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1.2 All life forms are made up of cells ................................................................................................................................... 6
1.3 The Chemical Transformations taking place in Cells ............................................................................................. 9
1.5 The Process of Reproduction ......................................................................................................................................... 11
1.6 The Human Body .................................................................................................................................................................. 12
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 17
2.2 What is a Drug? ...................................................................................................................................................................... 17
2.3 How are Drugs Discovered? ........................................................................................................................................... 18
2.4 How are Drugs Named? .................................................................................................................................................... 19
2.5 Pharmacodynamics or How Drugs Work ................................................................................................................ 19
2.7 Bioavailability of Drugs ........................................................................................................................................................ 25
2.8 Routes of Administration of Drugs .............................................................................................................................. 26
2.9 What Factors Govern our Choice of Routes of Administration? ................................................................ 27
2.10 Dosage of drugs...................................................................................................................................................................... 28
3.10 New DNA/RNA based Biopharmaceuticals ........................................................................................................... 44
4.3 The Infectious Diseases ...................................................................................................................................................... 53
4.4 Drugs Used in Treatment of Infectious Diseases ................................................................................................. 56
INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY .............................................................................................................................. 57
5.3 Disorders of the Immune System ................................................................................................................................. 59
5.4 Vaccination and Immunisation ........................................................................................................................................ 59
5.5 Drugs of the immune system .......................................................................................................................................... 60
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ....................................................................................................................................................................... 62
6.2 Common Diseases of the Digestive System ........................................................................................................... 67
6.3 Drugs of the Digestive System ....................................................................................................................................... 68
6.4 Surgical Procedures Used in the Digestive System ............................................................................................. 69
URINARY SYSTEM ......................................................................................................................................................................... 70
7.2 Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System ..................................................................................................... 71
7.3 Drugs affecting the Urinary System ............................................................................................................................. 73
7.4 Surgical Techniques Used in the Urinary System ................................................................................................. 75
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................................................... 76
8.2 Respiratory System Diseases ........................................................................................................................................... 80
8.3 Drugs Used to Treat Respiratory Disease ............................................................................................................... 82
8.4 Surgical Procedures used in the Respiratory System ......................................................................................... 82
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM .................................................................................................................................................................. 83
10.2 Diseases and disorders of the Cardiovascular System ...................................................................................... 97
10.3 Drugs used to treat the Cardiovascular System .................................................................................................101
10.4 Surgical Procedures used in the Cardiovascular System ................................................................................103
11.2 Disorders of the Nervous System ............................................................................................................................. 109
11.3 Drugs of the Nervous System ..................................................................................................................................... 111
11.4 Surgical Procedures used in the Nervous System............................................................................................. 112
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ....................................................................................................................................................... 113
MUSCULO SKELETAL SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................................ 120
13.1 The skeleton and muscular system ........................................................................................................................... 120
13.2 The Muscular System ........................................................................................................................................................ 124
13.3 Diseases of the Skeleton and Muscular System ................................................................................................. 126
13.4 Drugs used in the treatment of disorders of the skeletal and muscular system. ............................. 128
13.5 Surgical Procedures Used In the Musculo-Skeletal System .......................................................................... 129
14.1 The Skin ................................................................................................................................................................................... 130
14.2 Diseases of the Skin ........................................................................................................................................................... 131
14.3 Surgical Techniques used on the skin ...................................................................................................................... 133
14.4 The Eye .................................................................................................................................................................................... 133
14.5 Surgical Techniques used in the eye ......................................................................................................................... 135
14.6 The Ear ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 135
14.7 ENT Surgical Techniques ................................................................................................................................................ 138
Paper One .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 139
Paper Two .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 139
Overall Examination Marks and Grades ....................................................................................................................................... 141
Paper One Sample Questions ........................................................................................................................................................... 141
Paper Two Sample Questions ........................................................................................................................................................... 143
INDEX ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 145