Understanding Public Communication • 1 Communication Models • 2 Linear Model of Communication • 3 Interactive Model of Communication • 5 Transactional Model of Communication • 7 Conversation Versus Speech • 8 Public Speaking Myths • 10 Myth #1: Public Speaking Is a Talent, Not a Skill • 10 Myth #2: Speech Is Easy; We Do It All the Time • 11 Myth #3: There Is No “Right Way” to Deliver a Speech • 11 Speech Anxiety • 13 Communication Apprehension • 15 Physical Effects of Communication Apprehension • 16 Combatting Communication Apprehension • 20 Practice, Practice, and Practice • 20 Employ Relaxation Techniques • 21 Visualize Success • 24 Dialogue with the Audience • 24 Systematic Desensitization • 25 Speaking and Ethics • 27 Public Messages Cannot Be Taken Back • 28 Ethical Responsibilities of Speakers • 29 The Ethics of Choosing a Topic • 30 The Ethics of Research • 31 The Ethics of Language and Delivery • 34 Ethics as an Audience Member • 40 Be a Responsible Audience Member • 40 Speaking in and to Different Disciplines • 43 Contextual Factors • 44 External Environment • 44 The Speaking Format • 45 General Audience Characteristics • 47 Speaking in Different Fields and Professions • 47 Politics and Speech • 48 Speaking for Educators • 49 Speaking in the STEM Fields • 51 Speaking in Business Settings • 52 Speaking in Health Settings • 54 1. 2. 3. 4. Table of Contents
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Table of Contents 1. 2. Speech Anxiety • 13 Speaking and ... to Research • 74 Libraries • 74 The Internet • 76 People ... Speeches about Objects • 170 Speeches about Processes
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Understanding Public Communication • 1Communication Models • 2Linear Model of Communication • 3Interactive Model of Communication • 5Transactional Model of Communication • 7Conversation Versus Speech • 8Public Speaking Myths • 10
Myth #1: Public Speaking Is a Talent, Not a Skill • 10Myth #2: Speech Is Easy; We Do It All the Time • 11Myth #3: There Is No “Right Way” to Deliver a Speech • 11
Speech Anxiety • 13Communication Apprehension • 15Physical Effects of Communication Apprehension • 16Combatting Communication Apprehension • 20 Practice, Practice, and Practice • 20
Employ Relaxation Techniques • 21Visualize Success • 24Dialogue with the Audience • 24Systematic Desensitization • 25
Speaking and Ethics • 27Public Messages Cannot Be Taken Back • 28Ethical Responsibilities of Speakers • 29
The Ethics of Choosing a Topic • 30The Ethics of Research • 31The Ethics of Language and Delivery • 34
Ethics as an Audience Member • 40Be a Responsible Audience Member • 40
Speaking in and to Different Disciplines • 43Contextual Factors • 44
Speaking in Different Fields and Professions • 47Politics and Speech • 48Speaking for Educators • 49Speaking in the STEM Fields • 51Speaking in Business Settings • 52Speaking in Health Settings • 54
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Table of Contents
vi
The Speaker’s Primer
Topic Selection • 57General Purpose Statements • 58Choosing Your Topic • 59Narrowing the Topic • 60Determining the Specific Purpose • 63General Guidelines for Specific Purpose Statements • 67
Research and Preparation • 69Information Literacy • 70
Characteristics of Information Literacy • 70Types of Information • 72
Background information • 72Unique information • 73
Places to Research • 74Libraries • 74The Internet • 76People • 78
Documenting Your Research • 80Modern Language Association Style Guide (MLA) • 81American Psychological Association Style Guide (APA) • 83Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) • 86Verbally Attributing Sources • 89
Audience Analysis • 91Before the Speech • 92
Direct Observation • 93Demographics • 94
Methods of Analysis during the Speech • 96Direct Observation • 96Polling the Audience • 98
Other Ways of Gathering Audience Information • 99Contact Persons • 99Scientific Surveys • 100Personal Interviews • 102
Supporting Materials • 105Examples • 106Statistics • 108Testimony • 111Guidelines for Using Supporting Materials • 113
Context and the Speech Situation • 117Basic Components of the Speaking Environment • 119
Preparation Outline • 134Speaking Outline • 136Other Forms of Speaking Materials • 137
Introductions, Conclusions, and Connective Statements • 145Structure of the Introduction • 146
1. Get the Audience’s Attention • 1462. Clearly State the Relevance of Your Topic • 1483. Establish Your Credibility • 1494. State Your Argument • 1505. Preview Main Points • 1516. Transition to the Body • 152
Transitions between Main Points • 153Internal Summaries • 154Signposts • 154Internal Previews • 154
Structuring the Conclusion • 154Signal the Conclusion • 155Provide a Summary • 155Clinch the Speech • 156
Goals and Strategies for Informative Speeches • 177Tips for Informative Speeches about Objects • 177Tips for Informative Speeches about Processes • 178Tips for Informative Speeches about Events • 178Tips for Informative Speeches about Concepts • 179
Persuasive Speeches • 181The Persuasive Process • 182
Adjusting to the Audience during the Speech • 192Adapting to a Favorable Audience • 192Adapting to a Neutral Audience • 192Adapting to a Hostile Audience • 194
Ceremonial Speeches • 197Types of Commemorative Speeches • 198
Eulogies • 198
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table of contents
ix
The Speaker’s Primer
Toasts • 199Presenting an Award • 199Receiving an Award • 200Graduation Addresses • 201