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NAVAL AIR TRAINING COMMAND

NAS CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS CNATRA P-1209 (Rev. 10-08)

FLIGHT TRAINING

INSTRUCTION

WEAPONS

T-45A/CTS, ADV, and IUT

2008

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DEP RTMENT OF THE N VYCHIEF OF NAVAL AIR TRAINING

CNATRA250 LEXINGTON BLVD SUITE 102CORPUS CHRISTI TX 78419-5041

CNATRA P-1209~ c f 1 9 2 o o 8

CNATRA P-1209 (REV 10-08)Subj: FLIGHT TRAINING INSTRUCTION, WEAPONS, T-45A/C1 . CNATRA P-1209 (Rev. 10-08) PAT, "Fl ight Tra in ingIns t ruc t ion , Weapons Undergraduate J e t Pi lo t Training" i s i s suedfor informat ion, s tandard iza t ion of i n s t ruc t ion , and guidancefor a l l f l i gh t i n s t ruc to r s and s tudent av i a to r s with in the NavalAir Tra in ing Command.2. This pub l ica t ion sh a l l be used as an exp lana to ry a id to theT-45A/C Weapons Undergraduate Je t Pi lo t Tra in ing . t wi l l bethe au thor i ty fo r the execut ion of a l l f l i gh t procedures andmaneuvers he re in contained.3. Recommendations fo r changes s ha l l be submit ted v ia CNATRATCR form CNATRA 1550/19 in accordance with CNATRAINST 1550.6E.4. CNATRA P-1209 (Rev. 04-03) PAT i s hereby cance l led andsuperseded.

H A ~AMES A. CRABBEChief of Sta f fD is t r i b u t i o n :CNATRA N7 (5) Plus Origina lCOMTRAWING ONE (200)COMTRAWING TWO (200)

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FLIGHT TRAINING INSTRUCTION

FOR

WEAPONS

T-45A/C

UNDERGRADUATE JET PILOT TRAINING

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INTERIM CHANGE SUMMARY

The following changes have been previously incorporated in this manual:

CHANGE

NUMBER

REMARKS/PURPOSE

The following interim Changes have been incorporated in this Change/Revision:

INTERIM

CHANGE

NUMBER

REMARKS/PURPOSE ENTERED BY DATE

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SAFETY/HAZARD AWARENESS NOTICE

This course does not require any special safety precautions other than those normally found on

the flight lines.

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HOW TO USE THIS FTI

This Flight Training Instruction (FTI) is your textbook for the Weapons delivery stage and is

the source document for all procedures related to Weapons. In addition, it includes suggested

techniques for performing each maneuver and making corrections.

Use your FTI to prepare for and afterward to review lessons and flights. This information

will help you effectively prepare for lessons: know all the procedures in the assigned

section(s), review the glossary, and be prepared to ask your instructor about anything thatremains unclear. Then, you can devote your attention to flying the T-45. After a flight, review

the FTI materials to reinforce your understanding and to clarify any difficult maneuvers or

procedures.

Note that this FTI also contains information on emergencies related to this stage. This

section of the FTI amplifies, but does not supplant, the emergency procedures

information contained in the T-45 NATOPS Manual.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES................................................................................................... vINTERIM CHANGE SUMMARY............................................................................................. vi

SAFETY/HAZARD AWARENESS NOTICE ......................................................................... vii

HOW TO USE THIS FTI.......................................................................................................... viiiTABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ ix

TABLE OF FIGURES................................................................................................................ xiiINTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... xiv

CHAPTER ONE - PREPARATION........................................................................................ 1-1100. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1-1

101. DETERMINING DELIVERY DATA......................................................................... 1-1102. COMPUTING OFFSET AIMPOINT.......................................................................... 1-1

103. RELEASE AIRSPEED/MACH NUMBER................................................................. 1-2

104. "Z" DIAGRAM............................................................................................................ 1-2

CHAPTER TWO - PRACTICE ORDNANCE....................................................................... 2-1200. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 2-1

201. PREFLIGHT INSPECTION OF ORDNANCE ..........................................................2-1202. T-45A WEAPONS SYSTEMS.................................................................................... 2-6

203. AIR-TO-GROUND DATA ENTRY ........................................................................... 2-7

204. HUD AIR-TO-GROUND SYMBOLOGY.................................................................. 2-7205. CONTINUOUSLY COMPUTED IMPACT POINT (CCIP)...................................... 2-8

206. DECLUTTER ..............................................................................................................2-8

207. VIDEO CAMERA SYSTEM (VCS)............................................................................2-8

208. VCR SETUP ................................................................................................................2-9

CHAPTER THREE - T-45C WEAPONS SYSTEM .............................................................. 3-1300. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 3-1

301. ARMAMENT SYSTEM CONTROLS AND INDICATORS .................................... 3-1

302. AIR-TO-GROUND DATA ENTRY ........................................................................... 3-3303. WEAPONS PREFLIGHT SETUP .............................................................................. 3-4

304. SYSTEMS IN-FLIGHT PROCEDURES....................................................................3-7

305. HUD.............................................................................................................................3-8306. HUD AIR-TO-GROUND SYMBOLOGY.................................................................. 3-9

307. MANUAL (MAN) MODE ........................................................................................ 3-10

308. CONTINUOUSLY COMPUTED IMPACT POINT (CCIP) MODE....................... 3-11

309. DECLUTTER ............................................................................................................3-13310. VIDEO CAMERA SYSTEM (VCS).........................................................................3-13

CHAPTER FOUR - GROUND OPERATIONS ..................................................................... 4-1400. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 4-1

401. TAKEOFF....................................................................................................................4-1

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CHAPTER FIVE - ENROUTE PROCEDURES.................................................................... 5-1500. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 5-1501. T-45A COMBAT CHECKLIST.................................................................................. 5-1

502. T-45C COMBAT CHECKLIST.................................................................................. 5-2

CHAPTER SIX - TARGET PATTERN PROCEDURES ..................................................... 6-1600. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 6-1

601. BREAKUP...................................................................................................................6-1602. SWITCHOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 6-2

603. THE 30-DEGREE PATTERN.....................................................................................6-5

604. THE 20-DEGREE PATTERN.....................................................................................6-7605. THE 10-DEGREE PATTERN.....................................................................................6-9

606. FLYING THE PATTERN ......................................................................................... 6-11

607. VOICE PROCEDURES ............................................................................................ 6-12

CHAPTER SEVEN - WEAPONS DELIVERY PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES....... 7-1

700. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 7-1701. THEORY OF WEAPONS DELIVERY...................................................................... 7-1

702. FACTORS AFFECTING TRAJECTORY.................................................................. 7-3

703. DELIVERY PROCEDURES....................................................................................... 7-7

704. RELEASE....................................................................................................................7-9705. DIVE DELIVERY TECHNIQUES............................................................................. 7-9

706. ERROR CORRECTIONS DURING RUN ...............................................................7-15

707. ERROR CORRECTION TECHNIQUES .................................................................7-17708. WIND CORRECTIONS............................................................................................ 7-20

709. CONTINUOUSLY COMPUTED IMPACT POINT (CCIP) BOMBING................ 7-22

710. POP-UP ATTACKS .................................................................................................. 7-28

CHAPTER EIGHT - RETURNING FROM THE TARGET ............................................... 8-1800. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 8-1

801. HUNG ORDNANCE CHECK .................................................................................... 8-1802. RTB/FIELD ENTRY................................................................................................... 8-1

803. HUNG ORDNANCE APPROACH ............................................................................ 8-1

804. DEARMING................................................................................................................8-2805. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES................................................................................... 8-2

CHAPTER NINE - SAFETY PRECAUTIONS...................................................................... 9-1900. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 9-1

901. LOW PULLOUT ......................................................................................................... 9-2902. EXCESSIVE AIRSPEED AT RELEASE POINT ......................................................9-2

903. DIVE ANGLES STEEPER THAN OPTIMUM .........................................................9-2

904. TARGET FIXATION.................................................................................................. 9-2905. CORRECTING BY RELEASING LOW .................................................................... 9-2

906. PITOT STATIC MALFUNCTION............................................................................. 9-3

907. EXCEEDING G LIMITS ............................................................................................ 9-3

908. ROLLING PULLOUTS............................................................................................... 9-3

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909. INADVERTENT WEAPON RELEASE..................................................................... 9-3

910. LOST COMMUNICATIONS ..................................................................................... 9-3911. LATE PATTERN ENTRY.......................................................................................... 9-4

CHAPTER TEN - SELF-TEST.............................................................................................. 10-1

APPENDIX A - GLOSSARY................................................................................................... A-1

APPENDIX B - INDEX............................................................................................................ B-1

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TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1 Weapons Delivery Table.................................................................................... 1-1

Figure 1-2 Z Diagram....................................................................................................... 1-2

Figure 2-1 T-45C Armament Control and Stick Grip ......................................................2-2Figure 2-2 T-45A Armament Control and Stick Grip ......................................................2-3

Figure 2-3 Station Selector on PMBR................................................................................. 2-4

Figure 2-4 Secured Smoke Charge...................................................................................... 2-4

Figure 2-5 Intervalometer and Mode Selector Switch on Rocket Launcher .................. 2-5

Figure 2-6 Weapons Data Entry Sequence......................................................................... 2-6

Figure 3-1 A/G Stores Display............................................................................................. 3-2

Figure 3-2 Weapons Data Entry Sequence......................................................................... 3-3

Figure 3-3 Air-to-Ground Stores Display Gun ............................................................... 3-4

Figure 3-4 Air-to-Ground Stores Display Rocket........................................................... 3-5

Figure 3-5 Air-to-Ground Stores Manual Bomb............................................................3-5Figure 3-6 HUD Air-to-Ground Manual Stores ................................................................ 3-6

Figure 3-7 Air-to-Ground Stores CCIP Bomb................................................................ 3-6

Figure 3-8 Air-to-Ground Stores Manual Bomb............................................................3-8

Figure 3-9 HUD Air-to-Ground Manual Bomb.................................................................3-8

Figure 3-10 HUD A/G DSL Display (Typical) ...................................................................3-10

Figure 3-11 HUD A/G CCIP Bomb Display (Typical) ......................................................3-12

Figure 3-12 HUD Air-to-Ground Declutter ....................................................................... 3-13

Figure 6-1 Breakup at Target.............................................................................................. 6-1

Figure 6-2 30-Degree Pattern .............................................................................................. 6-5

Figure 6-3 30-Degree Z Diagram .................................................................................... 6-6Figure 6-4 20-Degree Pattern .............................................................................................. 6-7

Figure 6-5 20-Degree Z Diagram .................................................................................... 6-8

Figure 6-6 10-Degree Pattern .............................................................................................. 6-9

Figure 6-7 10-Degree Z Diagram .................................................................................. 6-10

Figure 6-8 Positions in the Weapons Pattern...................................................................6-12

Figure 7-1 Terminology........................................................................................................7-1

Figure 7-2 Pendulum Effect................................................................................................. 7-5

Figure 7-3 Z Diagram....................................................................................................... 7-6

Figure 7-4 Straight Path Tracking..................................................................................... 7-7

Figure 7-5 Curvilinear Straight-Path Tracking ................................................................ 7-9Figure 7-6 Bomb Z Diagrams ........................................................................................ 7-10

Figure 7-7 Adaptive Roll-In/Attack Cone ........................................................................ 7-11

Figure 7-8 5 Target Placement Angle.............................................................................. 7-13

Figure 7-9 Freeze Dive Angle with 42 mils....................................................................... 7-14

Figure 7-10 Weapons Release.............................................................................................. 7-14

Figure 7-11 Dive Delivery Checkpoints .............................................................................. 7-15

Figure 7-12 Table of Error Sensitivities ............................................................................. 7-16

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Figure 7-13 Types of Tracking ............................................................................................ 7-21

Figure 7-14 CL SP Sight Picture at Initial Rollout......................................................... 7-23

Figure 7-15 Sight Picture between Rollout and Checkpoint Altitude ~5500 AGL .......7-24

Figure 7-16 Sight Picture at Checkpoint Altitude - 4500 AGL....................................... 7-25

Figure 7-17 Sight Picture at Release Altitude - 3100 AGL..............................................7-25

Figure 7-18 Pop-Up Pattern................................................................................................. 7-29Figure 7-19 Pop-Up Checkpoints ........................................................................................ 7-29

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INTRODUCTION

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Military aircraft are designed to destroy an enemy's potential to wage war. The primary means

to accomplish this mission is by delivering various types of ordnance upon enemy personnel,equipment, and installations. Accurate delivery of ordnance on surface targets is one of the

primary missions of naval aviation and is accomplished with a wide variety of special and

conventional weapons. Delivery techniques vary as widely as the weapons themselves, and varyfrom conventional dives of all angles to computer-integrated loft maneuvers. To be a true

professional, you - the Naval Aviator - must be thoroughly versed in air-to-ground delivery.

OBJECTIVE

The primary objective of the Weapons stage is to develop your basic skills of weapons delivery.The most important of these skills involves two concepts - rolling in and tracking. You will find

that the basic skills you already learned, such as formation flying and instrument scan, will behelpful in the weapons delivery stage. The ultimate objective is to teach you how to make the

ordnance hit the target. This publication will emphasize the fundamentals of weapons deliveryand their application to various types of practice ordnance. The procedures contained here,

except those labeled"techniques,

"must be closely followed. For Training Command purposes,

the most important aspect of weapons delivery is consistency in roll-in and tracking.Diversification can come later, after building basic skills.

GRADING

Because accuracy of delivery is the goal of weapons training, it will be graded on all but the first

few flights. You will determine accuracy by figuring the Circular Error Probability (CEP). TheCEP is a statistical median, and is theoretically the radius of a circle within which half the pilot's

bombs could be expected to fall. Figure your CEP by arranging your hits from best to worst; theCEP is the middle hit of an odd number of drops or the average of the middle two hits of an even

number of drops. Count off-target hits of unknown distance as 500 feet. Four drops are required

to compute a CEP and complete a flight. All scored hits will count toward the flight CEP,

regardless of the pattern in which the individual bombs were dropped. Accuracy will be gradedin accordance with the guidelines found in the applicable master curriculum guide (MCG).

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NOTES

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CHAPTER ONE

PREPARATION

100. INTRODUCTION

Being able to drop ordnance onto a target depends largely on factors present at the target, factorswhich vary from day to day. Because of this variability, you are expected to prepare the

following items for each flight brief.

101. DETERMINING DELIVERY DATA

The T-45A/C NATOPS manual contains delivery charts for MK 76 bombs (example shown inFigure 1-1) and 2.75

"Folding Fin Aircraft Rocket (FFAR) rockets. These charts are used

to find the correct sight settings and release attitudes for each specific pattern. Target elevation

must be added to the release altitude to find the correct release MSL altitude.

Figure 1-1 Weapons Delivery Table

102. COMPUTING OFFSET AIMPOINT

To compute an offset aimpoint, you must know the magnitude and direction of the wind at

release altitude (reported or forecast), and the time of fall of the weapon (Figure 1-1). For eachflight, you must compute a separate offset aimpoint for each type of run you will be making.

The direction of the offset aimpoint is very simple: it is always directly into the wind. The

offset distance(in feet) is given by the following formula:

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CHAPTER ONE WEAPONS T-45A/C TS, ADV, AND IUT

D = 1 . 7 x T x W

In this formula, Tis the time of fall of the weapon in seconds, Wis the speed of the wind at

release altitude in knots, and 1.7 is the factor that converts knots into feet per second. For

example, suppose that the wind is from the north at 12 knots and the weapon time of fall is

7 seconds. Using the formula, D = 1.7 x 7 x 12 = 142.8 feet. So, your offset final aimpoint willbe about 140 feet north of the target. It is possible to compute an offset aimpoint in mils

instead of feet, especially for use on a non-raked target, but this method is not used in the

Training Command. Therefore, you will be expected to compute your offset aimpoints in feetrather than mils.

103. RELEASE AIRSPEED/MACH NUMBER

Release airspeed is a true airspeed. The head-up display (HUD) in the T-45C has a true airspeed

readout, but as a backup, you need an indicated airspeed or mach number, whichever is

easier to read on your aircraft instruments. The HUD has an indicated airspeed and a mach

readout, but a failure affecting true airspeed would probably affect these readouts. Instrumentpanel indicated airspeed/mach is a good backup for the HUD. If you want to use mach, you will

have to compute it using the NATOPS table.

104. "Z" DIAGRAM

"Z

"diagrams are presentations of pattern and weaponeering information included on briefing

boards and kneeboard cards (Figure 1-2).

Figure 1-2 Z Diagram

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CHAPTER TWO

PRACTICE ORDNANCE

200. INTRODUCTION

Types of Ordnance. In the Training Command, you will use two types of practice ordnance:the Mark 76 (Mk 76) practice bomb and, if available, the 2.75

"FFAR. Practice ordnance

consists of water-sand fills that simulate the ballistics of general-purpose bombs. Practiceordnance possesses the same delivery characteristics as more sophisticated weapons. Training

Command ordnance simulates combat ordnance and is more than adequate to prepare you for

advanced ordnance and delivery methods. The Mk 76 simulates an Mk 82 (500 lb.) bomb, and

2.75"rockets have been used in combat with a variety of warheads.

201. PREFLIGHT INSPECTION OF ORDNANCE

Careful preflight inspection of your ordnance load will help to ensure a safe and successful

flight. Use the following procedures to preflight each type of ordnance you carry in the TrainingCommand.

1. BOMBS

a. Check Master Armament in SAFE (Figure 2-1 T-45C) and Weapons Selector OFF

(Figure 2-2 T-45A).

b. Check that the weight on wheels bypass switch lever is locked to WEIGHT ONWHEELS position (located in the nose wheel well).

c. Check security of the practice multiple bomb rack (PMBR) to station with safetypin installed from right-hand side (Figure 2-3).

d. Check electrical cable (pigtail) and cannon plug secure from pylon to PMBR(Figure 2-3).

e. Check each bomb for security to PMBR. You may grasp each bomb by nose and tail

and cautiously check for movement; slight movement should be evident. Too muchplay indicates improperly attached ordnance; a bomb with no movement at all may

not drop when you release it at the target. If you are in doubt, call an

ordnanceman. Do not attempt readjustment yourself.

f. At the rear of the PMBR, check the station selector on SAFE (Figure 2-3).

g. Check the nose of each bomb for a smoke charge secured by a cotter pin

(Figure 2-4).

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CHAPTER TWO WEAPONS T-45A/C TS, ADV, AND IUT

Figure 2-1 T-45C Armament Control and Stick Grip

2-2 PRACTICE ORDNANCE

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WEAPONS T-45A/C TS, ADV, AND IUT CHAPTER TWO

Figure 2-2 T-45A Armament Control and Stick Grip


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Figure 2-3 Station Selector on PMBR

Figure 2-4 Secured Smoke Charge


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2. ROCKETS

a. Check Master Armament switch SAFE (Figure 2-1, 2-2).

b. Check that the weight on wheels bypass switch lever is locked to WEIGHT ON

WHEELS position (located in the nose wheel well).

c. Check security of LAU 68 launcher to station with safety pin installed from right-

hand side.

d. Check the pigtail from the parent rack to the launcher; the cannon plug should be

disconnected.

e. Check that the shorting pin is installed.

f. Check that the intervalometer is on L (for "load"), and the mode selector switch is on

SINGLE (Figure 2-5).

g. Check that you have the correct number of rockets according to maintenance control.

h. Check that the foil RADHAZ shield is in place on back of pod.

Figure 2-5 Intervalometer and Mode Selector Switch on Rocket Launcher


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202. T-45A WEAPONS SYSTEMS

Accurate weapons delivery requires that you correctly analyze and adjust for the effects of

altitude, airspeed, dive angle, and pipper to target to ensure ordnance release within prescribed

parameters. You must be able to perform essential calculations and adjustments during the

tracking run. The HUD will assist you in performing these functions by permitting you to scanflight instruments and aiming displays without scanning inside the cockpit.

Figure 2-6 Weapons Data Entry Sequence


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203. AIR-TO-GROUND DATA ENTRYAfter completing the interactive BIT and entering the altimeter and field height, youre ready to

enter target data into the HUD (Figure 2-2). First, press DATA on the data entry panel (DEP).

The scratch pad displays wind direction (WD) and the last entered wind-direction value. Enter

the forecast wind direction for the release altitude at the target and press ENT. The scratch padthen displays wind speed (WS) and the current wind-speed value. Enter the forecast wind speed

for the release altitude at the target and press ENT. The scratch pad displays target height (TH)

and the current target height value. Enter the height of the target and press ENT.

Second, set the sight depression angle in mils. Set the weapons selector to BOMBS to get the

air-to-ground depressed sight line (DSL) submode for bombs. Just below the radar altitude,BOMBS covered by an X and 140 will be displayed. BOMBS indicates that you are in the

DSL submode, X indicates that the master armament switch is set to SAFE, and 140 represents

the default mil setting for bombs. You can increase the displayed mil setting by pressing the top

+ of the SET DEP key or decrease the mil setting by pressing the bottom - of the SET DEP

key. Selecting ROCKETS or GUN A/G on the weapons selector will switch the display to thedefault mil setting for rockets or guns. Their mil settings can be changed with the SET DEP key.

To set the continuously computed impact point (CCIP), press the MODE key after selecting one

of the air-to-ground modes on the weapons selector. Pressing the MODE key again will returnthe display to the DSL submode. After entering air-to-ground data, set the weapons selector to

OFF to return the HUD to the navigation master mode.The target data, submode (DSL or CCIP), and the mil settings will be retained in the HUDs

memory even if the HUD is switched to another master mode or turned off in flight. In the target

area, place the weapons selector to BOMBS, ROCKETS, or GUN A/G and press the station orgun select switch as appropriate for the weapon you are going to use. Also set the VCR switch

to ON or AUTO as briefed. You can update target data and change mil settings in flight by

following the same procedures listed above.204. HUD AIR-TO-GROUND SYMBOLOGY

In air-to-ground mode the aircraft symbol is displayed on the waterline, and bank angleindicators are not displayed. Because you are maneuvering in relation to the target, your specific

bank angle is not important; the pitch bars will still be displayed, and you can use them as a

wings level reference in the tracking run.

The X over BOMBS, indicating that the master armament switch on the weapons selector

panel is set to SAFE, is removed when the master armament switch is set to ARM . The DSLA/G aiming reticle consists of two concentric dashed rings around the pipper. The inner ring has

a radius of 25 mils and the outer ring has a radius of 50 mils. Below the outer ring are two

reference marks at 75 and 100 mils (Figure 3-10).

A breakaway cross appears in the middle of the PDU to indicate that you must initiate your dive

recovery immediately. The breakaway cross is removed when the aircraft begins to climb. The


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breakaway cross is displayed only when the HUD determines that, with normal pilot reaction

time and a normal 4g recovery, the aircraft would bottom out with 1,000 ft or less of groundclearance. The breakaway cross function is disabled for a dive angle of less than 15 degrees.205. CONTINUOUSLY COMPUTED IMPACT POINT (CCIP)

The CCIP submode (bombs, rockets, gun) compensates for dive angle, airspeed, altitude, and

target wind to display a continuously computed impact point for the selected weapon. The CCIP

submode display provides a cruciform symbol with a pipper in the middle which depicts wherethe weapon will strike if released immediately. In CCIP BOMBS only, an aiming line is

projected above the CCIP marker to provide azimuth steering guidance (Figure 3-11). When the

pipper of the CCIP marker is over the target, press the weapons release button. Remember, theCCIP mode is not magical. The computed impact point relies on the data entered and a smooth

tracking run to solve the bombing triangle equation.

In CCIP ROCKETS and GUN, the CCIP marker will flash when the computed slant range

exceeds 12,000 ft for rockets or 8,000 ft for gun. The technique for using CCIP begins with anormal roll-in. For CCIP BOMBS, place the aiming line over the target and allow the CCIP

marker to move up to the target. For CCIP ROCKETS or GUN, place the CCIP marker on the

target and hold it there. Even though the computer compensates for all release parameters,

except for pipper placement, releasing near your normal parameters will improve the systemsaccuracy. You may have to adjust your release aimpoint because the actual target winds may

differ from the forecast winds you entered into the HUD.

206. DECLUTTER

The declutter function works the same in the air-to-ground mode as in the navigation mode.Declutter 1 or 2 clears the left side of the HUD display of true airspeed, AOA, Mach, and g.

Since true airspeed is referenced for release and g is referenced for recovery, declutter functions

will not be used in the air-to-ground mode.

207. VIDEO CAMERA SYSTEM (VCS)

The video camera system (VCS) records the view through the HUD. The sealed video module isplaced in the video interface module located in the aft cockpit, right console, and is secured by

placing the locking bar in the LOCKED position. In the RECORD position, the VCR begins

recording shortly after power is applied to the aircraft. With the aft cockpit VCR switch in STBYor OFF, the forward cockpit VCR switch controls VCR operation. The forward cockpit VCR

switch has three positions:

1. ON, VCR starts recording;

2. OFF, VCR operation is controlled by the aft cockpit;

3. AUTO, VCR starts recording when the master armament switch is set to ARM.


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208. VCR SETUP

1. Place the entire sealed video module in the video interface module (VIM) located in the aft

cockpit, right console, and secure it with the locking bar. Then place the aft cockpit VCR switch

in STBY or OFF as briefed.

2. Check that the forward cockpit VCR switch is set according to instructions: ON, VCR

starts recording; OFF, VCR operation is controlled by the aft cockpit; AUTO, VCR starts

recording when the master armament switch is set to ARM.


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NOTES

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CHAPTER THREE

T-45C WEAPONS SYSTEM

300. INTRODUCTION

Armament System General. The armament system provides for the carriage, jettison, sighting,gun firing simulation, and controlled release of external stores. The air-to-ground (A/G) HUD

master mode provides both manual and Continuously Computed Impact Point (CCIP) sightingfor bombs, rockets and simulated guns. Armament system controls consist of the jettison button,

master switch (forward cockpit), master arm switch/master arm light (aft cockpit), weapons

release button and gun trigger, HUD Data Entry Panel, and MFD stores display. There is no data

interface between the weapons station and the A/G stores display. Weapon quantity and rocketfiring mode must be set in by the pilot to match the weapons load.

301. ARMAMENT SYSTEM CONTROLS AND INDICATORS

Emergency Jettison Button

The jettison button (Figure 2-1, 2-2) in the forward and aft cockpit when pushed will jettison

stores on the wing pylons simultaneously with weight off wheels. Stores jettison occurs

regardless of the selected weapon or master armament switch position. Centerline external storeswill not jettison.

Master Armament and Master Armament Override Switch/Master Arm Light

The Master Armament switch (Figure 2-1, 2-2) is located in the front cockpit. All armament

circuits, except for jettison, are controlled by the master armament switch. With the master

armament switch in SAFE, the armament circuits are deenergized. In ARM the armamentcircuits are energized and the MASTER ARM light (Figure 2-1, 2-2) is illuminated in the aft

cockpit. The Master Armament Override switch (Figure 2-1, 2-2) in the aft cockpit can disablethe armament system when placed in the SAFE position. When in the FORWARD position, the

forward cockpit controls the armament system.

Weapons Release Button and Gun Trigger

The A/G weapon release button or "pickle button" (Figure 2-1, 2-2) is used to release weaponsfrom the wing stations. With the master arm switch in ARM and a wing station selected on the

stores display, pressing the button releases a bomb or fires a rocket. The GUN trigger

(Figure 2-1, 2-2) is used to fire the simulated gun. With the master arm switch in ARM andGUN selected on the stores display, squeezing the trigger simulates gun firing.

HUD Data Entry Panel (DEP)

The DEP (Figure 2-1, 2-2) is used to adjust the MIL depression setting, select the HUD master

mode, and enter target height. The MIL depression setting of the depressed sight line is adjusted

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CHAPTER THREE WEAPONS T-45A/C TS, ADV, AND IUT

with the SET DEP +/- rocker switch, HUD master modes, navigation, air-to-air, and air-to-

ground are selected with the MODE button and target height is entered with the DEP buttons.

MFD Air-To-Ground (A/G) Stores Display

The A/G stores display (Figure 3-1) options include submode selection, weapon and stationselection, weapon quantity selection, weapon quantity, target height option selection, master

armament status (SAFE or ARM), and rocket delivery options.

Figure 3-1 A/G Stores Display

3-2 T-45C WEAPONS SYSTEM

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WEAPONS T-45A/C TS, ADV, AND IUT CHAPTER THREE

302. AIR-TO-GROUND DATA ENTRY

The T-45C navigation and weapons delivery system defaults to various displays. Before air-to-

ground sorties, you must assure that the STORES system is programmed to support your mission

plan (Figure 3-2). Target data will be stored in the system memory, retained for application in

flight.

Figure 3-2 Weapons Data Entry Sequence


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The T-45C carries MK 76 bombs and/ or 2.75 FFARs. The gun is "always available" and is

simulated on the centerline station. It is presumed to have unlimited ammo; therefore, no ammocountdown is provided.

The DEU/mission computer does not monitor status of the simulated gun, bomb racks, rocket

launchers, or weapons. Upon command to release a weapon (pickle button or trigger), the T-45Csystem counts down according to the number of times the release button/trigger is depressed.

There is not a mechanical or electrical interface to wing stations; therefore, it is possible for the

system to count down, even though a weapon is not released or is "hung."

Waypoint and Offset Data: Mission profiles determine in what manner you may employ

waypoints and offsets. Remember that each offset (0-359.9 degrees and 0-99.9 nm distance) isassociated with an active waypoint; changing waypoint coordinates deletes offset data associated

with that waypoint. Also, when selecting a waypoint, an offset causes replacement of CCIP

target height with that height.

303. WEAPONS PREFLIGHT SETUP

After completing the poststart checks and entering waypoint data, select the air-to-ground stores

display by selecting MENU, then STRS and then A/G. The air-to-ground display initializes to

GUN and manual delivery (Figure 3-3). Select the appropriate station and weapon according toyour weapons load. If RKT (rockets) (Figure 3-4) is selected, ensure that RPPL (ripple) is not

selected and the rocket quantity reflects the weapons load.

Figure 3-3 Air-to-Ground Stores Display Gun


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Figure 3-4 Air-to-Ground Stores Display Rocket

Figure 3-5 Air-to-Ground Stores Manual Bomb


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Figure 3-6 HUD Air-to-Ground Manual Stores

Figure 3-7 Air-to-Ground Stores CCIP Bomb


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If BOMB (Figure 3-5) is selected, ensure that the bomb quantity reflects the weapons load. If a

manual delivery is planned, the MIL setting may need to be changed for the planned dive angleand release altitude. On start, the system default mil setting is 12 for guns, 30 for rockets and

140 for bombs (Figure 3-6). The mil setting is changed by pressing the SET DEP + to increase

or SET DEP - to decrease the MIL setting on the DEP (Figure 21-, 2-2) for the selected weapon.

If CCIP is the planned delivery mode, select CCIP on the stores display. Normally the target

height does not need to be set (Figure 3-7). The entered target height is only retained as long as

the waypoint doesn't change. As soon as a new waypoint is selected, manually or automatically,the target height reverts to the waypoint elevation. In addition, the system uses the radar

altimeter for AGL altitude for CCIP computations. Target height is only used if the radar

altimeter is off or inoperative.

When the desired weapon, mil setting, and delivery mode are entered for all your planned

delivery profiles, select the A/G display you plan on using first. Then return to the ADI and HSI

display on the MFDs and the navigation mode on the HUD.

304. SYSTEMS IN-FLIGHT PROCEDURES

Approaching the target area, select the A/G stores display on the right MFD by selecting MENU,

STRS then A/G. Selecting the A/G stores display also selects the HUD A/G master mode. The

last entered weapon and station, submode, weapon quantity, rocket firing mode (if RKTselected), and MIL setting (MAN selected) entered during pre-flight are displayed. Verify HUD

weapons delivery symbology is correct or modify it using the stores display and/or the DEP. If

CCIP submode is selected and the target height for the active waypoint is not correct, enter a newtarget height. Set the VCR switch to the briefed position. Setting the Master Armament switch

to ARM is all that remains to be done (Figure 3-8 and Figure 3-9). When changing delivery

patterns, select the desired submode, weapon and station on the A/G stores display and, if

required, adjust the MIL setting using the SET DEP +/- rocker switch on the DEP. Though theweapon quantity indication may indicate zero, it is not an indication that all weapons were

released from the aircraft. You must still perform a hung ordnance check. Following the

weapons mission, select HSI on the right MFD and press MODE on the DEP once to return tothe HUD navigation master mode.


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Figure 3-8 Air-to-Ground Stores Manual Bomb

Figure 3-9 HUD Air-to-Ground Manual Bomb

305. HUD

Aircraft weapons delivery requires maneuvering to a roll-in position in order to achieve a desireddive angle, then making corrections during the dive to compensate for wind and deviations from

optimum delivery parameters. The T-45C system can also be flown in either a relatively


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automated Continuously Computed Impact Point (CCIP) mode or Manual (MAN) mode, which

requires the pilot to make all required calculations. When using CCIP, the system automaticallycomputes a predicted weapon impact point adjusted for wind, dive angle, and airspeed.

As a proficient Naval aviator, one must learn how to make fundamental calculations and perform

adjustments during bombing runs. As one becomes competent in delivery, one's understandingof various parameters and how to manage them from the cockpit will mature.

A HUD is a valuable asset for Naval attack pilots. It allows them to perform air-to-groundweapons delivery while keeping attention focused outside the cockpit.

306. HUD AIR-TO-GROUND SYMBOLOGY

The velocity vector is always displayed, providing the GINA is on-line. The velocity vector

indicates where the aircraft is actually going, as opposed to where the nose is pointed (waterline).

That information proves very helpful during weapons delivery. In A/G modes, the HUD does

not display bank angle.

When wings-level, the T-45C waterline (pitch attitude) can be approximated by the point of

intersection of an imaginary line tangent to the tops of the KIAS and BARO altitude boxes with

the centerline of the Pitch Ladder (Figure 3-10). Interpolation is less accurate as the aircraftbanks and the pitch ladder displaces with the velocity vector.

An "X" overwriting BOMB or CCIP indicates that the Master Armament switch on theArmament Control Panel is in the SAFE position. The "X" is removed when ARM is selected.

A breakaway cross appears on the HUD when you must initiate an immediate dive recovery.The cross remains until the aircraft begins to climb. The cross is displayed when the system

determines that a normal 4G recovery, plus normal reaction time, will result in the aircraft

bottoming out with 1,000 feet AGL. This warning feature is disabled for dive angles of less than

15 degrees.


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Figure 3-10 HUD A/G DSL Display (Typical)

307. MANUAL (MAN) MODE

MAN incorporates a Depressed Sight Line (DSL) aiming reticle, for which mil depression angles

set using the SET DEP rocker switch on the DEP (Figure 2-1, 2-2). DSL defaults to 12 milsfor gun, 30 mils for rockets, and 140 mils for bombs. Specific mil numbers are stored for each

type weapon. The reticle indicates where the selected weapon will strike, given the weapon

ballistic characteristics, aircraft airspeed, altitude, angle-of-attack, and direction of flight at therequired release parameters. The reticle inner ring is 25 mils, and outer ring is 50 mils. Outside

the rings are two (2) additional mil marks along the pitch ladder centerline: 75 and 100 mils

(Figure 3-10).


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308. CONTINUOUSLY COMPUTED IMPACT POINT (CCIP) MODE

In the CCIP mode, the HUD displays the same flight parameters as in MAN mode (compare

Figures 3-10 and 3-11). CCIP compensates for dive angle, bank angle, airspeed, altitude, and

target wind to display a continuously computed impact point for a selected weapon.

When using the CCIP mode, target elevation should be entered into the system. The purpose is

to have accurate BARO altitude available should the radar altimeter data input or instrument fail.

During a bomb run in rugged terrain, the pipper may jump around as the aircraft passes overterrain of varying heights. To force the system to use BARO altitude, versus radar altitude, the

radar altimeter must be turned off.

In CCIP mode the HUD displays a continuously predicted impact point under the pipper, a

cruciform symbol. A bomb fall line is drawn from the pipper to the velocity vector, sometimes

called a display impact line. It is only available in A/G BOMB mode, not in RKTS or GUN.

The bomb fall line is an azimuth reference between the pipper and the velocity vector that

indicates wind and speed effects on the weapon. When the target and CCIP pipper arecoincident, you will command bomb release.

The HUD can be used in A/G either caged or uncaged. The system defaults to uncaged. Should

you occasion to employ the HUD in caged mode, be aware that the bomb fall line is displayedbetween the caged (solid) velocity vector and the pipper; not between the true (uncaged ghost)

velocity vector and pipper. Correspondingly, your target may not track down the bomb fall line,

as during uncaged mode of operation.


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Figure 3-11 HUD A/G CCIP Bomb Display (Typical)

Proper technique for using CCIP on a bombing run begins with a normal roll-in at the correct

point to establish desired dive angle. Once in the dive maneuver to place the bomb fall line overthe target; proper position for the target along the line will depend upon specific parameters.

With experience your judgment regarding initial target placement will develop. As the dive

progresses, the target will move down the bomb fall line until it is coincident with the pipper.That is the point of weapon release.

CCIP RKTS and GUN pipper flashes when computed slant range to the target exceeds 12,000

feet for RKTS and 8,000 feet for GUN, indicating that you are outside normal parameters forthose weapons. After established in the dive, place your target under the pipper (there will not

be a bomb fall line) and keep it there until RKTS or GUN firing.


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Not only must weapons be released inside their max/min envelopes (fusing, fuel, range),

releasing under optimum parameters will improve total system accuracy. This system onlysenses winds at aircraft altitude. Variance between release and impact winds has an unperfected,

minor effect on CCIP.

309. DECLUTTER

NORMAL, Declutter 1, and Declutter 2 HUD A/G displays (Figure 3-12) are available in MAN

and CCIP weapon delivery modes. Declutter 1 removes AOA, MACH number, instantaneous-gand peak-g legends. Declutter 2, additionally removes heading scale, command heading bug,

and TAS from both the MAN and CCIP. The peak-g legend will reappear once the peak-g

threshold (4.0 g) is exceeded. IMPORTANT: Since reference to instantaneous g loading isneeded for safe recovery, declutter functions are not used in the air-to-ground mode in the

Training Command. Checking the BIT page for a VCR DEGD indication will confirm the tape

is unthreaded.

Figure 3-12 HUD Air-to-Ground Declutter

310. VIDEO CAMERA SYSTEM (VCS)

The video camera recorder (VCR) is loaded and unloaded from the right console, rear cockpit. It

must be done properly, or the VCR tape may malfunction. IMPORTANT: The VCR must be

shut off at least 10 seconds prior to engine shut-down, allowing the tape to unthread to avoid alikely tape jam. Following flight, never remove a still threaded cassette from the sealed video

module (SVM). Tape damage will result. Tapes must first be unthreaded.

The rear cockpit VCS panel has a three-position toggle switch: OFF/STBY/RECORD. If in OFFor STBY, the front cockpit VCS panel controls the VCS: When the aft switch is in STBY, the

VCR tape is pre-threaded and ready to instantaneously record; in OFF there will be an initial


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delay as the tape threads. If the rear cockpit switch is in RECORD, imagery will be recorded as

soon as power is applied to the aircraft; the front VCS switch is disabled.

The rear cockpit VCS panel has a button labeled VIEW. Depressing it rewinds the tape and the

recorder is disabled for 18 seconds. There is no inflight viewing capability.

Video recording is initiated from the front cockpit using the VCR AUTO/OFF/ON switch on the

main instrument panel, provided the rear cockpit VCR switch is in STBY or OFF. Selecting

AUTO on the front cockpit panel commands the VCR to record HUD imagery whenever theMaster Armament switch is in ARM. Selecting ON starts the VCR recording as per the latest

MFD VREC entry and rear cockpit VCS switchology. Selecting OFF in front reverts VCS

control to the rear cockpit; VCR is deenergized if the rear cockpit VCS switch is also OFF.

Selecting VREC from MENU allows choosing what imagery the VCR will record. Options

include the HUD (initial power-on default), LFWD, RFWD, LAFT, RAFT MFD displays. Only

one display can be selected at a time.

In the front cockpit VCS switch is in AUTO, the VCR records when the Master Armament

switch is in ARM and the rear cockpit Master Armament Override switch is in FORWARD;provided rear cockpit VCR panel switches are appropriately set. If the front cockpit selects ON,

VCR recording is continuous from that moment. The system also records intercom/audio signals

whenever the VCS is operating. Sounds recorded are the same as received by the rear cockpitheadset at time of recording.

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CHAPTER FOUR

GROUND OPERATIONS

400. INTRODUCTION

ARMING. Upon completion of final checks, the ordnance crew will arm PMBRs by pulling the

safety pins. For forward firing ordnance, the arming area will be determined by local courserules but will generally be located near the approach end of the duty runway. Specified headings

will point the weapons toward unpopulated areas to prevent damage or injury in case ofinadvertent firing during arming.

Be sure that all armament switches are OFF or SAFE before arming. Respond to the ground

crew's signals and keep your hands in sight of the arming crew during the arming procedure.

401. TAKEOFF

The four aircraft (the normal complement) will taxi onto the runway and establish echelon

formation for an interval takeoff in accordance with local SOP. If weather between the field andtarget precludes this type of takeoff, the flight lead may split the flight into two sections forrendezvous later. Ultimately, takeoff will be conducted at the flight lead's discretion.

GROUND OPERATIONS 4-1

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CHAPTER FOUR WEAPONS T-45A/C TS, ADV, AND IUT

4-2 GROUND OPERATIONS

NOTES

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CHAPTER FIVE

ENROUTE PROCEDURES

500. INTRODUCTION

After takeoff, the flight will normally rendezvous in parade at 250 KIAS unless otherwisebriefed. The lead will place the flight in a pre-briefed formation, usually division cruise. The

flight will adhere to VFR cruising altitudes and will obtain clearance into the target area inaccordance with local procedures.

When within radio range, flight lead confirms availability of the target, passes flight information

to range control, and receives clearance into the target area. Flight information includes flightcall sign, number and type of a ircraft in the flight, side numbers of all aircraft, and type

and quantity of ordnance carried.

This is a sample transmission:

Lead: "Loom Lobby, [Call sign] 234 checking in for the 10:30 target time."

Target:"[Call sign] 234, go ahead with your lineup."

Lead: "[Call sign] 234 four T-45s, wingmen 238, 242, and 222, each aircraft with eight

Mk 76s."

501. T-45A COMBAT CHECKLIST

Approaching the target, complete the combat checklist:

1. Armament Panel

a. Weapons select bombs, rockets, or gun

b. Station select as briefed

c. Master Arm as briefed

2. VCR ON or AUTO

3. HUD

a. Mils set

b. BARO altimeter updated

c. Target data entered

ENROUTE PROCEDURES 5-1

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WEAPONS T-45A/C TS, ADV, AND IUT CHAPTER FIVE

NOTES

5-3 ENROUTE PROCEDURES

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CHAPTER FIVE WEAPONS T-45A/C TS, ADV, AND IUT

5-4 ENROUTE PROCEDURES


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CHAPTER SIX

TARGET PATTERN PROCEDURES

600. INTRODUCTION

This section describes the ordnance delivery patterns used in the Training Command. Thesepatterns are used because they develop consistency, permit the greatest degree of safety, and

afford the most efficient use of allotted target time.

601. BREAKUP

Once the lead has obtained clearance into the target area, the flight will be in echelon formation,on parade bearing, double the cruise interval, as the lead passes over the target at release altitude

and airspeed. This is the trim run, made to trim the aircraft at release parameters and check the

pitot static system. As the flight lead reaches release true airspeed over the target, he will callout his true airspeed, mach number and altitude so the rest of the flight members can cross-check

their instruments. The lead will break as the flight passes over the target, climbing to interceptthe pattern. Other flight members break at eight-second intervals (ten seconds for three-planepattern). This interval will allow the lead to release and commence recovery just as #2 aircraft

reaches the roll-in point (Figure 6-1). Each aircraft will then call the abeam position with fuel

state except dash four, he will wait until the lead has called off safe and then call his position andfuel state. This will initiate the Comm cadence.

Figure 6-1 Breakup at Target

TARGET PATTERN PROCEDURES 6-1

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CHAPTER SIX WEAPONS T-45A/C TS, ADV, AND IUT

602. SWITCHOLOGY

RADALT Settings

Prior to the initial breakup, reset LAW to standard setting:

30-degree pattern 1,700 feet

20-degree pattern 1,200 feet10-degree pattern 600 feet

These settings are based on a 450 KIAS dive recovery with a 4-g pull.

During the trim run, you may set your armament switches, except for the Master Armament

switch. Be sure that your gun sight comes on and that you have the correct mil settings for yourintended ordnance and pattern.

T-45A BOMB SWITCHOLOGY

1. Set the weapons selector to BOMBS.

2. Check for correct mil setting.

3. Select the appropriate station select switch. If your bomb rack is on the right wing station,

push the R STA button; the top half will light up amber.

4. Approaching roll-in, set the master armament switch to ARM; the lower half of the station

select switch will illuminate green and the X over BOMBS will be removed.

5. To release (pickle) a bomb, press the release button, called the pickle, located to the left

of the trim switch on the stick grip. If a bomb fails to release, reconfirm switch positions prior to

your next runyou cannot release bombs with the rocket relay. The correct station select switchmust be lit; with the master armament switch to ARM, both halves of the station select switch

should be lit. The top is amber and the bottom is green. The top reads R STA and the bottom

reads ARM. Be sure you push the correct button on the stick; the radio mute is on the side of thegrip and the gun trigger is on the front. (See Figure 2-2 for switches.)

NOTE

If the station selector on the PMBR is set to SAFE, no ordnance

will be dropped by the first pickle; instead, the station selector willstep up to 1 to release the first bomb on the next pickle.

6. Upon recovery from each run, turn the master armament switch to SAFE. For succeeding

runs, operate only the master armament switch. After the last run, set the master armamentswitch to SAFE, the weapons selector to OFF, and check all station select switches deselected (in

the out position and unlit).

6-2 TARGET PATTERN PROCEDURES

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WEAPONS T-45A/C TS, ADV, AND IUT CHAPTER SIX

T-45A STRAFING SWITCHOLOGY

1. Set the weapons selector to GUN A/G.

2. Check for correct mil setting.

3. Select the gun select switch.

4. After roll-in, and after the aircraft in front of you has called "Off"and cleared your line ofsight, place the master armament switch to ARM.

5. To simulate firing, depress the trigger on the front of the stick grip. A release tone willcome through your ICS and an indicator will appear to the side of your HUD display. (You can

hear the tone, but you will not see the indicator.) Be sure to release the trigger at the correct

cease-fire altitude.

6. Upon recovery from each run, turn the master armament switch to SAFE. For succeedingruns, operate only the master armament switch. After the last run, set the master armament

switch to SAFE, the weapons selector to OFF, and verify that the gun select switch is deselected

(in the out position and unlit).

T-45C BOMB SWITCHOLOGY

1. Verify the MFD Weapon selection to BOMB on the desired station.

2. Check for correct MAN or CCIP settings.

3. After roll-in, set the Master Armament switch to ARM. Check that the X indicating

WEAPONS-SAFE has been removed from the selected weapon in the HUD A/G display, and

MFD STORES A/G page indicates ARM.

4. To release (pickle) a bomb, press the weapons release button, called the pickle, located

to the left of the trim switch on the stick grip. If a bomb fails to release, reconfirm switch

positions prior to your next run you cannot release bombs with the rocket delay. The correctstation and weapon must be designated. Be sure you push the correct button on the stick grip.

The radio mute is on the side of the grip and the gun trigger is on the front. (See Figure 2-1 for

switches)

NOTE

If the station selector on the PMBR is set to SAFE, no ordnance

will be dropped by the first pickle; instead, the station selector willstep up to 1 to release the first bomb on the next pickle.

5. Upon recovery from each run, set the Master Armament switch to SAFE. For succeeding

runs, operate only the Master Armament switch. After the last run, set the Master Armament


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switch to SAFE. Check for SAFE on the STORES page; deselect BOMB; select NAV to

reconfigure the HUD; then select HSI mode.

T-45C ROCKET SWITCHOLOGY

1. Verify the MFD Weapon selection to RKT on the desired station.


3. After roll-in, and after the aircraft in front of you has called "Off"and is clear of your line

of sight, set the Master Armament switch to ARM.

4. To release a rocket, press the weapons release button (pickle), located to the left of the trim

switch on the stick grip. If no rocket fires, reconfirm switch positions prior to your next run

you cannot fire rockets with the bomb relayand that the correct station is selected on the

STORES A/G page and the Master Armament switch is set to ARM. Be sure you pushed the

correct button on the stick grip; the radio mute is on the side of the grip and the gun trigger is onthe front. (See Figure 2-1 for switches)


runs, operate only the Master Armament switch. After the last run, set the Master Armamentswitch to SAFE. Check for SAFE on the STORES page; deselect RKT; select NAV to


T-45C STRAFING SWITCHOLOGY

1. Verify the MFD Weapon selection to GUN.


3. After roll-in, and after the aircraft in front of you has called "Off"and is clear of your lineof sight, set the Master Armament switch to ARM.

4. To simulate firing, depress the trigger on the front of the stick grip. A release tone willcome through your ICS and an X indicator will appear on the right side of the HUD display.

You can hear the tone, but you will not see the indicator without shifting your head to the left.

Be sure to release the trigger at the correct cease-fire altitude.


runs, operate only the Master Armament switch. After the last run, set the Master Armamentswitch to SAFE. Check for SAFE on the STORES page; deselect RKT; select NAV to



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603. THE 30-DEGREE PATTERN

(Figure 6-2)

Pattern altitude: 8,000 ft AGL

Pattern airspeed: 250 KIAS

Release altitude: 3,000 ft AGL

Release airspeed: 450 KTAS

Release rpm: 92-94%

MIL setting: 128 mils

Weather requirements: 10,500/5

Figure 6-2 30-Degree Pattern


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Figure 6-3 30-Degree Z Diagram


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The 20-degree pattern substitutes for the 30-degree pattern when the ceiling is unsuitable for 30-

degree deliveries (Figure 6-4).



Release altitude: 2,000 ft AGL


Release rpm: 95-97%

MIL setting: 130 mils




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The 10-degree pattern simulates high drag or forward firing ordnance deliveries. Because of the

higher pattern airspeed, somewhat more g and AOB will be maintained in the pattern

(Figure 6-6).



Release altitude: 1,000 ft AGL (bombs)/1,100-800 AGL (strafe)

Strafe envelope: 1,100-800 ft AGL


Release rpm: MRT

MIL setting: 117 mils (bombs)/47 mils (strafe)




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606. FLYING THE PATTERN

Turn to Abeam

After recovery, at a pitch attitude of 10 degrees above the horizon, apply MRT, relax g, roll to 60

degrees AOB, and initially apply 4 g to reach the abeam position slightly inside the cone.During the turn, you will have to locate your interval (the aircraft immediately preceding you in

the pattern). Procedures in the event you cannot locate your interval are given later, under"Safety." After 90 degrees of turn, maintain 2-3 g and begin to reduce power to arrive at the

abeam on altitude and airspeed.

Abeam Position

The abeam position is a point slightly inside the cone and abeam the target; your heading is 180degrees from the run-in line. The abeam distance is slightly less than two nautical miles.

Abeam to Roll-In

Between the abeam position and the roll-in, the aircraft follows a circular arc, moving from

slightly inside to slightly outside the cone (Figure 6-8). Pattern altitude must be maintained from

the abeam to the roll-in. Passing the abeam, fly a 12-14 unit level turn maintaining patternairspeed. About 90 degrees from the run-in heading, set power to the weapon release rpm and

increase the pull to 15-17 units, maintaining pattern altitude.

The Roll-In

The roll-in begins about 30 degrees of heading prior to the run-in heading. Because the HUDonly displays heading 15 degrees either side of the heading marker, you will have to estimate this

30- degree lead point. At this point, relax back stick and roll the aircraft to about 120 degrees

AOB, and smoothly pull the aircraft down so that it is aligned with the run-in line. (You can

accept a variance of less than 10 degrees from the target run-in line.)


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Figure 6-8 Positions in the Weapons Pattern

Release

Pickle your bomb or fire the gun no lower than release altitude with zero AOB in approximately1-g flight.

Recovery

After pushing the release button or firing, pause about half a second to allow the weapon to clear

the aircraft. Begin pullout by smoothly applying 4 g's in a wings-level attitude. Application of

"g" should not be immediate but gradual, obtaining 4 g's over 2-3 seconds. As the nose of theaircraft comes through the horizon, increase power to MRT and continue the pullout. Position

the Master Armament switch to SAFE. If the breakaway cross appears, immediately initiate a

normal 4-g wings-level recovery; avoid snapping on the g and overstressing the aircraft. Forstrafe recovery, a level jink will be practiced. As the nose of the aircraft comes through the

horizon, roll to 70 degrees AOB and smoothly apply 4 gs. After 20 degrees of heading change,

relax g, reset AOB, and pull to the abeam.

607. VOICE PROCEDURES

Proper voice procedures are essential to a safe, orderly pattern. The standard voice comms are

designed to build SA; however, improper or unintelligible comms will actually degrade SA.

Common tendencies to avoid include using the wrong call sign (cross-dressing), shouting,


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mumbling, or talking too fast, and cutting yourself off with a short-mic. Avoid the use of

apostrophe S on the tail of your call sign to make your transmissions clearer. Three off safeis a lot easier to understand on the radio than Threes off safe. These procedures apply to all

three weapons delivery patterns.

1. Mandatory Calls

Each member of the flight must make certain calls using his number in the flight, e.g., Twoabeam. In order to avoid stepping on essential radio transmissions, the off target call will bemade first, followed by abeam and roll-in, in that order (Figure 6-8). Make your mandatory calls

at the right time, and then keep quiet to allow for other necessary calls.

Position Call

When the pilot following you calls off, call your position and fuel state. Use these position calls:Cross-wind(climbing to abeam; similar to crosswind in a landing pattern), Prior(prior to

abeam), Abeam,Past(past abeam), and Approaching(approaching roll-in). Give thefuel state in thousands of pounds with hundreds as a decimal. A sample position call might be,

Three prior, one point four.

Roll-in

Call In Cardinal Directionor In Cold/Winchesteras appropriate. In Card Dir means

you have intention to release; In Coldmeans you do not intend to release; In Winchesterisa one-time call which means you have expended all your ordnance. Do not call In Card Dir

until your master armament switch is set to ARM.

Recovery

Once the nose of your aircraft is above the horizon and you have turned the master armament

switch to SAFE, report [number] off, safe.

Extending

If you find that your interval is too close, you must extend off target. Extend prior to starting the

turn to abeam and warn the aircraft behind you by calling [number] off safe, extending. If you

call off target and your interval calls Crosswindas his position, reply with [number]

extending. Experience will dictate how long to extend, depending on how short the interval is.

Sample Comm:

FOUR: Four off safe.

THREE: Three abeam, one point eight.

LEAD: One in West.


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TARGET: Roger, one.

TARGET: Four, your hit: one five zero at three thirty.

2. Other Voice Calls

If you have difficulty acquiring your interval, do not hesitate to ask for a posit. Answer

requests for position with the standard positions given above. If you decide to abort a run, call[number] going around high;if you do not release any ordnance, call: [number] off safe, no

drop. Finally, you should report any unsafe condition you see on the ground or in the air. If

you miss a hit call, call the target by telephone after landing. Dont ask for your hit while in the

pattern.


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NOTES


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CHAPTER SEVEN

WEAPONS DELIVERY PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES

700. INTRODUCTION

Up to this point, we have discussed procedural matters. We now come to the most importanttopic of all: how to deliver the weapon onto the target. All the procedures discussed, though they

are certainly important, have one common purpose: to allow you to arrive at the roll-in point. Itis what you do between roll-in and release that will determine the accuracy of your delivery. In

order to introduce the procedures to be used during the weapons run, we must first discuss some

of the basic principles involved. This discussion is of necessity brief, and the mathematics have

been shortened or deleted.

701. THEORY OF WEAPONS DELIVERY

DEFINITIONS (See Figure 7-1)

Figure 7-1 Terminology

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CHAPTER SEVEN WEAPONS T-45A/C TS, ADV, AND IUT

Line of Flight

The path of the aircraft through the air.

Dive Angle

The angle between the line of flight and the ground.

Line of Sight

A line from the pilot's eye through the pipper. This line does not normally pass through thetarget until release.

Armament Datum Line

The armament datum line (ADL) is a fixed reference line on the aircraft. It will be parallel with

the flight path at 450 kts TAS release airspeed. At other than release airspeed, it will vary fromparallel. The angle between flight path and ADL is called the angle of attack of the armament

datum line; this is not the same as the AOA measured by the aircraft instrument. This angle

decreases to zero (ideally) as the aircraft accelerates to 450 kts TAS, so flight path and armament

datum line are the same at release airspeed.

Sight Angle

The angle between the ADL and the line of sight, sometimes called "sight depression angle."

With a sight angle of zero, the line of sight is parallel to the ADL. With any depressed sight

angle, the line of sight will be below the ADL. The sight angle is set with the SET DEP rockeron the data entry panel of the HUD.

Mil

An angular measure defined as 1/6400 of a circle. Sight angle is measured in mils. A mil is aconvenient unit of measurement because a mil subtends approximately one unit at one thousand

units. That is, if two lines spread apart with an angle of one mil, they will be one foot apart after

1,000 feet, two feet apart after 2,000 feet, and so on out.

Time of Fall

The length of time between release of a weapon and its impact with the ground. This is the timeduring which gravity acts on the weapon to bend its trajectory below the aircrafts line of flight.

Slant Range

The straight-line distance from the point in space where the weapon is released to the impact

point.

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WEAPONS T-45A/C TS, ADV, AND IUT CHAPTER SEVEN

Down Range Travel

The distance over the ground that the bomb travels from release to impact.

Minimum Release Altitude (Z-min)

The lowest altitude that you are allowed to release a weapon. In the fleet, this will be based on a

number of things such as the fragmentation pattern of the weapon, adequate time of fall for thefuse to arm, enemy weapons envelopes, etc. In the training command, your minimum release is

designed to give you an adequate terrain clearance safety margin. This altitude is labeled min

rel on your Z-diagram and is often referred to as Z-min or R-min. Never pickle below Z-

min for any reason!

Initial Target Placement (ITP)

The angle between the flight path (VV or W) and line of sight to the target at rollout at the

beginning of the tracking run.

Target Placement Angle (TPA)

Another term used in describing the ITP. These two terms are synonymous. However, the TPAis usually referred to at checkpoint altitude, at which time the Velocity Vector is placed a certain

number of mils or degrees above the target.

Target Depression Angle

The angle between the horizon and the line of sight to the target. It is the aircrafts flight pathangle + TPA. More simply, the number of degrees the target is depressed below the horizon as it

appears looking through the pitch ladders.

702. FACTORS AFFECTING TRAJECTORY

For each type of weapons run you make, you will have a mil setting, which will compensate for

the extent to which a weapon will drop below your aircraft flight path. Each mil setting is

calculated so that if you release your weapon at the proper altitude, with correct airspeed, dive

angle, and g, with wings level, zero yaw, and the pipper on the target, the weapon will hit thetarget, assuming no wind. However, a change in any of these parameters will affect the

trajectory of the weapon. The effect of changing each parameter will now be considered. The

following factors are discussed from a perspective of using a Depressed Sight Line (DSL) pipperin the T-45C manual (MAN) bombing mode.

Release Altitude

Releasing high will increase the time of fall of the weapon, and so will increase the time during

which gravity can act to bend its trajectory. You are also releasing a greater distance from the

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target. Therefore, if you release high, with all other parameters correct, the weapon will hit

short. Similarly, if you release low, the hit will be long.

Release Airspeed

Any deviation from planned release airspeed will cause a false sight picture. For example, a fastrelease will decrease your AOA and bring the pipper short of the impact point causing a long hit.

A slow release will show the pipper long and cause a short hit. Airspeed also has an effect on

the weapon time of fall.

Dive Angle

Deviations from planned dive angle will also cause a false sight picture. A steep dive will cause

a long hit and a shallow dive a short one. Changing the dive angle will change the extent towhich gravity will bend the weapon trajectory below the line of flight. Suppose you release a

weapon at a dive angle of 90 degrees. Since gravity works straight down, there will be no effect

on the trajectory. You can see that a steeper angle requires a smaller mil setting; if you releasesteep, your mil setting is too large and the bomb will strike beyond the target. If you are shallow,

you need a greater mil setting, just as you do for a shallow pattern, and your hit will be short.

G at Release

Proper g at release depends on dive angle. For a 30-degree delivery, about 0.87 g is required to

maintain a straight flight path. A 10-degree dive requires almost 1 g. A 60-degree dive (notused in the training command) would require only 0.5 g. The mil setting for each type of

delivery is valid only at the proper g. Incorrect g at release will change the angle of attack of the

ADL and will invalidate your mil setting by causing a false sight picture. Excessive g will causean early sight picture. So, if you apply excessive g to obtain the proper sight picture and have all

other parameters correct, your hit will be short. Insufficient g will cause a long hit. In addition,

incorrect g will have another undesirable effectchanging your dive angle. Proper g results in a

straight flight path and a constant dive angle. Too much g will shallow the dive angle, andinsufficient g will steepen it.

Bank

Because of the depression of the sight line below the line of flight, any bank will cause a false

sight picture. This error is caused by the pendulum effect (Figure 7-2), so that if you roll to theright, your pipper will appear to move to the left along the ground. Thus, if you release with the

pipper on target while you are in a right bank, your hit will be to the right and short.

Yaw

A skid or sideslip can also affect the trajectory of the weapon by causing a false sight picture.

Unless the ball is centered (balanced flight), the aircraft will not be moving in the direction the

pipper is looking. So, if the ball is out to the right (the aircraft yawing to the left) when you

release a bomb with the pipper on the target, your hit will be to the right of the target. In contrast


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Figure 7-3 Z Diagram

The Bombing Triangle

The geometry of an aircraft releasing a weapon in a dive is known as the bombing triangle(See Figure 7-1). The base of the triangle is the horizontal distance downrange from the point of

release to the point of impact. The vertical component of the triangle is the release altitude, and

the hypotenuse of the triangle is the trajectory drop of the weapon. The angle between the flightpath of the aircraft and the ground is the dive angle.

The angular difference between the armament datum line (the waterline) and the flight path ofthe aircraft is the angle of attack. This angle is expressed in mils on the weapons delivery data

table (Figure 1-1). As the aircraft accelerates in the dive, the angle of attack is reduced so that, at

release, the ADL and the flight path of the aircraft are nearly aligned.

When a bomb is released, gravity immediately starts pulling it down from the aircrafts flight

path in an arc towards the earth. From the point of release, the angular deflection from the flight

path of the aircraft to the point of impact is known as trajectory drop. The longer the time offlight, the longer gravity has to act on the weapon and the greater the trajectory drop will be.

The sight angle is the angular difference (in mils) between the armament datum line and theimpact of the weapon. Therefore, the sight angle equals the angle of attack plus the trajectory

drop of the weapon (plus a couple of negligible mils of parallax.) In order to hit the target, the

pilot must decide on a release altitude and airspeed and consult the delivery data table to find theappropriate sight setting for that attack.


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WEAPONS T-45A/C TS, ADV, AND IUT CHAPTER SEVEN

703. DELIVERY PROCEDURES

Having discussed the factors that affect the path of a weapon, we can now introduce the

procedures and techniques for a weapons run. Except where otherwise noted, these procedures

apply to all patterns and ordnance used in the Training Command.

Straight-Path Tracking

During straight-path tracking, a constant dive angle is maintained and the pipper is allowed to

track straight to the aimpoint. The g load will become slightly less than one g. With wings level

after roll-in, scan both pipper position and dive angle. The pipper should be short of the finalaimpoint at completion of the roll-in (Figure 7-4).

Figure 7-4 Straight Path Tracking

Make corrections for pipper position early in the run. Note deviations from expected dive angle

so that you can more easily calculate necessary corrections in release altitude. While tracking,you must not only control the motion of the pipper, but also continually cross-check your

altitude, airspeed, and dive angle. Initially in the run, dive angle and pipper placement are most

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important. Altitude becomes more important as it decreases. As you approach release altitude,

scan the pipper and altitude on your HUD, with occasional references to dive angle and airspeed.You can check airspeed more precisely after you pickle to allow for power corrections on

subsequent runs. You may even have to compute a corrected release altitude. The pipper should

reach the final aimpoint (the bull if there is no wind) just as the aircraft arrives at the release

altitude, 3,000 ft AGL.

The guidelines for pipper tracking during straight-path tracking are:

1. Two-thirds of the mil setting below the aimpoint at three times the release altitude.

2. One-half of the mil setting below the aimpoint at two times the release altitude.

3. One-third of the mil setting below the aimpoint

T45 WEPS

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