x10
4
cfu/ml for rainy and dry season samples, respectively. The percentage hydrocarbon
utilizing fungi within the total heterotrophic fungal population ranged from 5.2 to 8.3%
during the rainy season and 4.7 to 8.8% during the dry season.
The decrease in the percentage of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria within the total heterotrophic bacterial population in the water column during the dry season is not unexpected since hydrocarbon utilization is plasmid-controlled. Therefore, during the rains and THC value increases due to runoff inclusions, hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria possessing inert degradation abilities colonize the habitat and increase in number in the dry season may switch over to other carbonaceous substances as energy source. The absence of enough hydrocarbon in the environment may cause these organisms to be replaced by new colonizers.
Bacteria of Public Health Concern The results of the total and faecal coliform counts are shown in Tables 3.12 and 3.13.
Their presence in water bodies were seasonal with the rainy season values ranging from 17
– 35 organisms/100 ml for total coliform and 2 - 11 MPN/100 ml for fecal coliform. Dry
season samples of the creeks and rivers had total coliform values in the range 2-8
MPN/100 ml and fecal coliform count of <2 MPN/100 ml.
The increased rainy season values were not unexpected as the adjoining soils which habour these organisms arising from man and animals are immediate input sources.
Table 3.12: Total Coliform Count Of Water Samples From The Study Area
Sample Station
10ml of 5 tube 1ml of 5 tube 0.1ml of 5ml tube MPN/100ML RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV RSV DSV
The result of the mean monthly rainfall distribution as obtained from existing 10 years data are as shown in Table 3.14. Lowest rainfall values were obtained in January (25.12mm) and December (25.33mm). Whilst the highest rainfall values vary from September (415.79mm) August (334.26mm) to July (314.82mm). The mean rainfall for Ahoada (an area also traversed by the Kolo creek Rumuekpe 20” Trunk line) area averaged over 10 years is 2, 297.74 mm.
Table 3.14: Mean monthly rainfall distribution (mm) for Ahoada area from existing agro/rainfall-station (1980 – 1989).
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MEAN
Table 3.2.6.2 shows the average diurnal variation of temperature for a typical sunny day. The temperature (dry bulb) was lowest during the early morning hours up to about 8 am (24oC). This rises to a peak at about 1500 hours (36oC) and falls later during the night to the early morning when much of the heat retained during the day is radiated back to space. The lowest temperature values recorded in the dry
season were from 24.0° C – 24.50° C which occurred between 0300-0900 hours while the
highest temperature of 33.0°C- 36.00°C occurred between 1400-1600 hours. In the rainy
season the lowest temperature of 24.0° C occurred between 0100-0600 hours while the
highest temperatures of 27.0°C- 29.0°C were recorded between 1300-1400 hours.
Relative Humidity This is an indication of the water vapour content in the atmosphere. High relative humidity
is indicative of moist conditions while low relative humidity suggests drier conditions.
Relative humidity values ranged from 56% - 95% during the dry season and 77% - 100% during rainy season. There is a marked diurnal variation in the relative humidity pattern of this area. It has an indirect relationship with temperature changes. Highest values are generally recorded about the dawn of the day (early mornings 92 – 100%) Table 3.15. The lowest relative humidity of 56.0 - 64.0% occurred between 1400-1800 hours whilst the highest values 91.5 - 95.0% occurred in the morning periods of 0100 - 0800 hours in the dry season. The lowest values in the rainy season ranged from 77.00 - 83.00 and occurred from 1200 - 1400 hours in the afternoon while the highest value in the range of 96.0 - 100% occurred from 2000 - 0700 hours late night and early in the morning.
Wind Distribution Pattern The wind patterns and calm conditions are divided into 8 major directions of the cardinal
points (0 – 360o). Tables 3.15 and 3.16 show the general wind patterns for the 20” Trunk
line Kolo creek – Rumuekpe pipeline environment. The percentage of calm wind
conditions is about 50% during the rainy season and 58.3% during the dry season. Calm
conditions occur mostly in the early morning and late evenings.
The wind speeds are more of light breeze (1.6 – 3.3 m/s) followed by light air (0.3 – 1.5m/sec), gentle breeze (3.4 – 5.4m/s) then moderate and fresh breeze (5.5 – 7.9 m/sec) and 8.0 – 10.7 m/sec) respectively. The result of the wind speed indicate a high daily percentage calm period up to 58% and 50% in the early morning hours and late night in the dry and rainy seasons respectively. The wind speed of 5.5-7.9 m/s obtained in dry season and 8.0-10.7 m/s occurring just before heavy downpour during the rainy season. The wind directions were generally Westerly (W), Southerly (S), Southwesterly (SW), Northeasterly (NE), and Northerly in the dry season. These results indicate that dispersion of atmospheric pollutants will be impeded in the early morning and late evenings due
to low temperatures, and very high relative humidity conditions. These conditions will therefore favour the accumulation of atmospheric pollutants within the immediate environment. On the other hand, dispersion and transportation of pollutants will be favoured in the afternoons and evening periods when the temperature value is fairly high and there is prevalence of winds of some magnitude.
Winds with speeds in the range 8.0 – 10.7 m/sec or Beaufort scale (5) considered as fresh breeze occur mostly just before a heavy down pour. It should be noted however that wind speeds up to 18 m/s could occur which are mostly Westerlies especially during rainstorm episodes in the rainy season. The wind directions during the sampling period were SW, S, SE, and W during the rainy season and NE, N, S, SW and W during dry season.
Table 3.18: Concentration Of Air Pollutants As Measured Along The Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe 20” Trunk Line (Dry Season)
Sampling Station Sample
No. Pollutants
SPM
(µg/m3)
NO2
(µg/m3)
SO2
(µg/m3)
THC
(µg/m3)
NH3
(µg/m3)
CO
(µg/m3)
CO2
(µg/m3)
1 60.4 19.2 9.2 284 ND 17 380
1: Kolo Creek Area
2 69.1 21.6 5.9 238 “ 12 405
3 52.3 12.4 4.4 - “ 5 416
1 28.6 16.1 7.1 - “ 2 326
2: Otuasega Area 2 19.5 8.3 6.3 - “ 1 334
3 26.1 21.6 4.8 - “ 2 367
1 46.7 26.8 10.2 - “ 3 422
3: Okporowo Area
2 27.6 27.5 3.7 - “ 1 373
3 13.8 16.4 3.8 - “ 1 328
1 79.1 19.2 6.8 286 “ 2 392
4: Ihuama/ Rumuekpe
2 31.2 21.6 3.7 296 “ 1 401
3 14.3 14.3 3.2 - “ 1 348
Variation in micrometeorological conditions and differences in daily activities and sampling periods could have accounted for the observed variation in air polluted concentration.
The concentration of SPM did not show any regular pattern in the dry season. The SPM
concentration was higher in the morning than in the afternoons, values ranged from 34 -
10.00 mg/m3
during the same sampling day from the Kolo Creek manifold to Otuasega.
This could be attributed to reduced wind speed, vehicular activities and other SPM
generating activities. Nitrogen dioxide, SO2, and CO followed the same trend as the SPM.
The observed gaseous and particulate pollutant levels, were at background levels or slightly above set standards primarily because of the activities on the roads near the sampling stations.
The rainy season results show the SPM concentration in the range 3-48 mg/m3. The NO2
levels varied from1.0-34mg/m3 while hydrocarbon levels from 236-294mg/m
3. Carbon
monoxide levels ranged from 0-10.0mg/m3 while sulphur ranged between 2.4-8.5mg/m
3.
The results indicate that the levels of ammonia was below detection limit due likely to the absence of activities and/or processes that could emit appreciable amounts of these pollutants into the atmospheric environment.
The concentrations of the air pollutants especially the SPM were quite low in the rainy and dry seasons, however, rainy season values were lower with mean levels of 19.8mg/m3. This is unexpected because the heavy rainfalls during and
preceding the sampling periods have scavenging and scrubbing effects on the atmosphere. The removal of atmospheric gases by precipitation is a major mechanism whereby emission from natural and anthropogenic sources are deposited on the earth’s surface.
The comparison of the dry and rainy season values with FEPA and International standards are presented in Table 3.19.
Table 3.19: Comparison of dry and rainy season means air pollutants with
known standards
S/No Air Pollutant Dry Season Rainy Season FEPA International
1 SPM(mg/m3) 31.6 19.8 250 260
2 NO2 (mg/m3) 18.8 18.7 75-113 100
3 SO2 (mg/m3) 5.8 4.5 260 1300
4 HN3 (mg/m3) ND ND 200 -
5 THC (mg/m3) 276 271.3 2000 2000
6 CO (mg/m3) 4.0 2.42 20.0 13.0
7 CO2 (mg/m3) 374 383.7 325.0 325.0
8 Noise (dBA) 42 41.72 90
It was observed that the levels of gaseous pollutants in the rainy seasons were unchanged or slightly higher than dry season values. This observation though contrary to usual expectations during rainy seasons could be attributed to the increased human and vehicular activities on the sites during the sampling period. The levels of the air pollutants were generally below local and international guidelines for both seasons. The implication of this is that the levels observed do not pose any health hazards.
Noise Levels
Noise levels were generally low around the study area with ranges around 38-48 dBA and 34.5-58.5 dBA respectively for the rainy and dry season. These values were within acceptable safety limits of 5 dBA and 45-50 dBA for day and night respectively in residential areas (Taylor and Lipscouls, 1978). Increased noise level around 90 dBA is the critical level given by the US Department of Labour Industrial noise regulations. This also agrees with the standard noise exposure limits for Nigeria (FEPA, 1991). However, noise levels above this limit (90 dBA) have been shown to decrease efficiency and increase chances of error.
3.2.8 Hydrogeology Geology The pipeline area (entire pipeline route) is located within the Niger Delta Basin of Nigeria. The local geology of this area consists of alluvial deposits of late pleistocene to halocene age. The sediments recovered from the boreholes can be categorised into three (3) major groups as follows:
The woody clay generally constitutes the topsoil and has a greyish brown colour (Fig. 3.5a). The clay content of this layer lies between 94 - 98%, with only about 2 - 5% sand (Table 3.20). The next layer that is generally clayey (7 – 10m) without woody materials, has clay contents between 87 - 97% and is grey in colour. The third layer (8m and beyond), the sands, is greyish in colour and poorly sorted. They are very sandy, with sand between 68 and 95% (Table 3.20).
The land surface in the area is characterised by low-lying plains typical of the Modern Niger Delta. These plains have swamps that are commonly flooded during the peak of rainy season. The area slopes imperceptibly in the southern direction towards the Atlantic Ocean and is drained by a network of rivers and their adjoining creeks. Aquifers The aquifers in the area are confined by about 10 meters of clay. They (the aquifers) are
mainly poorly sorted sands with hydraulic conductivity values from 5.5 x 10-4
cm/s in
borehole 3 (Table 3.21 and 3.22; Figures 3.5 and 3.6)
These values show that the sands have low hydraulic conductivity, but the overlying
clays have the lowest values between 10-5
to10-9
cm/s (Bowels, 1984). Since these
materials have low hydraulic conductivity values, wastes dumped on the surface will
percolate at very slow rates, and may eventually not reach the aquifer. The aquifers are
therefore relatively protected.
Water Levels
The water levels measured in the boreholes range from 5.1 m in borehole 3 to 7.0m in borehole 6. It should however, be noted that the water in the boreholes only rises to these levels when drilling or excavation reaches the sands (aquifers) which are about 10m deep. If the aquifers are not reached, the top 10m remains dry. Figures 3.5 and 3.6 show the stratigraphic/Lithologic Logs of the boreholes.
Groundwater Flow Direction
Groundwater flow direction in the area was determined using the data from the three
boreholes (Table 3.21). From the data, groundwater flow direction in the area is from
the northeast to the southwest. This is in conformity with the regional groundwater flow
direction in the Niger Delta, which is from the northern highlands towards the coast in
the south. Thus if there is any pollution of groundwater in the area, those south of the
point of pollution are most likely to be affected.
Physicochemical Characteristics of Borehole
The physicochemical characteristics the borehole water samples are given tables (3.23 and 3.24)
The pH of the borehole water samples was acidic with values ranging from 4.76 - 5.37. This is quite expected as the rains wash humic acid leachates from decaying forest vegetation into the ground water.
The TDS values for the boreholes were low with ranges around 22.4 - 35.01mg/l. These values are indications of the inland nature of the aquifers and their remoteness from the influence of any saline intrusion.
The TSS values were also low with values ranging between 9.3 - 14.26mg/l in all the
study boreholes.
The turbidity of the borehole water samples was quite low with ranges around 0.39 - 1.88 NTU. This is a reflection of the low TSS in the boreholes.
The hardness of the borehole water samples was moderate. They were higher than most of the surface water sources except for the Kolo Creeklet. Ranges were from 10 - 16mg/l. The levels observed were further caused probably by the leaching of hardness enhancing species like magnesium and calcium, which abound in soil system around the study area.
The alkalinity of the samples was generally low and ranged from 15 - 21mg/l.
The conductivity of the water samples ranged from 53.6 - 69.3µS/cm.
The DO level of the borehole samples were moderate to support any biological oxidation of organic matter. The values ranged from 6.5 – 8.0mg/l. The BOD result for all the borehole water samples were less than 1.0mg/l indicating the low organic matter content of the water.
The COD level of the borehole were low with ranges within 1.5-3.5mg/l. This confirms
the result obtained for the BOD and is also indicative of the near absence of dissolved
oxygen depleting substances.
The oil and grease content of the borehole samples were low having ranges from 0.031-0.09 mg/l.
The THC level of the borehole water samples were low also with values in all the samples ranging between 0.03 - 0.117mg/l.
The anionic species were low in the borehole samples, with ranges around 0.18 -
0.31mg/l for NO3-, 0.02 - 0.07mg/l for PO4
3- and 5.0-8. -.2mg/l for chloride.
The heavy metals content results of the borehole are presented in table (3.10). All the
heavy metals analysed (except Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu) were below detection limits of the
test equipment. The value of these metals were low and quite within regulatory limits.
Zn values ranged from 0.018 - 0.121mg/l, Fe was in the range 8.36 - 14.26mg/l,Mn
ranged from 0.07 - 0.15mg/l while Cu was in the range 0.01 - 0.05mg/l in the borehole
water samples.
In general, from the results of the water quality analysis, the ground water resources
when compared with the surface water in the study area exhibited similar
characteristics. The values obtained for most of the parameters were around the same
ranges.
It should be noted that as at the time of this study, the values of the various parameters
for the ground water were within recommended limits for drinking water
3.2.9 Socio-Economics The main communities located close (within 1.5km band on either side of the Kolo creek – Rumuekpe pipeline Right of Way) are Otuasega, Oruma, Ibelebiri, Odau, Ozochi, Odigwe, Aminigboko, Owerewere, Okporowo, Okoma, Ihuama and Rumuekpe communities (Fig. 3.2 on page 3-9). These communities fall within the areas of two states, namely Rivers and Bayelsa and five Local Government Areas, namely Bayelsa State
• Ogbia in Bayelsa State
• Abua/Odual in Rivers State
Rivers State
• Ahoada West in Rivers State
• Ahoada East in Rivers State
• Emohua in Rivers State
The administrative jurisdictions of the communities are listed in Table 3.25 below.
Historical Background of Aminigboko, Owerewere, Odau in Abua/ Odual Local Government Area of Rivers State.
Aminigboko and Owerewere communities share a common ancestral origin from Abua while Odual has been at its present location from since existence. Table 3.27 shows the ancestral origin of the communities.
Table 3.27: Community History Of Aminigboko, Owerewere And Odau
Communities
Community History
Aminigboko They claimed to be part of ancestral history of the Abua people who were said
to have migrated from the Congo- basin through Benin to where they are
presently. Aminigboko’s father is called Emughan. Aminigboko who
happens to be the first son of Emughan founded the place that is now called
Aminigboko.
Owerewere They claimed to have migrated from Okpaden in Abua central. The founder
is called Ela. They also have links with the overall ancestral history of the
Abua people.
Odau The people of Odau claimed to have existed in their present place of abode
since existence. They settled in a place adjacent to their present location
called the overside. They are part of the Odual community in Abua / Odual
LGA of Rivers State.
The historical and ancestral background of Okporowo, Okoma 1, Ihuama, and Ozochi communities in Ahoada East Local Government Area and Odigwe community in Ahoada West Local Government Area of Rivers State.
These communities belong to Ekepeye ethnic nationality, who were said to have migrated from Benin Kingdom. The difference in history, which tend to give each of them their individual identity and history are summarised in Table 3.28.
Table 3.28: Community History Of Okporowo, Okoma 1, Ihuama, Ozochi And Odigwe Communities
Community History
Okporowo Elder Olukuo was the founder of this community. They migrated from Benin,
first settled at Obigwe in the present Ogba / Egbema / Ndoni Local
Government Area and later came to Olubie and finally settled in the present
place called Okporowo
Okoma 1 The people of Okoma 1 migrated from Benin kingdom during the 1502 mass
exodus, together with the Ogba people. They came all the way to Illa-
Ukpatta where they settled. Thereafter, they moved to Edoha and latter
settled in the present place called Okoma 1. Ogbubie is the founder of Okoma
I. Okoma I and Okoma II are different communities.
Ihuama The community migrated from a village called Ekpe in Benin. The founder is
called Ihuama
Ozochi The people of this community migrated from a town called Odeoke Ako and
was founded by a man called Ugbo centuries ago.
Odigwe A man called Obolobolo who migrated from Benin Kingdom centuries ago
founded the present Odigwe community.
3.2.9.2 Political Organisation/Community Governance and Administration off the Study Area Communities.
The existence of established political structures for community governance and administration are evident in the above communities as is shown in Table 3.29 and 3.30.
Otuasega, Ibelebiri I and Oruma communities
There exists a traditional administrative structure comprising the first class chief and his council of chiefs that has the responsibility to settle disputes and make important decisions on behalf of the people. There is also the existence of community development committees (CDC) as well as women associations. Table 3.29 shows the community governance and administrative structure of the communities.
Table 3.29: Community Governance And Political Administration Of
Otuasega, Ibelebiri And Oruma Communities
Community Traditional council Compounds
Otuasega Chief Ebehasi Itegba is the Chairman of the
Council of Chiefs. Mr. Nitabai Okilo heads the
CDC while Mr. Obi Egbegba heads the Youth
Movement.
Ebarama, Otuadodi,
Opuwari and Otuamuzo
Ibelebiri His Royal Highness is Chief Matthew Wari Ibu, Paramount ruler is the Obename of the community. The Obename deputy, representatives from the four compounds as well as the messengers constitute the governing council.
The CDC that is headed by a chairman and a
secretary perform administrative functions.
The Youth Association assists the CDC in
carrying out its functions.
Odugbiri, Oguligbiri,
Nyukabiri and Kuugbiri.
Oruma HRH Pere W.D. Aruakiri is the Obenama of
the community. There are three governing
bodies: The Council of King makers, the
Chiefs council and the CDC. The position of
traditional ruler is by election and is rotated
among the four compounds.
Okumani, Seindu,
Obarakiri and Ibifo. A
compound chief called
Beribou heads each of
these compounds.
Aminigboko, Owerewere, Odau, Ihuama, Ozochi and Odigwe communities These areas also have a governing pattern that is similar. Here family heads come together to constitute the council of chiefs along side the village head and the CDC chairman. Critical decisions made are then taken to the people through the CDC. Table 3.30 presents the community and political administrative framework of the communities.
The population figures of the communities within the study area are given in Table 3.32.
Table 3.32: Population Estimates
Communities Figures given by The
Community
Field Data NPC (1999
Projection)
Otuasega 30,000 11,000 -
Oruma 8,000 5,500 5,626
Ibelebiri 4,000 2,000 692
Aminigboko 15,000 6,000 6,851
Owerewere 20,000 7,500 10,301
Odau 7,500 3,000 1,881
Okporowo 8,000 6,500 -
Okoma I 12,000 6,800 1,026
Ihuama 9,000 3,700 438
Ozochi 50,000 10,500 5,582
Odigwe 4,000 2,000 365 N/B: The field data was arrived at by counting the number of the houses in a community and multiplying it by the average household number (NPC- National Population Commission).
3.2.9.4 Cultural Environment
Religion and Belief System
The religious practices and belief systems of the people in the study areas varied from the most ancient traditional religion based on ancestral worship to the most recent Christian and Islamic beliefs. However Christianity is still the dominant religion with a few traditional worshippers and Moslems. The Festivals, Sacred Animals/Forest, Taboos and deities of each community is tabulated in Table 3.33.
CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONPOTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONPOTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONPOTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION
The presence of a good number of churches observed in the communities indicates that the inhabitants practice Christianity. Some of the churches are:
• Seventh Day Adventist (SDA)
• Anglican Church – Niger Delta
• Assemblies of God
• Baptist Church
• Jehovah Witness
• Holy Sabbath Church
• Olumba Olumba Obu (O. O. O.)
• Cherubim and Seraphim
• Zion Church
Land Acquisition and Tenure System
The pattern of land acquisition and tenure differ from one community to the other. The different land acquisition and tenure systems for the communities are given in Table 3.34.
Table 3.34: Land Acquisition And Tenure Systems In The Study Areas.
Otuasega: In this community, land ownership is by inheritance. Land is
communally owned and no individual has exclusive control over land.
Oruma: Land is communally owned according to the various compounds.
Ibelebiri: Land is owned individually. The compounds involved would discuss
with the person who wants to acquire land.
Okporowo: Individual families own Land. For the acquisition of any land one has to
consult and negotiate with the concerned family that owns the land.
Okoma: Land ownership is on family level.
Odigwe: Land ownership is on individual family level.
Ihuama: In this community, a particular deity called Ihuolodu owns the land.
This means that land is communally owned.
Ozochi: In this community, land is also owned communally.
3.2.9.5 The Social Environment
Otuasega, Oruma and Ibelebiri communities
Housing pattern
The housing patterns are dependent on the size and status of a family. The housing types include concrete, mud and other make-shift buildings.
CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONPOTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONPOTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONPOTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION
Utilities (Water and Electricity) Borehole water exists but no electricity.
Health Facilities Within this area it is only Otuasega that has a cottage hospital built by SPDC.
Road Transport There is an access road linking these communities up to the Yenagoa road.
Communication
There are no telephone facilities and no functional postal services except in Otuasega.
Law Enforcement
There is a police station in Otuasega, which serves the law enforcement function of the communities within this area
Recreational Facilities There are no modern recreational facilities in the area.
Educational Facilities
Otuasega has a sub-standard community primary school and also a sub-standard secondary school. There are primary schools in Oruma and Ibelebiri, they are also sub-standard in nature. The people of Oruma and Ibelebiri send their children to Otuasega to attend secondary school.
Odau, Aminigboko, Owerewere communities
Housing
The dominant housing type is the cement blocks with zinc / asbestos. However housing types such as mud, bamboo and make shift houses are also available but few in number.
Utilities (Water and Electricity) There are borehole facilities in Aminigboko. There is no electricity in the area.
Owerewere community has no potable water supply but relies on well water for their
potable water supply. There is also no electricity in this community.
Odau community does not have water and electricity. They depend on well water for
their sustenance.
Health Facilities Aminigboko has an equipped cottage hospital
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Aminigboko and Owerewere are well linked with a good access road from Ahoada. Odau has no access road.
Communication
There are no modern means of communication in these communities.
Law Enforcement
Law enforcement as it relates to police stations is very remote to most of these communities.
Educational Facilities
The educational status of the communities differs from one community to another. There is a primary and a secondary school in Aminigboko
Okporowo, Okoma 1, Ozochi, Odigwe communities
Housing
Most of the houses in Okporowo, Okoma 1 and Ozochi are built with blocks with
either zinc or asbestos used for roofing. However, houses made of mud, bamboo and
makeshift housing also exist.
Utilities (Water and Electricity) There is a general absence of pipe borne water. Okporowo and Okoma have a
borehole water system.
Health Facilities There are no health facilities in these communities
Educational Facilities
There is a primary and secondary school in Okporowo. Ihuama has a primary school while Ozochi has a primary and secondary school.
Road Transportation Opkorowo, Okoma and Ihuama have access roads while Odigwe and Ozochi do not
have.
Communication Okporowo alone has a Postal Agency but it was not functioning at the time of the
study.
Law Enforcement There is only one police station located at Ihuama
Recreational Facilities There are no recreational facilities within any of these communities.
3.2.9.6 The Economic Environment
Occupation
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Farming is the major occupation of all the communities in these areas. This is supplemented with fishing. Palm kernel processing is another major occupation followed by hunting.
Other artisan trades are also practiced in these areas.
The earnings of the people in their various occupations ranged from N41,000.00 to
N50,000.00 per annum with an average of N5,000.00 per month. Some are capable of
earning N60,000.00 to N70,000.00 per annum.
The educated and enlightened members of the communities are engaged in other activities such as petty trading, contract execution welding works, motor mechanics and carpentry. There are some people who are employed as civil servants in the LGA, State Government, companies was well as teachers in primary and secondary schools and also lecturers in tertiary institutions.
3.2.10 Community Health Studies
The baseline conditions of the health status of the communities are as follows:
Housing The houses located in these communities are characterised by overcrowding.
Water Supply Most of the communities derive their water from the nearby rivers streams and wells as observed in Oruma, Odau, Ihuama, Ibelebiri, Odigwe, and Owerewere etc.
About 15% of Otuasega and Aminigboko do enjoy potable water provided by the
SPDC water borehole scheme.
Sewage Disposal Most of these communities defecate into surrounding rivers and streams
consequently, faecal contamination of these streams is correlated with water borne
disorders e.g. enteric condition such as typhoid enteritis, diarrhoea, cholera are
common, also conjunctivitis and skin conditions are common.
Refuse Disposal The communities that are in close proximity to the rivers and creeks dump their refuse into the river as observed in Odigwe and Ibelebiri. Others located inward and further away from the water dump their refuse in the bush or pit disposal systems as in Otuasega and Aminigboko.
Household Energy Wood fires used in kitchens most often generate household energy.
Cultural Practice Female genital mutilation has been observed as a practice amongst 60% of the members of these communities
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Alcohol consumption makes up part of the social life style of the people. Smoking is
also a popular habit in these areas. The type of substance smoked range from tobacco
(Benson and Hedges, Saint Moritz, Rothmans) to marijuana. However only about 1%
of the population uses the latter.
Health Facilities
Health facilities are sparse in the study area. Some of the inhabitants resort to traditional therapy such as herbs, roots and leaves etc. Some also consult traditional healers resident in their communities
Communities like Aminigboko and Otuasega and their immediate neighbours attend cottage hospitals established by the SPDC.
It is important to note that these cottage hospitals are yet to be equipped. Lack of
drugs, and theatre equipment has been their main complaints.
Morbidity Patterns
No official records have been established. The cottage hospitals are virtually new and staffs were unable to provide information of the disease trend and pattern. However, in the riverine areas, enteric conditions e.g. Cholera have been reported as in Ibelebiri and Odau. From the respondents about 33 - 45% had fever and headache, 30% frequent stooling and vomiting, 15% bloody mucoid stools, 25% cough and catarrh and 25% with skin rashes and itching. The morbidity pattern is indicated in Table 3.35. Table 3.35: Morbidity Pattern in the Study Area
Complaints Incidence %
Stooling and vomiting 15%
Fever headache 35 – 45%
Bloody mucoid stools 15%
Cough and catarrh 25%
Weakness 25%
Congenital defects 3%
Blurred vision 5%
Skin rashes and itching 25%
Common Ailments Observed
During physical and clinical examination the common ailment observed may be summarized in Table 3.36.
Table 3.36: Common Ailments Observed During Physical/Clinical Examination
Body Part Examined Physical Findings Percentage
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The thrust of the Consultation programme for the 20” Kolo Creek Rumuekpe Trunk line Replacement project is to promote mutual relationships with all the stakeholders through close contacts and regular consultations. 3.2.11.1 Overall Objectives The key objective of the consultation is to notify the stakeholders of the nature, scale and timing of the 20” Kolo Creek Rumuekpe Trunk line Replacement project thereby eliminating any fears or apprehensions. Secondly it facilitates information gathering between SPDC and other stakeholders. This two-way communication enables SPDC to learn from its stakeholders and neighbours and avoids misunderstandings about the project. The Consultation addressed the following issues:
• Meet statutory requirements for the successful completion of the on-going EIA of the 20 ” Kolo Creek Rumuekpe Trunk line Replacement project
• Participate with the community in accessing their various development needs/demands, so that agreed and approved Community Development (CD) projects could be implemented alongside the project works.
• Interact with the various communities to further strengthen existing cordial relationship.
3.2.11.2 Identified Stakeholders
Principal Stakeholders The Principle stakeholders identified for the 20” Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Trunk line Replacement project are the host communities, local, state and Federal
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Government, regulators (DPR, State and Federal Ministries) and some Non-Government Organisations. Host Communities The host communities identified are Rumuekpe, Ihuowo, Okporowo, Okoma, Otuasega, Oruma, Odau, Owerewere, Ozochi and Aminigboko. These communities were duly consulted and their expectations and concerns documented. Government and the Regulators The 20” Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Trunk line trajectory is in Bayelsa and Rivers States. As such the two state governments and their environmental regulatory arms have been duly involved in this project. The Bayelsa State Ministry of Environment and the Rivers State Ministry of Environment representatives participated in the public forum organized as part of the consultation programme. Their concerns for the protection of the environment have been noted and shall be strictly obeyed. Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) charged with the responsibility of environmental protection in the oil and gas industry was not left out in the consultation. They were also involved in the entire consultation programme as possible. The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) who established the EIA Decree upon which the EIA was developed was among of the stakeholders consulted in this EIA project. All the regulatory bodies insist on the development of appropriate mitigation measures and the submission of an EIA report before companies commence project execution, this shall be implemented.
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3.2.11.3 Public Forum In line with regulatory requirements several public for a has been held as an integral part of the EIA process to enlighten the identified stakeholders and public about the project. The forum also gave the host communities/ interest groups the opportunity to present their concerns about the project to SPDC. The Open forum engagement sessions with the 12 major communities commenced on 09/04/2002 and was concluded on 29/05/2002. The 12 communities integrated into six fora were further grouped into 3 sub fora each in the Egbema and Kolo Creek districts of the SPDC production centers. The minutes of the public fora are presented in Appendix 3.1, while the attendance sheets are presented as Appendix 3.2.
3.2.11.4 Community Expectations The various communities have outlined their expectations from SPDC with regard to this project. The submissions made are presented in Appendix 3.3.
Pictures showing the community engagement sessions are presented in Appendix 3.4.
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CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION The existing state of the study area, the proposed project and regulatory guidelines and standards have been interfaced in order to achieve a good evaluation of the impacts of project activities on the environmental components. The various field activities of the proposed project are complex interactions between engineering and the environment. This chapter relates the impacts of the various stages of the project on environmental components.
The objectives of this Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) are:
• To establish the significant potential impacts of the pipeline replacement on the existing ecological and socio-economic conditions of the area.
• To predict impact magnitude, suggest alternatives and identify the best possible option for least environmental impact.
• To incorporate the recommendations of EIA into the decision making of the project at all stages of the life cycle of the project.
The components of the Project Environment and the indicators of the Potential Impacts are shown in Table 4.1 4.1 Definition of Terminology used for Assessment Impacts vary in how, when and whether they will arise, where and by how much they may affect the environment. The effects of a project may also interact to cause other impacts that might be more significant than the original impacts. Impacts vary in:
delayed, rate of change); • duration (short term, long term, intermittent, continuous); • reversibility/irreversibility; • likelihood (risk, uncertainty or confidence in the prediction); and • significance (minor, moderate, major, negligible).
4.1.1 Nature The most obvious impacts are those that are directly related to the project and usually occur at or around the same time as the action that caused them. Examples of such direct impacts are loss of habitat and very often an associated loss of biodiversity, increased noise levels, diversion of waterways, and relocation of households.
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5 Geology/ Hydrogeology Stratigraphic Characteristics, Groundwater Level and Quality
6 Soil / Land Use Permeability, Texture, Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Characteristics, Erosion, Farming, Hunting, Industrial, Residential, Recreational
7 Vegetation / Wildlife Diversity and Abundance of the Flora and Fauna, Conservation Area; Sensitive Areas
8 Hydrobiology/ Fisheries Diversity, Abundance, Productivity Catch / Yield 9 Noise Hearing loss, Day and Night Disturbance 10 Socio-Economic Population, Income, Settlement Pattern, Health,
Safety and Security
Indirect impacts are changes that are usually less obvious and occur either after the original impacts or in another place. Examples of these indirect impacts are an increase in the number of cases of malaria as a result of an increase in surface water, contamination of fish as a result of heavy metals being released to water bodies, and increase in the number of communities in an area as a result of the opening of rights of way. It is increasingly being recognized that impacts can be cumulative. It is generally agreed that cumulative impacts are the result of the large and small changes to the environment caused by an activity in combination with other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable human activities. Examples of cumulative impacts are incremental noise from a number of separate developments and the combined effects of individual impacts, e.g., noise, dust and visual, from one development on a particular receptor. Impacts can also interact with impacts from other projects to create new impacts or greater impacts than those originally occurring. Examples of such additive impacts are two power plants producing two streams of emissions that are individually acceptable but which react together to produce significant levels of pollution and the impacts from two projects being constructed near each other and during overlapping time periods resulting in land use issues and higher than acceptable noise levels. It is important to note that many projects result in beneficial impacts, which like the negative ones discussed above can be direct, indirect or cumulative.
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4.1.2 Magnitude Estimating the size or magnitude of an impact is a key part of the impact assessment process. However, it should be noted that sometimes small impacts can be much more important than large ones. For example, very small quantities of some toxic substances such as pesticides can result in large-scale health problems for humans and wildlife. A convenient way of assessing the magnitude of impact is to rate impacts as:
• Low: less that 1 percent of population or resource base affected; • Moderate: 1 – 10 percent of the population or resource base affected;
and • High: more than 10 percent of the population or resource base
affected. 4.1.3 Extent/Location Because impacts can vary on location, distribution and size of the area(s) to be affected every attempt is made to categorize impacts according to the extent or location of the effects. Although it is much easier for direct impacts but other types of impacts have to be examined in a similar way. A convenient and often used classification is to place the impacts in one of the following classes:
4.1.4 Duration: Some impacts will be short-term lasting for a limited period to time. An example of a short-term impact is noise resulting from blasting. Other impacts will be long-term in nature. An example of a long-term impact will be loss of agricultural land for the life of the project. The impact assessment process needs also to consider that some impacts such as blasting may be intermittent whereas others such as air emissions from thermal power plants will be continuous. 4.1.5 Degree of Reversibility: In some cases after the cause of an impact has been removed, it is possible that the situation may return (more or less) to its pre-project condition. If impacts are reversible either naturally or through the intervention of humans, then restoration is very much easier. However, some impacts are irreversible remaining long after the project has been decommissioned and abandoned. Such impacts are categorized as reversible or irreversible.
4.1.6 Likelihood (risk) Not all impacts share the same likelihood of occurrence. Some can be predicted to occur, more or less definitely, whereas others are less certain (but still capable of probabilistic estimation) such as the release of a toxic gas
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from a chemical installation. It is very difficult to describe all impacts in probabilistic terms, e.g., from a technical point of view it is easier to determine the probability of the release of gas, and the resulting effects, than to predict the probability of decline in bird populations due to the drainage of a wetland during the construction of a project. Despite these difficulties, an attempt should be made to estimate the uncertainty involved in the prediction. It is also important that impact assessment recognize that some events have a low probability of occurring but when they do they have a major impact. Examples of these types of impacts include oil or chemical spills and failure of nuclear power plants. The following classification is used: Certain: 100 percent chance of occurrence Highly likely: 75 to 99 percent chance of occurrence Likely: 50 to 75 percent chance of occurrence Unlikely: 25 to 50 percent chance of occurrence Very unlikely: 1 to 25 percent chance of occurrence Never: 0 percent chance of occurrence 4.1.7 Timing: It is important that impacts occurring in all of the stages of the life of the project are considered, i.e., during construction, during operation and during decommissioning and abandonment. Some impacts will occur immediately such as clearing during construction while others may be delayed, sometimes by many years. An example of such a delayed impact is reversion of a cleared area through succession to its natural vegetated state. 4.1.8 Significance: The significance of impact is a combination of the above factors. Four levels of significance are recognized (Duinker and Beanlands, 1986): Major: A major impact affects an entire population or species at such a level as to cause a decline in abundance and/or change cause a change in distribution beyond which natural recruitment (reproduction, immigration from unaffected areas) would not return that population or species, or any species or population dependent upon it, to its former levels within several generations. A major impact may also affect a subsistence or commercial resource use to the degree that the well being of the user is affected over a long time. Moderate: A moderate impact affects a portion of the population and may bring about a change in abundance and/or distribution over one or more generations, but does not threaten the integrity of that population or any population dependent on it. A short-term effect upon the well being of resource users may also constitute a moderate impact.
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Minor: A minor impact affects a specific group of localized individuals over a short time period (one generation or less), and does not affect other tropic levels or the population itself. Negligible: A negligible impact is any impact below the minor category. 4.1.9 Receptors: The components of the environmental population that is likely to be affected or impacted. Significant Positive Impacts The summary of results of the assessment on the project phases is shown in Table 4.2.
Even spreading of topsoil over work area; Soil stabilization where required to encourage re-growth of vegetation Repair/ replacement of featured damaged or removed during pipeline replacement
Reduction of erosion potential Increase in vegetation density
Flora and fauna
Positive Long term Local Certain
Minor
Placing of warning signs
Installation of warning signs to alert the public of the presence of the high pressure pipeline
Protection of human beings
Human
Positive Long term Local Certain
Major
Installation of anti-corrosion facilities
Install permanent cathodic protection facilities for the new line at each location pup piece, where the line crosses or approached any existing pipe or structure and at both sides of road crossings
Reduction in corrosion potential Reduction in crude leakage
Table 4.3: Mitigation for the Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement Project
Mobilisation Phase Critical Control Point Mitigation Plan
• Injury of personnel
• Equipment/materials damage/loss
• Noise generation
mob inspection and point of mobilization to site
• SPDC shall review contractor pre-mobilisation procedures, equipment, materials, QA/QC plans, construction methods and HSE sustainable community development plans
• SPDC shall award pre-mob & HSE certificates after satisfactory pre-mob
• Special attention shall be paid to weight distribution to prevent flattening of pipes
• All necessary project administration/ control procedures including full HSE, security and waste management plans shall be provided
• There shall be the provision of fully operational communication facilities at SPDCs IA the project site.
Construction Phase Critical Control Point Mitigation Plan
• Injury of personnel At toolbox meetings before work commences
• Toolbox meetings shall be held before any site work commences
• A first aid kit & first aid personnel shall be available on-site
• Manual excavation of soil at appropriate intervals can result in excavation of wrong pipeline, damage to pipelines, etc.
During identification of disused line • Exposed pipelines and facilities shall be inspected to check the identity of the lines
• All exposed lines/facilities shall be permanently marked to indicate the one to be removed and the ones to leave in place Detailed records of exposed line & facilities shall be prepared
• Protection shall be put in place to prevent damage to other facilities
oiling of pipeline
• Generation of oily flushing water can cause contamination of the environment if spilled or not properly disposed
• Generation of pigging waste
• Pipe shall be deemed clean when a level below 10 ppm of oil in water is consistently achieved
• All flushing water shall be collected for treatment and disposal at Bonny Terminal
• Pigging waste shall be collected and transported to Bonny Terminal for treatment in the Thermal Desorption Unit
ng (cold cutting)
• Injury of personnel
• Generation of waste pipe pieces
• The use of proper PPE shall be enforced
• Only qualified welders shall be used
• Pipe identification number shall be clearly and legibly transferred to every section of that pipe
• Cut pipes shall be transported to the material yard at K.I.
• Injury of personnel during pipe movement
• Release of exhaust emissions
• Loss of pipes & materials
• Only approved lifting equipment, slings and facilities shall be used
• Use of proper PPEs shall be enforced
• Equipment shall be well maintained
• Pipe stringing shall be programmed to ensure security of the material
Critical Control Point Mitigation Plan
• Injury of personnel
• Improper welding
meetings before activity • A duly signed PTW shall be obtained for the activity
• The use of proper PPE shall be enforced
• Pipes shall be checked, cleaned and fitted prior to welding
• Repairs to damaged pipes shall be done before welding
qualified specifically for the work and allocated a unique identification number. The number shall be marked on the pipe immediately adjacent to each weld he performs. Only qualified welders shall be used
• A pipe tally shall be kept showing records of pipe length, wall thickness and number of welds made
Weld inspection and interpretation of results
• Exposure of personnel to radioactive material
At toolbox meetings before activity commences
• Proper equipment, PPE and qualified personnel shall be used for weld testing
• Visible warning signs shall be displayed to ensure the public is aware of activity
Lowering and backfilling
• Injury of personnel
• Damage to pipe and/or coating
• Noise generation
• Release of exhaust emissions
• Approved lowering procedures shall be strictly observed
• Use of proper PPEs and earmuffs by site workers shall be enforced
• Special care shall be taken to ensure the pipe coating is not damaged and pipe is not over stressed
• The pipe shall be continuously supported along its entire length in the bottom of the trench
• Holiday detector coating shall be done to ensure no damage to pipe coating
• The line shall be surveyed using GPS to record identity and exact location
• Compaction material shall be the excavated soil free of stones, vegetable matter and debris
• Previously stripped topsoil shall be evenly spread over the area after backfilling
Critical Control Point Mitigation Plan
• Disruption of fishing and water transport activities
• Increase in water turbidity
• Smothering of benthos
Before each waterway crossing • All required crossing permits and licences shall be obtained from govt. & other third parties before commencing waterway crossing
• Excavations across medium and minor creek crossings shall be carried out at low tide
• For each major waterway crossings the pipeline section shall be made in its entirety on land, fully inspected and pre-
Effective management of the environment is achieved by following a systematic approach from planning, development, implementation, monitoring and feedback. This proffers a long term management approach to the environmental aspects of our activities. The overall objectives of the SPDC environmental management plan is to progressively reduce any possible potential impact resulting from the project activity. The elements of this system have been incorporated into the policies, planning, procedures and guidelines applicable to the execution of the 20” x 37km Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Trunkline EIA. This has been done in manner that all operators and management personnel to be involved in this project are aware of these concerns and would maintain the systems and approaches developed for environmental sustainability as far as this project is concerned. Generally, the objectives of the Environmental Management Plan are to:
• minimize the negative impacts and enhance the positive project impacts on the environment
• ensure compliance with all relevant company and regulatory requirements
• enhance social acceptability of the proposed project by all stakeholders.
• enhance and demonstrate sound environmental performance built around principle of
continuous improvement;
• integrate effective environmental management into core business areas
• encourage and achieve the highest performance and response from individual
employees and contractors
• enable management to establish environmental priorities.
Leadership & Commitment All level of management will demonstrate commitment
to all aspects of effective environmental management
throughout the existence of this facility.
Policy & Strategic Objectives Relevant company policies e.g. HSE, Community policies, good corporate intentions and incentives with respect to health, safety and environment sustainability within the scope of this project shall be maintained.
Organization,
Responsibilities, Resources,
Records & Documentation
Necessary resources, qualified personnel and relevant
documentation for high HSE performance shall be made
available for this project from inception to closeout.
Hazards & Effects
Management All hazards and risks associated to this project shall be fully identified, assessed and controlled following the HEMP process.
Planning & Procedures Activities shall be planned and executed following
procedures and guidelines
Implementation &
Performance Monitoring
Activities shall be performed with correct tools and
techniques and its quality continuously monitored for
quality assurance.
Audit There shall be periodic assessments of system
performance, effectiveness and the suitability of all
aspects of the project.
Management Review There shall be periodic assessments by Top
Management as to ensure complete compliance and the
total integrity of the whole system.
5.2 HSE Policies And Commitment
5.2.1 Leadership & Commitment
Senior SPDC Management, Field Engineers and Quality Inspectors shall be dedicated for the execution of this project. Every aspect resources required for the safe operation of the work shall be provided.
5.2.2 Policy & Strategic Objectives
It is planned to replace the existing 20”x37km Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Trunkline in a manner that Health, Safety and Environment concerns are incorporated into the design, construction, commissioning, operation, maintenance, demobilisation and restoration phases of the entire project.
5.2.3 Organization & Responsibilities Necessary resources, qualified personnel and relevant documentation for high HSE performance shall be made available for this project from inception to closeout. Figure 5.3 presents an organizational chart for the project execution team.
Fig. 5.3: Project Organigram
5.2.4 Hazard & Effects Management System Process (HEMP) In SPDC, The hazards and effects management system process (HEMP) is central to the effective implementation of Health Safety and Environment Management System (HSE-MS). The process ensures that hazards and their potential effects are fully identified, assessed, controlled and recovery measures put in place. In this systematic approach, various HEMP tools are used to achieve results. This chapter of the EIA document for the proposed 20" x 37km Kolo Creek - Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement Project presents this systematic approach to develop a well-defined hazard and risk management system as part of the overall HSE-MS.
Hazards can be identified and assessed in a number of ways. The hazard identification and assessment process is based on the following: 1. Experience/judgment
2. Checklist
3. Codes and standards
4. Structured review technique
S t r u c tu r e dR e v ie wT e c h n iq u e s
C o d e s / S t a n d a r d s
C h e c k l is ts
E x p e r ie n c e /J u d g e m e n t
ID E N T IF Y
C O N T R O LR E C O V E R
A S S E S S
H E M P
In c r e a s in g le v e l o f d e ta i l
Figure 5.4: The HEMP Approach
The structured review technique is most comprehensive and is capable of addressing emissions, discharges, wastes generation and occupational exposure to hazardous substances when properly interpreted, and as such have been adopted in this assessment. Structured Review Techniques are suitable for identifying hazards, evaluating their probability of occurrence, predicting the associated consequence, and putting in place risk reduction and control measures for the identified activities.
Some of these structured techniques include:
• Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
• Hazard Identification (HAZID – Appendix 5.3)
• Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)
The Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) was adopted for assessing this project's risks and hazards at this stage. However, detailed HAZOP study shall be conducted if the FMENV approves project. The documents are presented in Appendices 5.1 (JHA) and 5.2 (HAZOP).
Initiating the JHA The tasks are analysed, and the scope of work and the objectives established. Developing Task Levels The tasks are then broken into its basic steps. The work procedure helps to develop these levels. Identifying Hazards and Potential Incidents
In each of the basic steps, the hazards are identified, and the circumstances for which they are released are evaluated,
and then the potential incident likely to occur recorded. The resources used for the activity
include:
• Records and feedback from incidents, accidents and near misses
• Practical experience obtained from past similar activities
• Standards checklists in Shell Group Manuals e.g. EP 95-0300, EP 95-0312 and EP 95-
• Codes and Standards applicable to pipeline construction activities. E.g. DEP
Also, the knowledge of the project engineering team and the environmental supervisor contributed to the identification and assessment of the project risks and hazards.
The hazards identified are shown in the JHA sheets-Appendix 5.1
Risk Evaluation
The hazards identified were evaluated for cause, consequence and probability of occurrence using standard risk assessment methods. The evaluation is made with respect to people, environment and assets. Evaluation was conducted for health, safety and environmental risks and effects. Elements considered include:
• Fire and explosion
• Ergonomic factors
• Controlled and uncontrolled emissions of matter and energy to land and atmosphere
• Generation and disposal of solid and other wastes
• Noise, odour, dust, vibration
Risk evaluation was done using the matrix shown below. The combination (multiplication) effect of the likelihood and the severity of the hazard result in the quality of the risk.
Mathematically, is expressed as: RISK = PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE x SEVERITY OF CONSEQUENCES
Likelihood
Severity Low Medium High
Low L L M
Medium L M H
High M H H
Severity:
High Fatality, major injury, >1 lost time injury (LTI), significant equipment
damage, pollution or loss of production,
Medium LTI or minor injury, minor equipment damage, pollution or loss of
production,
Low No injury, superficial equipment damage or pollution.
Likelihood:
High Probable, likely to occur several times,
Medium Possible, could occur sometime,
Low Remote, unlikely though conceivable.
Figure 5.6 shows the pictorial view of the risk profile obtained from the combination effect of the hazard frequency and consequence.
• Evaluate the tolerability of consequent risks and effects.
These measures shall include hardware to control hazardous operations and to maintain asset integrity, such as
• Blow-out preventers
• Pressure release system at the manifolds
• Personnel protective equipment for all categories of the workforce
• Security systems for personnel and equipment.
Some other organisation systems to be implemented shall include:
• Permit -to-Work
• Hot Work Permit
• SHOC Cards
• Tool Box Meetings
• Safety Drills
• QA, Maintenance and Inspection Programme.
Risk Recovery Measures Recovery measures are developed to take into account the possibility of control failure. This is likely to occur though a comprehensive range of controls shall be put in place. As such the project team shall ensure that SPDC and contractor staff be fully briefed and drilled on the response measures put in place. Applicable to this proposed 20" x 37km Kolo Creek - Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement Project is the installation of ESD, depressurisation and containment devices.
Other recovery measures considered include:
• Provision of adequate personal protective equipment
• Provision of secondary containment
• Provision of fire detection and alarm devices
• Provision of escape and rescue equipment Emergency procedures.
5.2.7 Planning & Procedures
Activities shall be planned and executed following procedures and guidelines applicable to the work aspects of this project.
The following documents have been developed for this project:
It is planned to drive the community development plan in compliance with SPDC’s community development (CD) Master Plan. This is aimed at promoting a mutually beneficial relationship with the host communities and contributes to sustainable development. The plan is contained Appendix 5.4. 5.2.9 CASHES Management
A community development officer (CDO) will be involved in the project early enough to forestall surprises from communities from outstanding issues. SPDC (CDO) and the Contractor's PRO/CLO shall be available to handle all ad-hoc community issues to prevent any disturbance that could delay the project. The construction contractor shall be required to employ all non-skilled labour from host community(ies).
The SPDC corporate HSE policies shall be strictly adhered to throughout the project
execution. The Contractor shall treat HSE with topmost priority with an inspector dedicated
to HSE. The Contractor shall be requested to adopt low impact construction techniques and
adhere strictly to the recommendations of the EIA.
Precautions shall be taken to prevent environmental pollution and fire outbreak. Special attention will be paid to the health of workers and third party during welding, radiographic inspection of welds and pressure testing. In particular, construction contractor(s) shall exercise due care, skill and diligence and take all necessary measures and precautions to ensure that in the radiographic and ancillary works and/or services, safe working practices are observed and that human life and the environment are not endangered or destroyed through exposure to any radioactive materials or substances employed in the work or services.
Safety and environmental protection shall be paramount in the selection of personnel, equipment, and work methods. Contractor will be required to prepare for SPDC approval prior to commencement of construction activities; detailed work procedures including Job Hazard Analysis, Security plans, Site Safety Plan, Hazard Management Strategies, Tool Box Meetings, Drills, Site Inspection and HSE audits. Also, dedicated safety officer(s) and first aider will be deployed on site through out the duration of the site works.
Contractor’s attitude and actions regarding safety will be continuously monitored during the
execution of the work by both scheduled and unscheduled safety inspections/audits. SPDC’s
established ‘Permit to Work’ procedures shall be adhered to, as well as the hazard, incident
and near-miss reporting systems.
Contractor shall ensure that all activities are carried out according to the SPDC HSE Policy
and that the safety requirements as contained in applicable Engineering and Safety standards
and codes are met.
Community affair is a critical area of the project and possibility of slip in the construction plan is highly likely if sufficient front-end work is not done in this area. The Contractor shall ensure that community is acquainted with the scope of work
and secure their support. Locals shall be employed to carry out unskilled aspects of site works.
5.2.10 Quality Management
In general all activities (Design, Materials procurement and coating, and Construction) will be executed in accordance with Shell and International Standards. All quality requirements during fabrication, installation and commissioning shall be in accordance with SPDC applicable standards, codes and specifications (e.g. Shell DEP’s, SPDC Standard Construction Specification - volumes 1 and 2, Shell Safety Manual EP95000). The project works will be executed under the control of the Project Manager and the Project Engineer. SPDC Quality inspectors will provide inspection and quality assurance (QA) coverage of the project. They shall ensure compliance of construction methods with applicable standards and issue daily inspection and non-conformance reports. Project Operations engineers will supervise UT inspection and construction of Cathodic Protection (CP) system.
The terms and conditions of the construction contract shall place the responsibility for Quality Assurance/Control on the Contractor.
5.2.11 Waste Management Plan
The Plan includes procedures for safe handling, control and disposal of projected generated waste in accordance with the company procedure.
This waste management plan (Figure 5.7) is developed for the waste streams likely to be generated from the 20”x37km Kolo Creek-Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement activities. In developing this plan, a systematic approach was used which is in line with SPDC waste management system that involves:
• Inventorising and characterising the waste steams
• Applying the minimisation techniques
• Treating the waste stream
• Disposing the treated residue
Waste Identification and Categorisation The physical, chemical and toxicological properties of each waste are available in literature and these environmentally significant constituents have provided a direction of the minimization, treatment and disposal methods outlined.
The waste streams shall be collected in separate bins as indicated below to enable easy and proper management. These wastes shall be properly quantified using known measurement or the estimation guide provided in SPDC Waste Management Manual 1999. Waste data collected shall be compiled by the HSE site inspector and sent to the PPE-CAS for appropriate reporting. Figure 5.8 shows the colour-coded bins for the different waste items. Wastes streams such as fuel-contaminated soil, garden, drums are not put in bins but shall be kept in safe places for the prescribed handling method.
WASTE STREAM COLOUR CODES
Domestic GREEN
Industrial GREY
Office BLACK
Hazardous RED
Fig. 5.8 Colour codes for waste streams
Waste Minimisation Options The waste minimisation techniques to be adopted for the management of the wastes to be
generated from this project are Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover (4Rs).
It is planned to manage waste to be generated from this 20”x37km Trunkline Replacement project in the following manner as shows in Table 5.4.
Table 5.4 Existing Waste Handling Practice
Waste Name Planned Practice Batteries (industrial) Transport to I.A Waste Recycling Depot for recycling at
approved battery-recycling vendor facility.
Food waste Allow natural biodegradation in dedicated waste pits.
Garden waste Allow natural biodegradation in dedicated surface plots.
Glass Transport to I.A Waste Recycling Depot for recycling at
approved glass-recycling vendor facility.
Maintenance waste (filters, wires,
tubulars, etc)
Transport to I.A Waste Recycling Depot for recycling at
approved recycling vendor facilities.
Paints and thinners If emulsion, dilute with water and discharge to dedicated
land, otherwise stockpile and dispose in landfill.
Office waste Transport to I.A Waste Recycling Depot for recycling at
approved recycling vendor facilities.
Plastics Transport to I.A Waste Recycling Depot for recycling at
approved plastic-recycling vendor facility.
Scrap metal Transport to I.A Waste Recycling Depot for recycling at
approved battery-recycling vendor facility.
Used oils (lube/engine) Transport to nearest flow station and re-inject into crude
stream
Wooden pallets Reuse for wooden constructions, sold to third parties.
5.2.12 Contingency Plan
A Contingency Plan will be prepared prior to commencement of construction and operation activities to include procedures for emergency response to an environmental incident, such as emergency response contacts, reporting requirements, pollution response procedures.
5.2.13 Audit Plan
An audit programme shall be in place to review and verify effectiveness of the EMP and EMS in general. It shall include audits by auditors independent of the process or facility audited. Reviews and audits will be carried out including reviews of design drawings, specifications and other documents to verify that environmental objectives and requirements will be satisfied. Audits of site operations at key stages and during the construction phase will be conducted to ensure procedures are carried out in the field. Particular emphasis will be placed on reviewing activities carried out in any environmentally sensitive area.
The life span of a new pipeline is thirty (30) years.
Facility Isolation
The facilities will be taken out of operating service with isolation of all process streams and
services and the removal of all hazardous materials. The completion of this activity results in
the certified safe for demolition.
The current status of the facilities and equipment will be identified including the demolition and restoration requirements and any hazards that may be involved in implementing demolition. A dedicated safety plan shall be prepared to ensure that demolition is carried out properly. The plan shall conform to SPDCs / Contractor’s CASHES policy.
Drawings/inspection reports review
The drawing and inspection records for all facilities and each items of equipment shall be
obtained to determine their status and integrity as well as personnel, spares and special tools
required to perform the demolition of the facilities - heavy lifting equipment, specialists etc
all authorization for the work to be carried out safely shall be obtained. These include:
(i) Permit to work procedure, PTW system
(ii) Permit to work in confined spaces and
(iii) Permit for excavation work
Demolition and safeguarding of facilities
Site preparation for the demolition facilities shall include third party notification e.g. access for cranes, operations near live facilities etc. Thereafter, there shall be phased/sequential demolition of the facilities and then removal from site. The torn down facility items and associated materials must be disposed of in an approved manner. Materials will be crated and secured for transport, left in-situ or reused appropriately dependent on available technology and outlet for reuse. Some of the items with reuse potentials may be used on other sites.
Restoration of Site
There shall be a survey of the degree of impact. All materials that could subsequently prove hazardous to the restoration of the site shall be treated. All contaminated material shall be disposed of in a safe and approved manner. Thereafter the site shall be restored to meet environmental requirements approved by regulatory bodies or for subsequent reuse if required.
5.3 Environmental Mitigation Measures
This process progresses throughout the life of this project. It is developed to comply with the FMENV’s guidelines and DPR EGASPIN for E&P projects.
The plan will form the thrust for periodic environmental audit of the project implementation,
operation and abandonment phases and will also indicate early environmental damage so that
emergency procedures can be activated to prevent or reduce deterioration of the situation.
Table 5.5 presents details of the monitoring criteria and plan at the various phases of the
Table 5.5 contd. Summary of construction phase mitigation.
Construction Mitigation Environmental Benefit(s) Timing Responsible Party
Resource Use
• No worker except those from the local communities would be allowed to partake in fishing or hunting activities.
• This will reduce the potential for strain on
the limited wildlife and fishery resources
within the locality.
• During construction SPDC Project Team
CASHES Officer
• During the construction phase of the project,
SPDC shall commission a Site CASHES
Officer.
• The Officer will be responsible for ensuring
that construction workers wear the proper
Personal Protection Equipment for the job
that they are performing, and that all risks
and hazards associated to any aspect of the
work are considered and managed to avoid
occurrence.
• Throughout project
execution phase
SPDC Project Team
Hazard & Risk
• All construction workers will be properly trained and informed with respect to potential hazards and risks associated with pipeline construction activities. All non-compliance issues shall be investigated and culprits dismissed.
Table 5.5 contd. Summary of Operation and Maintenance phase mitigation.
Operations Environmental Benefit(s) Timing Responsible Party
Maintenance
There shall be planned maintenance and wastes resulting shall be managed in line with the Waste Management Plan for this project.
This will reduce the potential for negative impacts to public health and safety, occupational health of the ecosystem in case of equipment failure or rupture due to corrosion.
During maintenance SPDC (Pipelines Team)
Oil Spill Handling
All workers shall be properly instructed with respect to reporting, handling and clean-up of oil spills.
This will reduce the potential for impacts to
soil, groundwater and surface water, as well as
the potential
Prior to mobilization and during site HSE meetings
SPDC Project Team
Waste Management
Pigging waste shall be contained and transported to temporary storage site at Elelenwo and then to Bonny for incineration
This will reduce the potential for impacts to
soil, groundwater and surface water.
During pigging SPDC Project Team
All field personnel will be instructed with respect to proper handling and disposal of wastes.
This involves sampling of the environmental components and analyzing them to establish compliance status with relevant DPR standards. The boreholes drilled for ground water sampling shall be used for monitoring. Air quality, noise and surface water quality shall be measured during the construction period. The monitoring criteria and frequency presented in Table 5.6 shall be the minimum to be adopted during the operational period of the pipeline. Table 5.6: Monitoring Criteria and Frequency (SPDC’s responsibility)
Environmental
Components
Indicator Parameters Monitoring Frequency Monitoring Location
Aquatic Life Fisheries
• Diversity and abundance
• Catch and yield
• Species conservation status
Macrophytes and Benthos
• Diversity and abundance
• Species conservation status
Biannually
Biannually
Within water bodies
along routes of pipelines
Surface Water
Quality (Upstream
and Downstream of
water crossings)
• Turbidity
• pH
• DO
• BOD
• Nutrient status, etc
Weekly during
dredging and for water
crossings
At intervals in water
bodies along pipelines
route
Air Quality SOx, NOx, COx, HC During construction At intervals through land
CONCLUSION The proposed project activities and the environmental status and sensitivities of various ecological components within the project area have been carefully assessed. The potential environmental impacts associated with the construction, operation and abandonment of the 20’’ x 37 km Kolo Creek – Rumuekpe Trunkline Replacement Project have been identified, and mitigation measures proposed for the identified impacts.
Both the adverse and beneficial environmental impacts expected from the major activities of the project are summarized hereunder.
Significant Positive Impacts
Socio-economic impacts Economic empowerment The proposed project would provide opportunities for the gainful engagement of skilled and unskilled labour. In line with SPDC policy on employment, employment will be given to members of the host communities in the course of the execution of the project. The recruitment of labour from the host communities during the construction activities could, in addition to developing the skills of some youth, stimulate the local economy and promote economic activity in the area. Community Assistance/Community Development The host communities would be consulted by SPDC on affordable community assistance / community development projects. These shall include the provision of infrastructures/amenities (services, educational, health, etc) and youth training, which are expected to contribute to the well being of the host communities. Elimination of potential risk of oil spill Considering the rate of corrosion observed in the old pipelines proposed for replacement, if the replacement is not carried out, then there would be a very high risk of leakage which will result in oil spill and consequent contamination of the environmental resources.
Impacts of Construction and pre-commissioning activities
The proposed pipeline will follow an existing pipeline ROW, which is cleared for maintenance from time to time. Site preparation/clearing impacts would therefore reflect the degree of disturbance that already exists in the area. However, some significant impacts are expected in the course of the construction and pre-commissioning phases of the project.
Air Quality/Noise impacts
Machinery movement will produce some level of gaseous emissions from exhaust of operating machines and vessels. Impact will be slight increase in levels of CO, CO2, NOx, etc. in the immediate environment. This impact is localized and short term, lasting only for the duration of the equipment’s operation.
Noise impacts are expected from diesel engines that would drive construction equipment. The highest noise levels are expected around the pipeline ROW where the noise generating equipment shall be operational. The noise shall attenuate sharply at distances away from the work area. Impact on Vegetation/Wildlife
The ROW clearance and trenching activities will result in loss of vegetation. However, the vegetation in the pipeline ROW is cleared for routine maintenance. The greatest potential for additional impacts on vegetation exists where clearance exceeds the usual area. There has been some encroachment of farmland at certain sections of the pipeline ROW, which shall result in loss of economic plants. However, farming on the ROW is an unsafe act and those involved must be discouraged. Wildlife may be potentially disturbed/displaced during construction and their movement may be temporarily obstructed. However, this impact is expected to be short term and any wildlife displaced during construction at any particular point is likely to return immediately the construction is over.
Flooding/Erosion Impacts
Construction of land pipelines involves the digging of trenches, where the pipelines are laid and then backfilled thereafter. If the pipeline trenches are not properly backfilled and the area reinstated, there is a potential that hollows/heaps may be created along the ROW. This may lead to an alteration of the rain run-off water flow and possible flooding/erosion of some areas, which may lead to sedimentation in the near by creek.
The dredging operations for pipeline installation at water crossings could lead to the stirring up of fine sediments that may remain in suspension for a long time, which could affect aquatic flora and fauna. In addition to sediment re-suspension, there is also the potential impact of obstruction of traffic and fishing activities while construction work lasts at water crossings. Similarly, pipeline construction at road crossings would constitute a nuisance to road users, cause traffic delays and diversions. Impacts Due to Spillage
There is the potential impact due to accidental spill/discharge of oils/chemicals such as lubricants into the environment from vehicles and machinery. Impact of hydro-test Water
Prior to the commissioning of the pipeline, the new pipeline shall be hydro-tested. The discharge of the test-water may impact the environment if not properly managed before disposal. The nature and magnitude of the impact shall depend on the composition of the test-water.
Impacts of operational and maintenance activities
The greatest operational impact is the potential for oil spills from pipeline rupture. This could arise as a result of pipeline failure or even sabotage. Maintenance activities would involve mainly ROW clearance and pigging operations. Pigging operations could potentially result in contamination of the environment by oily sludge and other wastes if not properly managed. Socio-economic impacts
There exists a potential impact due to social conflicts between SPDC and host communities arising from perceived neglect or disaffection of the communities. In addition, during the construction phase, potential impacts may arise due to nuisance, and demands for compensation. Compensation payments may also generate some inter – or intra- communal strife if not properly handled.
Pipeline construction at road crossing would cause traffic delays, diversions and nuisance. Traffic delays and diversions may translate into economic losses man-hour losses and higher fuel consumption by motorists. Mitigation Measures
Mitigation measures to eradicate, minimize or ameliorate the major adverse impacts have been set out; these measures will also enhance the beneficial impacts. Details are presented in chapter four of the report.
An Environmental management plan as well as a monitoring plan has also been incorporated into the report. In conclusion, since this EIA has been carried out in accordance with regulatory requirements, the potential impacts have been identified and SPDC has put in place adequate mitigation measures, environmental management plan as well as a monitoring plan to eradicate and or minimize the potential adverse impacts; the project is considered viable because the benefits outweigh the manageable adverse impacts.
American Public Health Association, APHA 1992. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, APHA-AWWA-WPCF, Washington DC.
Anderson, B. 1967. Reports on the Soils of the Niger Delta Special Area. Niger Delta Development Board, Port Harcourt.
Bowels J. E. 1984. Physical and Geotechnical Properties of Soils, Mc-Graw Hill Book Company, Japan, 252 pp.
Duelman, D. 1994. European Perspectives of Field Research on Bioremediation,
Special Attention to the Netherlands. 5th
International Congress of
Science, Acapulco, Mexico. p 15.
Department of Petroleum Resources, DPR 1991. National Environmental Guidelines
and Standards for the Petroleum Industry. DPR, Lagos (Abuja).
Federal Environmental Protection Agency, FEPA 1991. National Guidelines and
Standards for Industrial Effluents, Gaseous Emissions and Hazardous
Wastes Management in Nigeria. Federal Environmental Protection
Agency, Abuja.
Federal Environmental Protection Agency, FEPA 1995. Environmental Impact
Assessment (Decree 6, 1992). Procedural Guidelines. The Federal
Environmental Protection Agency. Abuja.
Happolds, D. C. 1987. Mammals in Nigeria. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.
Hutchinson, J. and Dalziel, M.D. 1963. Flora of Tropical West Africa. 2nd Edition. Happer, F. N. (ed). Vol. III, Part I, Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and Administration.
Okpokwasili, G. C. and Anachukwu, S. C. 1988. Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degradation by Candida species. Environment International 14: 243-247.
Sanchez, P.A. 1976. Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics. pp. 323-462. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Udo. E. J. (ed.), 1986. Laboratory Manual for Agronomic Studies in Soil, Plant and Microbiology. Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Nigeria. 83pp.
Walkley, A and Black, I.A. 1934. Determination of Organic Carbon in Soil. Soil
Science, 37, 29-38.
Zwicker, E., Flohorp, G. and Stephens S.S. 1957. Handbook of Noise Control.
This questionnaire is designed to collect information on the social, cultural and economic characteristics of the community. This will enable us to establish the living conditions of the people in the past and as today. The baseline information collected will enable us to monitor the growth or decline of the community in the years to come. Be assured that your responses will be taken in utmost confidence.
SECTION (1) – GENERAL
1. Date of interview …………………………………………………………………...
2. Name of settlement…………………………………………………………………
3. Number of quarters in the village…………………………………………………..
SECTION (2) – BIOSTATISTICS
4. Sex of respondent: (i) Male (ii) Female
5. Age of respondent (in years)……………………………………………………….
6. Marital status of respondent: ( ) Single ( ) Married ( ) Divorced ( ) Widowed
7. Number of wives (if male) …………………………………………………………
8. Number of Children………………………………………………………………..
9. Number of Children ever born by the female respondent or wife of a male
respondent……………………………………………………………………………….
SECTION (3) – SOCIO-CULTURAL/SOCIO-ECONOMIC
10. What is your tribe? …………………………………………………………
11. What is your religion? ……………………………………………………………..
12. Number of persons in your household…………………………………………
13. Number of females in your household…………………………………………
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)/Needs Assessment Process Team Members Name Title F.T. Okoh Community Development Officer Ade Adebusuyi Community Development Officer G. Ken-Mbata Community Development Officer Wariboko Oyeabun Community Liaison Officer Samuel Okerenta External Relations Officer Tunde Joel External Relations Officer Davidson F. David Community Relations Officer Stanley Nkume Lands Officer Progress Nkechi Lands Officer Pre-PRA Activities
Prior to the PRA activity in the community, a pre-sensitization visit is paid to the community to brief them of the proposed PRA activities. The SPDC team meets to discuss/agree on the PRA activity. Logistic arrangements are firmed up and facilitators appointed for focus group discussion, and possible tools to be used are identified. The PRA
Brief description of the PRA Exercise starts on the first day with homage to the Chiefs council. This is followed by a sensitization exercise for the whole community (over 300 people participated in the exercise) on the objectives of the PRA. The community participants were also enlightened on SPDC community development activities (transition from CA to CD and the activities of the various units in CD department). The opportunity was also used to brief them of SPDCs Trunk line replacement project that will take place in the area. This session was followed by question and answer. The participants were thereafter divided into three groups (men, women & youths) for focus group discussion on needs identification and prioritization. The second day started with a briefing on the various findings of the previous days activity. The community was encouraged to do their community development plan (CDP) that will show their vision for the next three years. The activity was rounded up on the third day with a transect walk round the community to observe established developmental projects in the community PRA Tools used
• Consensus building
• Community profile
• Structured interviews
• Focus group discussions
• Key informant interview
• Transect walk
• Structured observation & ranking (pair wise / preference ranking) Main findings of some of the tools used
• Community history (brief) / leadership structure
• Relationship between SPDC and community
• Key stakeholders
• Development profile
• Federal govt.
• State govt.
• LGA
• Self-help initiatives
• Income levels and spread
• Impact of SPDC on community
• Community based groups or organizations
• Food culture
• Mortality Rate
• Mode of dressing Interviews
Interviews were conducted with different members of the community at different times with a view to collecting independent opinions on issues that arose during the PRA. The use of this tool further enabled the team to stress the importance of being peaceful in the need to foster good relation between the community and SPDC. Ranking
This tool helped the community in identifying their priorities during the focus group discussion and ranking meeting. The community was glad at the end of the exercise as the ranking revealed their most pressing needs in a prioritized manner. Focus group discussions
This tool allows the various groups to rub minds and express their views on the various development needs of the community. The community expressed satisfaction with the use of this tool as the three groups produced a comprehensive listing of developmental activities for the community. The outcome of the focus group discussion and their prioritized needs are presented in the following tables. Communities consulted during PRA for the KoCr-Rumekpe T/L Replacement
In line with SPDC Contractor Management Guide, all Work or Services shall conform to the General HSE Specification. In case of conflict between the Particular HSE Specification and the General HSE Specification, unless otherwise expressly stated, the Particular HSE
Specification shall prevail. SPDC has identified the following potential groups of hazards associated with the work to be performed under this project:
Ref. HAZARD DESCRIPTION Relevant?
H-01 Hydrocarbons H-01.01 Crude oil under pressure YES H-01.02 Hydrocarbons in formation NO H-01.03 LPGs NO H-01.04 LNGs NO H-01.05 Condensate, NGL NO H-01.06 Hydrocarbon gas YES H-01.07 Crude oil at low pressure YES H-01.08 Wax YES H-01.09 Coal NO
H-02 Refined Hydrocarbons H-02.01 Lube and seal oil YES H-02.02 Hydraulic oil YES H-02.03 Diesel fuel YES H-02.04 Aviation fuel, petrol YES
H-03 Other Flammable Materials H-03.01 Cellulosic materials YES H-03.02 Pyrophoric materials NO H-03.03 Carbon fibre reinforced material NO H-03.04 Dry vegetation YES
H-04 Explosives H-04.01 Detonators NO H-04.02 Conventional explosives NO H-04.03 Perforating gun charges NO H-04.04 Explosive gases NO
H-05 Pressure Hazards H-05.01 Bottled gases under pressure YES H-05.02 Water under pressure YES H-05.03 Non hydrocarbon gas under pressure in
pipeworks YES
H-05.04 Air under high pressure YES H-05.05 Hyperbaric operations YES H-05.06 Decompression NO
H-06 Hazards Associated with Differences in Height H-06.01,2 Personnel at height YES H-06.03 Overhead equipment YES H-06.04 Personnel under water YES H-06.05 Personnel below grade YES
H-07 Objects under Induced Stress H-07.01 Objects under tension YES H-07.02 Objects under compression YES
H-08 Dynamic Situation Hazards H-08.01 On land transport (driving) YES H-08.02 On water transport (boating) YES H-08.03 In air transport (flying) YES
H-08.04 Boat collision hazard to other vessels and offshore structures
YES
H-08.05 Equipment with moving or rotating parts YES H-08.06 Use of hazardous hand tools YES H-08.07 Use of knives, machetes etc YES H-08.08 Transfer from boat to offshore platform NO
H-09 Environmental Hazards H-09.01 Weather YES H-09.02 Sea state/river currents YES H-09.03 Tectonic activity NO H-09.04 Oil in effluent water YES
H-11 Hot Surfaces H-11.01 Process piping equipment
60-150°C NO
H-11.02 Piping equipment > 150°C NO H-11.03 Engine & turbine exhaust systems YES H-11.04 Steam piping NO
H-11 Hot Fluids H-11.01 Temperatures 110-150 °C NO H-11.02 Temperatures >150 °C NO
H-12 Cold Surfaces H-12.01 Process piping -25 to -80°C NO H-12.02 Piping equipment < -80°C NO H-13 Cold Fluids H-13.01 Oceans, seas & lakes < 11°C NO H-14 Open Flame H-14.01 Heaters with fire tube NO H-14.02 Direct fired furnaces NO H-14.03 Flares NO H-15 Electricity H-15.01 Voltage > 50 - 440V in cables YES H-15.02 Voltage > 50-440V in equipment YES H-15.03 Voltage > 440V NO H-15.04 Lightning discharge YES H-15.05 Electrostatic energy NO H-15.06 Batteries YES H-16 Electromagnetic Radiation H-16.01 Ultraviolet radiation YES H-16.02 Infra red radiation YES H-16.03 Microwaves NO H-16.04 Lasers NO H-16.05 E/M radiation: high voltage ac cables NO H-17 Ionising Radiation - Open Source H-17.01 Alpha, Beta - open source NO H-17.02 Gamma rays - open source NO H-17.03 Neutron – open source NO H-17.04 Naturally occurring ionising radiation NO H-18 Ionising Radiation - Closed Source H-18.01 Alpha, Beta - closed source NO H-18.02 Gamma rays - closed source YES H-18.03 Neutron – closed source NO
H-19 Asphyxiates NO H-19.01 Insufficient oxygen atmospheres YES H-19.02 Excessive CO2 NO H-19.03 Drowning YES H-19.04 Excessive N2 YES H-19.05 Halon NO H-19.06 Smoke YES H-20 Toxic Gases H-20.01 H2S, sour gas NO H-20.02 Exhaust fumes YES H-20.03 SO2 NO H-20.04 Benzene YES H-20.05 Chlorine NO H-20.06 Welding fumes YES H-20.07 Tobacco smoke NO H-20.08 CFCs NO H-20.09 Nox NO H-21 Toxic Liquids H-21.01 Mercury NO H-21.02 PCBs NO H-21.03 Biocides YES H-21.04 Methanol NO H-21.05 Brines NO H-21.06 Glycols NO H-21.07 Degreasers YES H-21.08 Isocyanates NO H-21.09 Sulphanol NO H-21.11 Amines NO H-21.11 Corrosion inhibitors NO H-21.12 Scale inhibitors NO H-21.13 Liquid mud additives NO H-21.14 Odorant additives NO H-21.15 Alcoholic beverages NO H-21.16 Recreational drugs NO H-21.17 Used engine oils YES H-21.18 Carbon tetrachloride NO H-21.19 Grey and/or black water YES H-22 Toxic Solids H-22.01 Asbestos NO H-22.02 Man made mineral fibre NO H-22.03 Cement dust YES H-22.04 Sodium hypochlorite NO H-22.05 Powdered mud additives NO H-22.06 Sulphur dust NO H-22.07 Pig trash YES H-22.08 Oil based muds NO H-22.09 Pseudo oil based muds NO H-22.11 Water based muds NO H-22.11 Cement Slurries NO H-22.12 Dusts YES H-22.13 Cadmium compounds & other heavy metals NO
H-22.14 Oil based sludges NO H-23 Corrosive Substances H-23.01 Hydrofluoric acid NO H-23.02 Hydrochloric acid NO H-23.03 Sulphuric acid YES H-23.04 Caustic soda NO H-24 Biological Hazards H-24.01 Poisonous plants YES H-24.02 Large animals YES H-24.03 Small animals YES H-24.04 Food borne bacteria YES H-24.05 Water borne bacteria YES H-24.06 Parasitic insects YES H-24.07 Disease transmitting insects YES H-24.08 Cold & flu virus YES H-24.09 HIV YES H-25 Ergonomic Hazards H-25.01 Manual materials handling YES H-25.02 Damaging noise NO H-25.03 Loud, steady noises >85dBA YES H-25.04 Heat stress YES H-25.05 Cold stress YES H-25.06 High humidity YES H-25.07 Vibration NO H-25.08 Work stations YES H-25.09 Lighting YES H-25.11 Incompatible hand controls NO H-25.11 Awkward location of workplaces and machinery YES H-25.12 Mismatch of work to physical abilities YES H-25.13 Mismatch of work to cognitive abilities YES H-25.14 Long and irregular working hours/shifts YES H-25.15 Poor organisation and job design YES H-25.17 Work planning issues YES H-25.18 Indoor climate YES H-26 Psychological Hazards YES H-26.01 Living on the job/away from family YES H-26.02 Working and living on a live plant NO H-26.03 Post traumatic stress NO H-27 Security Related Hazards H-27.01 Piracy YES H-27.02 Assault YES H-27.03 Sabotage YES H-27.04 Crisis YES H-27.05 Theft, pilferage YES H-28 Use of Natural Resources H-28.01 Land take YES H-28.02 Water YES H-28.03 Air YES H-28.04 Trees, vegetation YES H-28.05 Gravel YES H-29 Medical