PM Page 909
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21
Table A1 Molar
mass, gas constant, and criticalpoint properti es Table A2
Idealgas specific heats of various commo n gases
Table A8Saturated icewater vapor
Figure A9 T-sdiagram for water
Table A3Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods
Figure A10Mollier diagram for water
Saturated ____________________ refrigerant-134a Temper Saturated
water ature Temperature table table Table A5 Table A12 Saturated
refrigerantSaturated water 134a Pressure table Pressure Table A6
table
Table A11
Table A4
Superheated water
Table A13Superheated refrigerant-134a
Table A7Compressed liquid water
Figure A 14 P-h diagram
for refrigerant134a
Table
Figure A15NelsonObert generalized
compres sibility chart Table A21 Ideal-gas Table A16 properties
of Prope carbon rties monoxide, CO of the Table A22 Idealatmo gas
properties of spher hydrogen, H2 Table e at high A23 Ideal-gas
altitu properties of water de vapor, H2O
Idealgas propert ies of carbon dioxide , CO2
A20
Table A17 Table A18
Ideal-gas properties of air Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen,
N2
Table A24
Table A19Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2
Ide algas pro pert ies of mo nat omi c oxy gen ,O Table A25
Idealgas properties of hydroxyl, OH
Table
Enthal py of formati on, Gibbs functio n of formati on, and
absolut e entrop y at 25C, 1 atm Propert ies of some commo n fuels
and hydroc arbons Natural logarit
A26
Table
A27
Table
A28
hms of the equilib rium consta nt Kp
isentropic compressibleflow functions for an ideal gas with k =
1.4
FigureGeneralized departure
A29enthalpy chart
Table A33 One-
Figure
A30
Generalized entropy departure chart
Figure A31
Psy chr om etri c cha rt at 1 atm tota l pre ssur e
dimens ional normal -shock functio ns for an ideal gas with k =
1.4 Raylei gh flow functio ns for an ideal gas with k = 1.4
Table
A34
e A32 One-
dimensional
PRO PER TY TAB LES AN D CHA RTS (SI UNI TS)
| 909
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910
|
Thermodynamics
TABLE A 1Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point
properties
*The unit kJ/kg K is equivalent to kPa m3/kg K. The gas constant
is calculated from R = Ru /M, where Ru = 8.31447 kJ/kmol K and M is
the molar mass.
Source: K. A. Kobe and R. E. Lynn, Jr., Chemical Review52
(1953), pp. 117236; and ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta,
GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning
Engineers, Inc., 1993), pp. 16.4 and 36.1.
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 911
Appendix 1 | 911 TABLE A2Ideal-gas specific heats of various
common gases (a) At 300 K Gas Air Argon Butane Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide Ethane Ethylene Helium Hydrogen Methane Neon
Nitrogen Octane Oxygen Propane Steam Formula Ar C4 H10 CO2 CO C 2
H6 C2 H4 He H2 CH4 Ne N2 C8 H18 O2 C 3 H8 H2O Gas constant, R kJ/kg
K 0.2870 0.2081 0.1433 0.1889 0.2968 0.2765 0.2964 2.0769 4.1240
0.5182 0.4119 0.2968 0.0729 0.2598 0.1885 0.4615cp
kJ/kg K 1.005 0.5203 1.7164 0.846 1.040 1.7662 1.5482 5.1926
14.307 2.2537 1.0299 1.039 1.7113 0.918 1.6794 1.8723
c,
kJ/kg K 0.718 0.3122 1.5734 0.657 0.744 1.4897 1.2518 3.1156
10.183 1.7354 0.6179 0.743 1.6385 0.658 1.4909 1.4108
k
1.400 1.667 1.091 1.289 1.400 1.186 1.237 1.667 1.405 1.299
1.667 1.400 1.044 1.395 1.126 1.327
Note: The unit kJ/kg K is equivalent to kJ/kg C. Source:
Chemical and Process Thermodynamics 3/Eby Kyle, B. G., 2000.
Adapted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle
River, NJ.
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 913
Appendix 1 | 913I d e a l g a s s p e c i f i c h e a t s o f v
a r i o u s c o m m o n g a s e s ( C o n c l u d
TABLE A-2
e d ) ( c ) A s a f u n c t i o n o f t e m p e r a t u r e _
cp= a + bT + cT 2
+ dT3
(T in K, cp in kJ/kmol K)
Source: B. G. Kyle, Chemical and Process Thermodynamics
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall,1984). Used with
permission.
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914
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A-3Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods
* Sublimation temperature. (At pressures below the triple-point
pressure of 518 kPa, carbon dioxide exists as a solid or gas. Also,
the freezing-point temperature of carbon dioxide is the triplepoint
temperature of -56.5C.)
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 915
Appendix 1 | 915 TABLE A-3Properties of common liquids, solids,
and foods (Concluded) (b) Solids (values are for room temperature
unless indicated otherwise)
Specific heat,Water content, % (mass) 84 75 67 90 16 39 80 74 74
74 63 kJ/kg K Freezing point, C Above freezing 3.65 3.35 3.08 3.86
2.15 3.52 3.32 3.32 3.32 2.95
Food Apples Bananas Beef round Broccoli Butter Cheese, swiss
Cherries Chicken Corn, sweet Eggs, whole Ice cream
Latent heat of Below fusion, freezing kJ/kg 1.90 1.78 1.68 1.97
1.04 1.33 1.85 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.63 281 251 224 301 53 130 267 247
247 247 210
Specific heat,Water content, % (mass) 95 88 87 78 64 83 93 90 94
64 93 kJ/kg K Freezing point, C Above freezing 4.02 3.79 3.75 3.45
2.98 3.62 3.96 3.86 3.99 2.98 3.96
Food Lettuce Milk, whole Oranges Potatoes Salmon fish Shrimp
Spinach Strawberries Tomatoes, ripe Turkey Watermelon
Latent heat of Below fusion, freezing kJ/kg 2.04 1.95 1.94 1.82
1.65 1.89 2.01 1.97 2.02 1.65 2.01 317 294 291 261 214 277 311 301
314 214 311
-0.6 -10.0 -1.8 -2.8 -0.6 -0.6 -5.6
-1.1 -0.8
-0.2 -0.6 -0.8 -0.6 -2.2 -2.2 -0.3 -0.8 -0.5 -0.4
Source: Values
are obtained from various handbooks and other sources or are
calculated. Water content and freezingpoint data of foods are
from
ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals,
SI version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), Chapter
30, Table 1. Freezing point is the temperature at which freezing
starts for fruits and vegetables, and the average freezing
temperature for other foods.
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916
|
Thermodynamics
TABLE A4Saturated waterTemperature table Specific
volume,m3/kg
Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy,kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg K Sat. Sat.
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. liquid, vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor,
liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, Sat. Sat.
Temp., press.,
T C
Psat kPa Vf ufg hfg sfg
Vg ug hg sg
uf hf sf
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 917
Appendix 1 | 917 TABLE A4Saturated waterTemperature table
(Continued) Specific volume,m3/kg
Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy,kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg K Sat. Sat.
Sat. Sat. Sat. liquid, liquid, liquid, liquid, Evap., Sat. Sat.
Sat. Sat. vapor, Evap., vapor, Evap., vapor, vapor,
Temp., press.,
T C
Psat kPa Vf uf ug hfg sf sg
Vg ufg hf hg sfg
Source: Tables A4 through A 8 are generated using the
Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software developed by S. A. Klein
and F. L. Alvarado. The routine used in calculations is the highly
accurate Steam_IAPWS, which incorporates the 1995 Formulation for
the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for
General and Scientific Use, issued by The International Association
for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS). This formulation
replaces the 1984 formulation of Haar, Gallagher, and Kell (NBS/NRC
Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Co., 1984), which is also
available in EES as the routine STEAM. The new formulation is based
on the correlations of Saul and Wagner (J.
Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 893, 1987) with modifications to
adjust to the International Temperature Scale of 1990. The
modifications are described by Wagner and Pruss (J. Phys. Chem.
Ref. Data, 22, 783, 1993). The properties of ice are based on
Hyland and Wexler, Formulations for the Thermodynamic Properties of
the Saturated Phases of H 2 O from 173.15 K to 473.15 K, ASHRAE
Trans., Part 2A, Paper 2793, 1983.
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918
|
Thermodynamics
TABLE A5Saturated waterPressure table Specific volume,m3/kg
Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy,kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg K Sat. Sat.
Sat. Sat.
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Press., temp., liquid, vapor, liquid,
Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor,
P kPa
Tsat C vf ufg hfg sfg
vg ug hg sg
uf hf sf
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 919
Appendix 1 | 919 TABLE A5Saturated waterPressure table
(Continued) Specific volume,m3/kg
Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy,kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg K
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Press., temp., liquid, vapor, liquid, Evap.,
vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor,
Sat.
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
P kPa
Tsat C vf uf ug hfg sf sg
vg ufg hf hg sfg
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|
Thermodynamics
TABLE A6Superheated water T CSat. 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500
600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
v m3/kg14.670 14.867 17.196 19.513 21.826 24.136 26.446 31.063
35.680 40.296 44.911 49.527 54.143 58.758 63.373 67.989 72.604
u kJ/kg2437.2 2443.3 2515.5 2587.9 2661.4 2736.1 2812.3 2969.3
3132.9 3303.3 3480.8 3665.4 3856.9 4055.3 4260.0 4470.9 4687.4
h kJ/kg2583.9 2592.0 2687.5 2783.0 2879.6 2977.5 3076.7 3280.0
3489.7 3706.3 3929.9 4160.6 4398.3 4642.8 4893.8 5150.8 5413.4
s kJ/kg K8.1488 8.1741 8.4489 8.6893 8.9049 9.1015 9.2827 9.6094
9.8998 10.1631 10.4056 10.6312 10.8429 11.0429 11.2326 11.4132
11.5857
P = 0.01 MPa (45.81C)*
v m3/kg3.2403 3.4187 3.8897 4.3562 4.8206 5.2841 6.2094 7.1338
8.0577 8.9813 9.9047 10.8280 11.7513 12.6745 13.5977 14.5209
u kJ/kg2483.2 2511.5 2585.7 2660.0 2735.1 2811.6 2968.9 3132.6
3303.1 3480.6 3665.2 3856.8 4055.2 4259.9 4470.8 4687.3
h s kJ/kg kJ/kg K2645.2 2682.4 2780.2 2877.8 2976.2 3075.8
3279.3 3489.3 3706.0 3929.7 4160.4 4398.2 4642.7 4893.7 5150.7
5413.3 7.5931 7.6953 7.9413 8.1592 8.3568 8.5387 8.8659 9.1566
9.4201 9.6626 9.8883 10.1000 10.3000 10.4897 10.6704 10.8429
P = 0.05 MPa (81.32C)
v u m3/kg kJ/kg1.6941 1.6959 1.9367 2.1724 2.4062 2.6389 3.1027
3.5655 4.0279 2505.6 2506.2 2582.9 2658.2 2733.9 2810.7 2968.3
3132.2 3302.8
h s kJ/kg kJ/kg KP = 0.10 MPa (99.61C)
2675.0 2675.8 2776.6 2875.5 2974.5 3074.5 3278.6 3488.7
3705.6
7.3589 7.3611 7.6148 7.8356 8.0346 8.2172 8.5452 8.8362
9.0999
4.4900 4.9519 5.4137 5.8755 6.3372 6.7988 7.2605
3480.4 3665.0 3856.7 4055.0 4259.8 4470.7 4687.2
3929.4 9.3424 4160.2 9.5682 4398.0 9.7800 4642.6 9.9800 4893.6
10.1698 5150.6 10.3504 5413.3 10.5229
P = 0.20 MPa (120.21C)
P = 0.30 MPa (133.52C)
P = 0.40 MPa (143.61C)
* T h e t e m p e r a t u r e i n p a r e n t h e s e s i s t h
e s a t u r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e s p e c i f i
e d
p r e s s u r e .
P r o p e r t i e s o f s a t u r a t e d v a p o r a t t h e s
p e c i f i e d p r e s s u r e .
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 921
Appendix 1 | 921 TABLE A-6Superheated water (Continued)
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922
|
Thermodynamics
TABLE A-6Superheated water (Continued)
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 923
Appendix 1 | 923 TABLE A6Superheated water (Concluded)
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924
|
Thermodynamics
TABLE A7Compressed liquid water
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 925
Appendix 1 | 925 TABLE A-8Saturated icewater vapor
Specific volume,m3/kg
Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy,kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg K Sat. Sat.
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. vapor, ice, Subl., vapor, Subl.,
vapor, Subl., vapor,
Temp., press., ice, ice, ice, T C
Psat
kPa vi
vg
ui uig ug hi hig hg si sig sg
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926
|
Thermodynamics
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 927
Appendix 1 | 9272 3 6 9 4 7 10 5 8
5000
5000 4000 3000
4000
2000 1000
3000
2000
1000
2
3 5 7 9
4 6 8 10
Entropy, kJ/kg ' K
FIGURE A-b0 Mollier diagram for water.Copyright 1984. From
NBS/NRC Steam Tables/1 by Lester Haar, John S. Gallagher, and
George S. Kell. Reproduced by permission of Routledge/Ta ylor &
Francis Books, Inc.
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 929
Appendix 1 | 929 TABLE A11Saturated refrigerant-134aTemperature
table ( Continued)
Specific volume,m3/kg
Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy,kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg . K
Source: Tables A11through A13 are generated using the
Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software developed by S. A. Klein
and F. L. Alvarado. The routine used in calculations is the R134a,
which is based on the fundamental equation of state developed by R.
Tillner-Roth and H.D. Baehr, An International Standard Formulation
for the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2Tetrafluoroethane
(HFC134a) for temperatures from 170 K to 455 K and Pressures up to
70 MPa,
J. Phys. Chem, Ref. Data, Vol. 23, No. 5,1994. The enthalpy and
entropy values of saturated liquid are set to zero at - 40C (and -
40F).
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 931
Appendix 1 | 931 TABLE A-13Superheated refrigerant-134a
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932
|
Thermodynamics
TABLE A-13Superheated refrigerant-134a (Continued)
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 933
Appendix 1
| 933
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
FIGURE A14P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a.Note: The reference
point used for the chart is different than that used in the R-134a
tables. Therefore, problems should be solved using all property
data either from the tables or from the chart, but not from both.
Reprinted by permission of American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta,
GA.
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 934
934
|
ThermodynamicsREDUCED PRESSURE, PR
(b) Intermediate pressures,
0< P