Intercultural Collaboration as a Multi‐Agent System Toru Ishida Department of Social Informatics Kyoto University Part 1: Multi‐Agent Systems: Real‐World Applications Part 2: Intercultural Collaboration: A New Research Field Part 3: Multi‐Agent System Problems in Intercultural Collaboration
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TAAI 2016 Keynote Talk: Intercultural Collaboration as a Multi‐Agent System
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Intercultural Collaboration as a Multi‐Agent System
Toru IshidaDepartment of Social Informatics
Kyoto University
Part 1: Multi‐Agent Systems: Real‐World ApplicationsPart 2: Intercultural Collaboration: A New Research Field
Part 3: Multi‐Agent System Problems in Intercultural Collaboration
Part 1
Multiagent Systems: Real‐World Applications
Multi‐Agent Systems
• The research area is often called Autonomous Agent and Multi‐Agent System.
• It models a human society as a collection of independent decision making agents.
• It analyzes and visualizes behaviors of agents via Multi‐Agent Based Simulation.
Multiagent System: A Major Research Area of AI
• IJCAI 2016 ( Int. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence)• Machine Learning: 22 sessions• Agent‐based and Multi‐agent Systems: 12• Knowledge Representation, Reasoning, and Logic: 10 • Planning and Scheduling: 10
• Textbook of Artificial Intelligence Overview of the bookThe main unifying theme is the idea of an intelligent agent. We define AI as the study of agents that receive percepts from the environment and perform actions……
DAIWS 1980 Launched by Researchers in the United StatesICMAS 1995 International Conference integrating workshops
in the United States, Europe, and JapanPRIMA 1998 Asia Pacific International ConferenceAAMAS 2002 A+ Ranked International Conference
MACC(JP) MAAMAW(EU)
DAIWS(US)
ICMASPRIMA(Workshop)
AAMAS
AA(US)
ATAL(EU)
PRIMA(Conference)
Asia International
1980
2000
1990
2010
How We Developed Our Research Community
Multi‐Agent Systems are Getting Real
Theory(Research for Computational Models of Human Society )
PRACTICE(Solving Problems for Society)
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Multi‐Agent Based Simulation (Economy, Disaster Management)
Matching Algorithm (Medical Care)
Collaboration Distributed Search Self‐Organization Multi‐Agent Based Simulation
High Speed ComputingBig Data
Negotiation Market Auction Game Theory Matching Algorithm
Game Theory (Security)
Target #1 Target #2
Target #1 4, ‐3 ‐1, 1Target #2 ‐5, 5 2, ‐1
Example1: Security GameMilind TambeUniversity of Southern California How to allocate limited security resources
• Defenders commit first, and then Attackers observe defenders’ behavior and make decisions.
• First Idea 1986 [Rapaport] • Exchange Started in 2003 [Roth, Sönmez, Ünver, …]• United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) adopted
Sandholm’s algorithm in 2008 and executes it twice a week.
Tuomas SandholmCarnegie Mellon UniversityIn the US, more than 70,000 patients are waiting
for kidney transplants, but only 10,000 transplants are carried out each year.
30‐chain! [New York Times 2/18/2012]
Wife
Husband Mother
Daughter
Contribution to Medical Care
Price
Share of Tokyo Stock Exchange
Tick Size
• If Tick Size (minimum unit of ordering price) is too large, stock prices become unstable.
• A newly discovered threshold made stock prices stable.
• From July 2014, Tokyo Stock Exchange has changed tick sizes of TOPIX100 stocks. This impacted 80% of stock exchanges in Japan.
Example 3: Designing Market Systems by Multi‐Agent Based Simulations Kiyoshi IZUMI
University of Tokyo
Contribution to Economy
1000 agents with different strategies
Example 4: Decision‐Making for Tsunami Evacuation by Multi‐Agent Based Simulations
• Background • 5,781 people are living with risk of tsunami by earthquake.
• Maintain escape routes to places over 2 meters above sea level.
• Result• Determine bridges for reinforcement.
• Determine the priority of streets to remove snow.
10
Itsuki Noda National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
Contribution to Disaster Management
①
② ③
④⑤
⑦⑥
⑧⑨
⑩⑪
Select bridges for reinforcement from 11 bridges
Condition 1:Prioritize 11 streets to remove snow
→ 211 × 211 = 4,194,304 cases
Condition 2:
Part 2
Intercultural Collaboration: A New Research Field
Intercultural Collaboration
• After 9.11 we created a concept of intercultural collaboration, where participants in the same problem field with different cultures and languages work together towards the shared goal.
• Because the research target emphasizes collaboration rather than communication, we can clearly identify research objectives; goal‐directed group activities can be evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively.
2001
To develop open source software by using machine translation.
China Team
Korea Team
ICE2002 OrganizersTranslation Checker
Japan Team
Malaysia Team
Intercultural Collaboration Experiment (ICE 2002)
Translation among Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Malay, and English
31,000 messages in one year.
Message Input
Translation Button
Translated Massage
Chinese Japanese Korean Malay English
Multi‐Language BBS2002
Translation Pentagon for ICE2002
Arcnet/sangenjaya
Japanese
English Malay
Chinese K orean
J ‐ server
Hard to collect translation engines to cover five languages.Hard to understand their contracts.Hard to evaluate their services.Hard to customize provided services.
2002
The Language GridFragmentation and recombination is the key to create customized multi‐language environments for various intercultural activities.
more more
Disaster Management Education Medical Care
Sharing Multilingual Information Universal Playground Multilingual Reception
Language Support forMulti-language and Multi-cultural Communities
Sharing language resources such as dictionaries and machine translators around the world
German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence
Stuttgart UniversityNational Research Council, Italy Chinese Academy of
Sciences NTT Research LabsAsian Disaster Reduction Center
Kookmin UniversityPrinceton University
NECTECUniversity of Indonesia
Google. Inc.Kyoto UniversityNICT
2007
Dictionary (Data)
Parallel Text (Data)
Human Interpreter
Machine Translation
Wrapping
Wrapping
Wrapping
Wrapping
DictionaryDictionary Service
Parallel TextParallel Text Service
MachineTranslator
Machine Translation Service
Human Translator
Human Translation Service
Accurate wordtranslation
Approximatetranslation
Low qualityhigh speedtranslation
High qualitylow speedtranslation
避難場所
disaster shelter
避難場所は、家から近い学校です。
In the case of disaster, people should be evacuated to a school nearby their house.
避難場所は、家から近い学校です。
Disaster shelter is school close from a house.
避難場所は、家から近い学校です。
Your disaster shelter is the school closest to your house.
From Language Resources to Language Services
Language Grid Operation Centers
Kyoto Operation Center(Kyoto Univ.,2007 ‐ )
Jakarta Operation Center(Univ. of Indonesia, 2012 ‐ )
Xinjiang Operation Center (Xinjiang Univ., 2014‐ )
East Asian Languages
South‐East/South Asian Languages
Central Asian Languages
Share 225 language services from 170 groups in 22 countries
Bangkok Operation Center(NECTEC, 2010 ‐ )
NSF LAAPS Grid ProjectLDC
EU Meta Share ProjectELRA/ELDA
Federated Operation of Language Grid Servers
EducationAgricultureKnowledge
Parents
Youth
JapaneseExperts
VietnameseFarmers
JAVI EN
The goal is to increase rice productivity and to decrease the environmental burdens caused by excess use of agrichemicals.
The challenge is to transfer rice harvesting knowledge at realtimefrom Japanese experts to Vietnamese farmers in rural areas with low literacy rate.
A youth‐mediated communication (YMC) model was invented.Children receive IT training, and act as mediators between parents and experts.
Agricultural Support in Vietnam 2011
Overview of the Project• Organizations
– Kyoto University: Multilingual Communication– NPO Pangaea: Education, Activities– University of Tokyo, Mie University : Agricultural Knowledge– Vietnam National University:Local Arrangements– MARD, DARD: Planning and Controlling Experiments
Japanese: たんぼの準備として、田起こしや代掻き、あぜぬりをして下さい。Vietnamese: Chuẩn bị đất là kết hợp giữa canh tác đất, cày bừa và đắp bờ.(English: Land preparation is a combination of tillage of the soil, puddling and levee painting.)
Example-based Translation Service
Translation Service with Agricultural Dictionary
Japanese-English
Translator
English-VietnameseTranslator
Multilingual Dictionary
for Agriculture ☆
JapanesePart-of-Speech
Tagger
VietnamesePart-of-Speech
Tagger
Multilingual Parallel Texts for Agriculture
☆☆
Example-Based
MachineTranslator
JapaneseDependency
Parser
BackTranslation
BestTranslationSelection
OnlineConsultationby Human
VietnameseFarmers
JapaneseExperts
☆ Multilingual Dictionary for Agriculture is provided by NPO Pangaea, Japan National Agriculture Research Center, Vietnam MARD. Entry Number: 3,099 (Sep. 2014)☆☆ Multilingual Parallel Texts for Agriculture is provided by NPO Pangaea, Japan National Agriculture Research Center, Vietnam MARD. Entry Number: 2,485 (Sep. 2014)
Best Translation Selection Service
Designing Knowledge Communication
EducationYouthVietnamese
FarmersJAEN
Leaf Color Plate Recipe Card(textbook)
Measure
Insect Plate
PassportCamera
Parallel Text(compiled)
JapaneseExpertsVI
Parents
AgricultureKnowledge
By NPO Pangaea
Language services are not enough for knowledge communication.
Part 3
Multi‐Agent System Problems in Intercultural Collaboration
Self‐initiated repair or user adaptation to machine translation: Before posting a message, the sender modifies input texts to improve translation quality.
Other‐initiated repair or collaborative translation: If a translation was imperfect, collaboration is initiated by a receiver.
Topic 1: Collaboration ProtocolInteraction patterns among users in ICE2002.
S. Nomura, T. Ishida, N. Yamashita, M. Yasuoka and K. Funakoshi. Open source software development with your mother language: Intercultural Collaboration Experiment 2002. International Conference on Human‐Computer Interaction, Vol. 4, pp. 1163‐1167, 2003.
2002
Collaborative Translation Protocol
MachineTranslator
Source Language Side
Target Language
Side
1. Send the source sentence 2. Evaluate fluency of the translation.
3. Send the sentence which is modified to be fluent.
4. Evaluate adequacy of the translation against the source sentence.
Improve adequacy of the translation result Improve fluency of the translation result
D. Morita and T. Ishida. Collaborative translation by monolinguals with machine translators. International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, pp. 361‐366, 2009.
2009
The Vietnam project aims at increasing the yield of rice. One project member, an agricultural expert, recognized the lack of nitrogen in this
particular rice field, and suggested farmers to use fertilizer a little more. The farmers did not follow this advice, since they believe bugs will gather from
neighboring fields, if they increase the amount of fertilizer.
Topic 2: Shaping a Problem2015
Wicked Problem!Wicked problem is difficult or impossible to solve because of incomplete, contradictory, and changing requirements that are often difficult to recognize.
Because of complex interdependencies, the effort to solve one aspect of a wicked problem may reveal or create other problems.
Wikipedia
How to shape a problem?
Topic 3: Problem Solving Organization
JapaneseExperts
VietnameseYouths
VietnameseFarmers
NPOPangaea
Univ. ofTokyo
KyotoUniv.
MARD
MieUniv.
Knowledge Communication
Organizational Communication
JapaneseBridger
EnglishBridger
Language Communication
JAVI EN
VietnameseBridger
VNU
DARD
Agricultural Data
Agricultural Knowledge
Machine Translation
2015
Multi‐Agent Based Participatory Simulation
Analysis Design
Field Experimentor
Multi-Agent Based Participatory Simulation
Language / Knowledge Communication
ModelingMachine Translatio
n(JA→EN)
Post-Editing
(EN→EN)
JapaneseBridger
VietnameseBridger
Vietnamese Youth
Japanese Expert
Machine Translation
(EN→VI)
Parallel Texts(JA→VI)
Pre-Editing(JA→JA
)
EnglishBridger
Post-Editing(VI→VI)
2015
Test technologies in advance with various stakeholders.
Problem Solving Organization
Project Team for Tien My Commune, Tra On District, Vinh Long Province, Vietnam, Jan 5th, 2013
Problem solving organization guarantees contentious commitment of stakeholders to the problem domain.
To be continued….
• Multi‐agent system research now contributes to our human society.
• Intercultural collaboration can be seen as multi‐agent system research, and will reduce conflicts in the world.
Thank You!
Special Thanks to:
Tuomas Sandholm,Milind Tambe, Bo An, Itsuki Noda, Kiyoshi Izumi, Shigeo Matsubara, Yohei Mukakami, Donghui Lin, Yumoko Mori, Toshiyuki Takasaki