t p t r h a t p Q ; Q h d k - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/tg/tALSyl Agri.pdf · f y ;t p g ; n g h J j ; j u h j u g ; g j ;j p u k ; ^c a u ; j u k ;& t p t r h a t p Q ; Q h d k ; ghljj;

fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpuk; ^cau; juk;&

tptrha tpQ;Qhdk;

ghlj;jpl;lk;^2017 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ&

njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw

tpQ;Qhd> njhopDl;gg; gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

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mwpKfk;

,yq;ifapd; czTg; ghJfhg;gpy; tptrhaj;Jiw fzprkhd gq;fhw;Wfpd;wJ. tptrhaj;Jiwapy; NeubahfTk; kiwKfkhfTk; Vwj;jho

40 rjtPjkhNdhu; gy;NtW njhopy;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;sdu;. ehl;L kf;fspd; NghrizAk;; RfhjhuKk; tptrhak; rhu;e;j jdpahu;Jiwj;

njhopw;tha;g;Gf;fSf;Fj; Jizahf mike;Js;sJ. ,e;Nehf;fq;fis ntw;wpfukhf miltjw;F tptrhaj;Jiwapd; tpidj;jpwidAk;

tpisjpwidAk; njhlu;r;rpahf Nkk;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;.

fy;tpg; nghJj; jhujug;gj;jpu cau;ju capu;Kiwikfs; njhopDl;gtpaw; ghlj;jpd; %yk;> Nkw;gb FwpNfhs;fis miltjw;Fj;

Njitahd tpQ;QhdG+u;tkhd tpla cs;slf;fk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,yq;ifapd; tptrhaj; JiwAld; njhlu;Gila mwpitAk;>

jpwd;fisAk;> kdg;ghq;FfisAk; toq;FtNj ,jd; %yk; vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;l ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; tptrhaj;Jld;

njhlu;Gila njhopDl;g kw;Wk; Kfikj;Jt mk;rq;fSk; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Fwpg;ghf tptrhaj;JiwAld; njhlu;Gila tifapy;

Rfhjhuk;> czTg; ghJfhg;G, Ngz;jF jd;ik Mfpa tplaq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,jpy; mlq;fpAs;s fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfis tFg;giwapYk; tFg;giwf;F ntspapYk; eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;. ,J

njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;jp khztu;fSf;F ntw;wpfukhd fw;wy; mDgtq;fisg; ngwj;jf;f fw;wy; #oiy cUthf;Ftjw;F Mrpupau;

Mtd nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mJ tptrhaj;Jiwapy; ehl;lk; nfhz;l> Nju;r;rpkpf;f khztu; re;jjp cUthf topNfhYk;.

02. Njrpa nghJ ,yf;Ffs;

Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ> jdpegu;f;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk;FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk; jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk; epiwTnra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhyf; fy;tp mikg;Gf;fspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff; fhzg;gLk; gytPdq;fs;fhuzkhf> epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fUj;jpl;l tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf;$ba gpd;tUk; ,yf;Fj; njhFjpapidNjrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.

I. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUtpw;fhd Njrpagpizg;G> Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;>rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy; %yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfupj;jy; %yKk; Njrj;ijf;fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifau; vDk; milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.

II. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL> Njrpa ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;fPfupj;jYk;NgZjYk;.

III. kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> xUtu; kPJ xUtu; nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j> ,ilawhjmf;fiwAzu;T vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk; [dehaf tho;f;ifKiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk;Mjupj;jYk;.

IV. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff;Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;

V. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fupa Mf;fk rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy; kw;Wk;cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

VI. jdpeguJk; Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijg; Nghrpf;ff; $baJk; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $baJkhdMf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.

VII. jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g> ,zq;fp thoTk; khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk; jahu;g;gLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy;rpf;fyhdJk;> vjpu;ghuhjJkhd epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

VIII. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu kupahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> ru;tNjr rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhu; ,lj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fg;

gq;fspf;ff;$ba kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsu;j;jy;.

ii

3.0 mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;

fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.

I. njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;> ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT> jfty;njhopDl;gj; jifik.

vOj;jwpT: ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk; nrk;ikahfTk; vOJjy;>gad;jUk; tifapyhd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;

vz;zwpT: nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> xOq;F Kiwahfmsj;jy;

rpj;jpu mwpT: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;. tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iwNfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;

jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik: fzpdp mwpT - fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;> nrhe;j tho;tpy; jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gq;fisg;(ICT) gad;gLj;jy;

II. MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;> EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid> mzpapduhfg;gzp nra;jy;> jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;Lgpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd jpwikfs;.

- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj; jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;.- kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT.

III. #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL njhlu;GWfpd;wd - r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk;

r%fr; #oy;: Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk; Ez;Zzu;Tj;jpwd;fSk;> gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk; rl;lG+u;tkhdJkhdrk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy; mf;fiwAk;

capupay; #oy;: thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay; #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;> fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupd jhtuk;> tpyq;F> kdpjtho;T Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; fw;wYf;Fk; Ntiynra;tjw;Fk; tho;tjw;Fk; fUtpfisAk; njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpj tho;f;if> czT> cil> ciwAs;>

Rfhjhuk;> nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld;

nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tk; Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; fw;wYf;Fk; Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk; tho;tjw;Fk;

fUtpfisAk; njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

iii

IV. Ntiy cyfj;jpw;Fj; jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;.

khztu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg; Ngh~pg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fs;.

- nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;.

- mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;Gf;fisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;.

- mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;.

- gadspf;ff; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;.

V. rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;.

md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk; ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp njhlu;ghd

elj;ijfisg; nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk; cs;thq;fYk;

VI. Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;.

mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T Neug; nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fG+u;tr;

nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; Nghd;w kdpj mDgtq;fs;

VII. 'fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;' njhlHghd Nju;r;rpfs;.

tpiuthf khWfpd;w> rpf;fyhd> xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy; xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspj;jYk;

khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;KiwA+lhf> khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba czu;itAk; ntw;wpiaAk; ngwr;

nra;jy;.

(Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003 khu;fop)

iv

4.0 ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

² fhzg;gLk; tsq;fisg; Ngz;jF tifapy; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

² tptrhaj;Jiwapy; Kaw;rpahz;ik tha;g;Gf;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fis cUthf;Fjy;.

² #oy; Neakhd tptrha eltbf;iffisj; jpl;lkply;

² tptrhaj; njhopDl;gj;jpd; Gjpa tpUj;jp mk;rq;fis ,dq;fhzy;

² RNjr kw;Wk; Vw;Wkjp rhu;e;j tptrhaj;jpw;F Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;F ntw;wpfukhf ,irtiljy;.

² tptrhaj;Jiw rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfis ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;tjw;fhd jd;dk;gpf;ifia tsu;j;jy;.

² MNuhf;fpakhd> #oy; uPjpapy; Ngz;jF jd;ikAs;s thof;iff; Nfhyj;jpw;fhf tptrha mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

² xa;T Neuj;ijg; gaDs;s tifapy; fopg;gjw;fhf tptrha eltbf;iffisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

² ,yq;ifapd; capu;g;gy;tifikiaAk;> #oiyAk; ghJfhg;gjpy; ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy;.

² tptrhaj; Jiwapy; Gjpa njhopDl;gk; kw;Wk; tzpf tha;g;Gf;fis Mf;fg;g+u;tkhfj; Njbg;ngWjy;.

v

5.0 fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;

ghlrhiyia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fzpg;gPl;L - kjpg;gPl;Lj; Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; me;je;jj; jtizf;Fupa

Nju;r;rpfs; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW> Mf;fg+u;tkhd tifapy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfisj;

jahupj;J eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mtw;wpd; %yk; khztuJ ghz;bj;jpaj;ijf; fzpg;gPL nra;ayhk;.

12-13 Me; juq;fspy;> ghlrhiy kl;lk;> Njrpa kl;lk; Mfpa ,uz;L kl;lq;fspYk; kjpg;gPL elj;jg;gLk;. ghlrhiy

kl;l kjpg;gPL ghlrhiyapdhYk;> khfhzf; fy;tpj;jpizf;fsj;jpdhYk; elj;jg;gLk;.

13 Me; juj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; ,lk;ngWk; Njrpakl;l kjpg;gPlhfpa fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug;gj;jpu cau; jug;

guPl;irf;F ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; mbg;gilahf mikAk;.

vi

me;je;jj; Nju;r;rpf;Fupa cj;Njrg; ghlNtisfs;

juk; 12 juk; 13

1' ,yq;ifapd; tptrha mgptpUj;jp kPJ tpidj;jpwdhfg;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tjw;Fj; jpl;lq;fs; jahupg;ghu;.

2' gapu;r;nra;ifapd; NghJ fhyepiyf; fhuzpfs;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; tpjj;ijj; Njbaha;thu;.

3' kz; Rfhjuj;ij Kfhik nra;J caupa gapu;

tpisr;ry; ngWtjw;fhff; fUkq;fisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.

4' caupa tpisr;ry; ngWtjw;fhf Nghriz

Kfhik xOq;F tpjpfisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.

5' nghUj;jkhd kz; #onyhd;wpy; gapu;j;jhgpg;Gf;fhd

Maj;jj;ij ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

6' gapu;r; nra;ifapd; ntw;wpf;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd

ePu;g;ghrd> tbfhyikg;G Kiwfisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.

7' jhtur; nrad;Kiwfis> rpwg;G kl;lj;jpy;

NgzpathW caupa tpisr;riyg; ngWtjw;fhd

Maj;jq;fis ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

8' nghUj;jkhd njhopDl;gj ;ijg ; gad;gLj ;jpj ;

jhtuq;fis ,dk;ngUf;Ftjpy; <LgLthu;.

9' gapu; Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf ,dtpUj;jp KiwfisAk;>

guk;giuayF (rPd;) tsf; fhg;G KiwfisAk;

fw;wha;thu;.

10' ntw;wpfukhd gapu;r;nra;ifiar; nra;tjw;fhf

fl;Lg;gLj;jpa #oy; epge;jidfisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.

11. msTuPjpahd kw;Wk; gz;G uPjpahd tpisr;ry;

ngWtjw;fhf kz;zpd;wpa gapu;r;nra;if Kiwfisj;

jpl;lkpLthu;.

Nju;r;rp ghlNtis

17

16

39

27

24

27

20

48

12

08

12

Nju;r;rp ghlNtis

53

24

22

69

48

19

06

09

12' gapu ;r ; nra;if eltbf;iffis ntw;wpfukhfelj;Jtjw;fhfr; rupahd gPilKfhik cj;jpfisj;jpl;lkpLthu;.

13. MNuhf;fpa tho;f;iff;fhfj; jukhd czT Efu;TKiwfs; xOq;Ffisj; jp;l;lkpLthu;.

14. cau; tpisr;ry; ngWtjw;fhf mWtilf;Fg;gpe;jpa njhopDl;g Kiwfs; cj;jpfisj; Njbaha;thu;.

15. gz;iz tpyq;FfspypUe;J mstpYk; juj;jpYk; cau;thd tpisnghUs;fisg; ngWtjw;fhd topfisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.

16. tptrha Kaw;rpfspd; tpidjpwid mjpfupg;gjw;fhf nghUshjhuf; Nfhl;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; topKiwfisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.

17. Ngz;jF tptrhaj;jpy; <LgLtjw;fhd Maj;jj;ij ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

18. tptrhaj;jpd; NghJ Vw;glj;jf;f ,lu;fs; Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfis ,dq;fz;L mtw;iw ,opthf;Ftjw;fhd toptiffis tprhuiz nra;thu;.

19. tptrhaj;jpd; NghJ vjpu;Nehf;fg;gLk; miw$ty;fis ntw;wp fhz;gjw;Fj; Njitahd eltbf;iffisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd Maj;jj;ij ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

250

250

vii

Nju;r;rp 1 njhlf;fk; 4 tiuapy;.

( 2 8 Nju ; r ; r p kl ;lq ; fs ; )

Nju;r;rp 5 njhlf;fk; 7 tiuapy;

(17 Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;)




( 2 1 Nju ; r ; r p kl ;lq ; fs ; )


( 3 0 Nju ; r ; r p kl ;lq ; fs ; )



juk; Nju;r;rpfSk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk;

12 Mk; 13 Mk; juq;fspy; me;je;jj; jtizf;Fupa Nju;r;rpfSk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk;

jtiz

Kjyhe; jtiz

,uz;lhe; jtiz

%d;whe; jtiz

Kjyhe; jtiz

,uz;lhe; jtiz

%d;whe; jtiz

12

13

viii

1

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghlNtisfs;

fw;wy;NgWfs;

1. tptrha tpQ;Qhdj;jpd;Fwpf;Nfhs;fis eilKiwuPjpapy; Nehf;fp ,yq;ifapd;mgptpUj;jpf;F tptrhaj;Jiwapd; gq;fspg;igEZfpaha;thu;.

1.1 tptrhakhdJ>njhopDl;gk;Kfhikj;Jtk;Mfpatw;wpd;Nru;khdkhfmikAk; tpjj;ijtprhuiz nra;thu;.

tptrhaf; ifj;njhopypd; tpQ;Qhdmbg;gil

tiuaWj;jy; tpQ;Qhd g+u;tg; gpuNahfq;fs;

jhtu ,dtpUj;jp czTj; njhopDl;gk;

mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa njhopDl;gk;

tptrha ve;jputpay; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; tpQ;Qhd

mbg;gil

tptrha ts Kfhik

tiuaWj;jy; mjd; mtrpak;

nghUshjhu> kw;Wk; re;ijg;gpur;rpidfs;

tpiyj;jsk;gy; tptrha tp];jupg;Gr; Nrit

fsQ;rpa trjpfs;

tptrha tsq;fspd; rpwg;ghd gad;ghL.

njhopDl;gj;jpd; nghWg;Gfs;

tpiyAk; epiyikr; rkpf;iQAk;

juKfhik

nghUspay; Nfhl;ghLfspd; gad;ghL

tptrhaj;jpd; tpQ;Qhdmbg;gilia cjhuzq;fhl;btpsf;Fthu;.

ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fj;jilahf mikAk; gpur;rpidepiyikfs;> tptrhaj;JiwAld;njhlu;GWkhw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.

ehl;bdJ mgptpUj;jpf;Fj;jilahf mikAk; ngUk;ghyhdgpur;rpidfs; njopDl;gk;>Kfhikj;Jtk;Mfpadrhu;e;jitahFk;. vd;gijvLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

tptrha ts Kfhikapy;njhopDl;gj;jpd; nghWg;ig

tpsf;Fthu;.

03

2


fw;wy;NgWfs;

1.2 ,yq;ifapd; tptrhatsu;r;rp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpr;nrad;Kiw gw;wptprhuiz nra;thu;.

,yq;ifapy; tptrhaf; ifj;njhopy;

gz;ila ,yq;ifapd; tptrhaKiwik (Ancient AgrarianSystem)

gz;ila ,yq;ifapd;tptrhar; nropg;G

jd;dpiwT RNjr tptrha njhopDl;gk;

mur mDruiz

ePu;g;ghrdj; njhopDl;gKk;> ePu;KfhikAk;

gz;ghl;L> rkag;gpz;dzp

gRikg;Gul;rp

etPd tzpf tptrhaf;ifj;njhopy;

tiuaWj;jy;

Vw;Wkjpia ,yf;fhff;nfhz;ltptrhak;

jdpahu;Kaw;rpahz;ikahsu;fismbg;gilahff; nfhz;ltptrhaf; ifj;njhopy;

,yq;ifapd; gz;ila tptrhaf;ifj;njhopypd; nrOikf;FVJthfpa fhuzpfis tptupg;ghu;.

INuhg;gpa tzpfj;

NjitfSf;fhf ngUe;Njhl;l

tptrhaf; ifj;njhopy; jhgpjk;

ngw;w tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

ntspehl;L /INuhg;gpanry;thf;Ff; fhuzkhfj;

jhgpjkhfpa ngUe;Njhl;l

tptrhaf; ifj;njhopypd;

rhjfkhd>ghjfkhd

mk;rq;fis tptupg;ghu;. gRikg;Gul;rpahdJ tptrha

mgptpUj;jpapy; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;Js;s tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

jhw;fhyj;jpy; cyfr; re;ijapd;

Njitfis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;l tzpf> tptrhaf;

ifj;njhopypd; Njit

fhzg;gLfpd;wikia

cjhuzq;fhl;b tpsf;Fthu;.

03

3


fw;wy;NgWfs;

03 tptrhaf; ifj;njhopy;

mgptpUj;jpapid

kPsf;fl;likj;jy; vd;gij

tiuaWj;J mjd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

tptrhaf; ifj;njhopy;

mgptpUj;jpr; nrad;Kiwia kPs;

fl;likf;Fk; NghJ nfhs;iffs;>

rl;lq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

tpsf;Fthu;.

tptrhaf; ifj;njhopy;

mgptpUj;jpf;Fj; Njrpa tptrhaf;

nfhs;ifnahd;wpd; mtrpaj;ij

tpsf;Fthu;.

Njrpa tptrhaf; ifj;njhopy;

nfhs;ifnahd;wpd;

Fwpf;Nfhs;fis / Nehf;fq;fisg;gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

nfhs;iffis

eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;NghJ kpf

Kf;fpa mk;rq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.

me;je;jj; Jiwapy; mlq;Fk; kpf

Kf;fpakhd nfhs;iffis>

epWtdq;fspd; rl;lj;jpl;lq;fis

,dq;fhz;ghu;.

mgptpUj;jpr; nrad;Kiwiaf;

fl;likf;Fk; NghJ gy;Nehf;F

mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fspd;

1.3 tptrhaf; ifj;njhopy;tpUj;jpr; nrad;KiwiakPsf;fl;likf;Fk; NghJtptrhaf; nfhs;iffspd;nghWg;ig EZfpaha;thu;.

tptrha mgptpUj;jpr;

nrad;Kiwia kPs; fl;likj;jy;.

tiuaWj;jYk;> mtrpaKk;

kPs;fl;likj;jy;

rl;lg+u;tg; gpd;dzp nfhs;iffSk;

rl;lq;fSk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;

Nehf;fKk; Njrpa tptrhaf;

nfhs;if

nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;

,yf;Fg; gug;Gf;fs;

tsq;fs; rhu;e;jit cs;sPLfs; rhu;e;jit

czT rhu;e;jit

re;ij rhu;e;jit epWtfg; gpd;dzp

rl;ljpl;lq;fs; mgptpUj;jpj;jpl;lq;fs; gy;Nehf;F

kfhtyp cltsit

fy;Xah Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

r%f nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp

kPJ nra;Ak; gq;fspg;G

4


fw;wy;NgWfs;

gapu;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk;

kPd;gpb tsq;fs; nkhj;jj;

Njrpa cw;gj;jpapy; nra;Ak;

gq;fspg;gpd; msTfis

xg;gpLthu;.

Nkw;gb Jiwfis

Nkk;gLj;Jtjd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf;

Fwpg;gpLthu;.

tptrhaj;Jiwapd; gw;wpa

jfty;fisg;

gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

tptrhak; rhu;e;j gpujhdifj;njhopy;fis tifg;gLj;jpf;fhl;Lthu;.

tptrhak; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpfs;cs;sPLfs; cs;slq;fpaml;ltiznahd;W jahupg;ghu;.

tptrhak; rhu;e;j Nritfs;njhlu;ghd jfty;fisKd;itg;ghu;.

1.4 nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jpapy;tptrhaj; Jiwapd;gq;fspg;igAk; mjidNkk;gLj;Jtjw;FvLf;fg;gl;Ls;stoptiffisAk;tprhuiz nra;thu;.

1.5 tptrhak; rhu;e;jifj;njhopy;fs; kw;Wk;Nritfs; gw;wp

tprhuiz nra;thu;.

,yq;ifapd; jw;fhy tptrhaf;

ifj;njhopy;

nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jpapy;

mjd; nry;thf;F

Jiwfs;

gapu;fs;

tpyq;Ffs;

kPd;gpb

td tsq;fs;

njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fs;

Neub

kiwKf

tpUj;jpnra;tjw;fhf

vLf;fgl;Ls;s

eltbf;iffs;

tptrhak; rhu;e;j ifj;njhopy;fs;

cw;gj;jp

gpujhd cw;gj;jpfs;

gf;ftpisT cw;gj;jpfs;

tptrhak; rhu;e;j Nritfs;

MNyhrid> tpupthf;fk;

Muha;r;rp

gapw;rp mspj;jy;

tpw;gid / re;ijg;gLj;jy;

epjpAk; fhg;GWjpAk;

02

02

5


fw;wy;NgWfs;

1.6 jw;fhytptrhaj;Jf;fhfr;Nritfs; ngwj;jf;fepWtff; fl;likg;igtprhuiz nra;thu;.

1.7 tptrhaeltbf;iffisNkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhff;fhzg;gLk; Mw;wy;fistprhuiz nra;thu;.

2.1 gapu;nra;if kPJnry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;gpujhd fhyepiyf;fhuzpfs;; njhlu;ghfmwpKfQ; nra;thu;.

tptrha mgptpUj;jpf;FKf;fpakhd ntt;NtWepWtdq;fSk; mtw;wpd;fUkq;fSk;

mur epWtdq;fs;

mur rhuhj epWtdq;fs;

jdpahu; epWtdq;fs; ru;tNjr epWtdq;fs; ntFrd mikg;Gf;fs;

tptrhapfspd; mikg;Gf;fs;

tptrha Mw;wy;

tiuaWj;jy; Jiwfs;

gapu;r;nra;if tpyq;F tsu;g;G kPd;gpb (flw;nwhopy;) fhLtsu;G;G

gpujhd tptrhaf; fhyepiyf;fhuzpfs; kiotPo;r;rp

ePu; tl;lk; kiotPo;r;rpg; nghwpKiw gUtf;fhw;W kio ,ilg;gUtf;fhw;W kio thdpiyj; njhFjpfs;.

kiotPo;r;rp Nfhyq;fSk;>gapur; nra;ifg;Nghfq;fSk;

xsp ntg;gepiy rhuPug;gjd; fhw;W MtpahjyhtpAapu;g;G

tptrhaf; ifj;njhopypd;NghJ gq;fspg;G nra;Ak;ntt;NtW epWtdq;fisg;ngaupLthu;.

tptrha mgptpUj;jpf;fhf

ntt;NtW epWtdq;fshy;

Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs; njhlu;ghdjfty;fisg; nghopg;ghf;Fthu;.

tptrha epWtdq;fspd; NritiatpisjpwDs;sthWgad;gLj;Jtjw;fhdgpNuuizfis Kd;itg;ghu;.

tptrha Mw;wy; vd;gij

tiuaWg;ghu;.

,yq;ifapy; tptrhaj;ij

tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf ntt;NtW

Jiwfspy; fhzg;gLk; Mw;wiy

tptupg;gu;.

gpujhdkhd tptrha fhyepiyf;

fhuzpfisg; ngaupLthu;.

kiotPo;r;rpg; nghwpKiwia

tptupg;ghu;.

ePu;tl;lj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

ePu;tl;lj;jpd; $Wfis

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

kiotPo;r;rpf; Nfhyq;fSf;Fk;

gapu;r;nra;ifg; Nghfq;fSf;Fk;

,ilapyhd njhlu;ig tptupg;ghu;.

02

02

03

2. gapu;r;nra;ifapd; NghJfhyepiyf; fhuzpfs;Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk;tpjj;ijj; Njbaha;thu;.

6


fw;wy;NgWfs;

gapu;r;nra;if kPJ fhyepiyf;fhuzpfspd; nry;thf;F

kiotPo;r;rpapd; nry;thf;F

xspapd; nry;thf;F

ntg;gepiy nry;thf;F

tspkz;ly ntg;gepiy

kz; ntg;gepiy

rhuPug;gjdpd; nry;thf;F

fhw;wpd; nry;thf;F

Mtpahjy; MtpAapu;g;gpd;nry;thf;F

ghjfkhd tpisTfis,opthf;fy;

thdpiy myF

tiuaWj;jy;

mjd; mtrpak;

,lj;ijj; njupT nra;jy;

cgfuzq;fis jhgpj;jy;

juT ngwy;

kiotPo;r;rp xspr;nrwpT xspf;fhy msT

(kzpj;jpahyk;) tspkz;ly ntg;gepiy kz; ntg;gepiy fhw;wpd; NtfKk; jpirAk; rhuPug;gjd; Mtpahjy;

gapu;r;nra;ifapd; NghJfhyepiyf; fhuzpfsp;d;nry;thf;if tptupg;ghu;.

fhyepiyf; fhuzpfspd;gbnghUj;jkhd gapu;fisj; njupTnra;thu;.

fhyepiyf; fhuzpfs;rpwg;ghff; fpilf;FkhWgapu;r;nra;if eltbf;iffisj;jpl;lkpLthu;.

tptrha thdpiy myFvd;gij tiuaWg;ghu;

tptrha thdpiy mynfhd;wpd;mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

tptrha thdpiymynfhd;wpidj; jhgpg;gjw;fhf,lj;ijj; njupT nra;Ak; NghJftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;batp;laq;fis tptupg;ghu;.

tptrha thdpiy mynfhd;wpy;cgfuzq;fisj; jhgpf;Fk;tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

thdpiyj; juTfisg; ngWthu;>gjpT nra;thu;> gFg;gha;T

nra;thu;.

2.2 fhyepiyf; fhuzpfs;gapu;r;nra;if kPJnry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;tpjj;ij tprhuiznra;thu;.

2.3 tptrha thdpiymyf;nfhd;wpy; cs;sthdpiyj;juT ngWk;cgfuzq;fisg;gad;gLj;jp thdpiyj;juTNrfupg;gpy; <LgLthu;.

04

06

7


fw;wy;NgWfs;

fhyepiy tyaq;fs;

tiuaWj;jy;

ghFghL

tptrhaf; fhyepiy tyaq;fs;

tiuaWj;jy;

ghFghL

tptrhar; #oy; tyaq;fs;

tiuaWj;jy;

ghFghL

ghFghl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

kz;

tiuaWj;jy; tptrha Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

kz; cUthf;fk;

ghiw thdpiyahyopjy; tiuaWj;jy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

fhuzpfs;

ngsjpf ,urhad capupay;

kz; gpwg;ghf;fk;

tiuaWj;jy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

fhuzpfs;

kz; gf;fj;Njhw;wk;

mwpKfk;

tyaq;fs; gf;fj;Njhw;wj;jpd; tpUj;jp kz; gf;fj;Njhw;wj;ijf;

fw;wha;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

,yq;ifapy;fhyepiytyaq;fisj;jPu;khdpf;Fk; mbg;giliaf;Fwpg;gpLthu;.

gpujhd fhyepiy tyaq;fisj;Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

tptrhaf; fhyepiy tyaq;fisAk;>tptrhar; #oy; tyaq;fisAk;ghFgLj;jpf;fhl;Lthu;.

#oy; tyaj; Njrg;glnkhd;wpd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

kz;zpd; tptrhaKf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gFj;jha;thu;.

ghiw thdpiyahyopjy;nrad;Kiw kPJ nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisg; ngaupl;Ltpsf;Fthh;.

kz; gpwg;ghf;fj;jpy;Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; fhuzpfistptupg;ghu;.

kz;gf;fj;Njhw;wnkhd;wpd;khjpupAUnthd;wpid Mf;Fthu;.

kz; gf;fj;Njhw;wj;ijf;fw;wha;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijtptupg;ghu;.

03

05

2.4 tptrha eltbf;iffistpidjpwDs;sthWnra;tjw;fhf fhyepiytyaq;fis NkYk;tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

3.1 kz; cUthf;fKk;>kz;gf;fj; Njhw;wtpUj;jpAk; gapu;r;nra;ifapy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ijtprhuiz nra;thu;.

3.0 kz;zpd; Rfhjuj;ijKfhik nra;J cau; gapu;tpisr;ry; ngWtjw;fhff;fUkq;fisj;; jpl;lkpLthu;.

8


fw;wy;NgWfs;

3.2 gapu; nra;iff;Fg;nghUj;jkhd kz;$Wfspd; jd;ikiatprhuiz nra;thu;.

3.3 kz;zpd; Rfhjhuj;jpd;kPJ nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfistprhuiz nra;thu;.

kz;zpd; $Wfs;

kz;zpd; jpz;kf;$Wfs;

kz; fdpg;nghUl;fs;

kz; Nrjdg;nghUs;fs;

kz; mq;fpfs;

kz;zPu;

kz;tsp

gapu;r; nra;ifapd; kPJ kz;

$Wfspd; nry;thf;F.

kz; Rfhjhuk;

tiuaWj;jy;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

fhuzpfis tifg;gLj;jy;

ngsjpf ,ay;Gfs;

,urhad ,ay;Gfs;

capupay; ,ay;GfSk;

Nrjdg; nghUs;fSk;

kz; $Wfspd; fl;likg;ig tl;ltiugpy; fhl;Lthu;

kz; $Wfs; kz;zpy; fhzg;gLk;tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

kz; khjpupnahd;wpd; <uypg;Gr;rjtPjj;ijj; Jzpthu;.

gapu;r;nra;if kPJ kz; $Wfspd;nry;thf;if tptupg;ghu;.

kz; khjpupnahd;wpd;fsf;nfhs;ssitj; Jzpthu;.

kz; khjpupnahd;wpd; epue;ju thly;epiyiaj; Jzpthu;.

kz; Rfhjhuk; vd;gijtiuaWg;ghu;.

kz; Rfhjhuj;jpd; kPJnry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfistifg;gLj;Jthu;.

kz; Rfhjhuj;jpd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

06

02

9


fw;wy;NgWfs;

3.4 kz;zpdJ Rfhjhuj;jpd;kPJ nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; kz;zpd;ngsjpf,ay;Gfisj; Jzpthu;.

kz;zpd; ngsjpf ,ay;Gfs;

kz; ,ioaikg;G

tiuaWj;jy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

Kfhikj;Jtk;

kz; jpl;gk;

tiuaWj;jy; Jzpjy;

kz;jpl;gj;jpd; nry;thf;F

kz; mikg;G


Kfhik

kz; epwk;


kz; mlu;j;jp

cz;ik mlu;j;jp


Njhw;w mlu;j;jp

tiuaWj;jy;; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

Kfhik

Ez;Lisj;jd;ik

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

ntt;NtW Kiwfisf; ifahz;L>kz; ,ioaikg;igj; Jzpthu;.

kz; khjpupfspd; kz; mikg;igj;Jzpthu;.

ntt;NtW kz; khjpupfspd; kz;epwj;ijj; Jzpthu;.

kz;zpd; Njhw;w mlu;j;jpiaAk;cz;ik mlu;j;jpiaAk; Jzpthu;.

ntt;NtW kz;fspd; kz;Ez;Lisj; jd;ikiaf; fzpg;ghu;.

kz;zpd; ngsjpf ,ay;Gfs;gapu;r;nra;ifapy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

08

10


fw;wy;NgWfs;

3.5 kz;zpd; Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk;juj;jpd; kPJnry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;kz; ,urhad,ay;Gfis tprhuiznra;thu;.

3.6 kz;zpd; Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk;juj;jpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; kz;capupay; fhuzpfistprhuiz nra;thu;.

3.7 kz;zpd; Rfhjhuk;Fd;Wtjpy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; fhuzq;fistprhuiz nra;thu;.

gapu;r;nra;ifapy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk;> kz;zpd; ,urhad,ay;Gfisg; ngaupLthu;.

kz;zpd; ,urhad ,ay;Gfs;gapu;r;nra;if kPJ nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

kz;zpd; pH ngWkhdj;ijAk;kz;zpd; ctu;j;jd;ikiaAk;Jzpthu;.

kz ; khj p u p fs pd ; %yepuk;giyf;

fzpg;ghu;.

kz; tsk; Ngzg;gLk;tifapy; kz;zpd; ,urhad,ay;Gfis Kfhik nra;Ak;tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

gapu;r;nra;ifapy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jgitahd kz;zpd;capupay; ,ay;Gfisf;Fwpg;gpLthu;.

kz;zpd; capupay; fhuzpfs;kz; Rfhjhuj;jpd; kPJnry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

kz;zpd; Rfhjhuk;Fd;Wtjw;fhd fhuzq;fistpsf;Fthu;.

kz;zupg;gpd; msitf;fzpg;ghu;.

kz;zpd; Rfhjhuk; Fd;Wtw;FVJthFk; ghjfkhdtpisTfisf; tptupg;ghu;.

05

03

02

kz;zpd; ,urhad ,ay;Gfs;

kz; jhf;fk;

tiuaWj;jy; mkpyj;jd;ik

%yj;jd;ik

ctu;j;jd;ik

Kfhik

mad; gupkhw;wk;


Kfhik

%y epuk;gy;


Kfhik

kz;zpd; capupay; fhuzpfs;

tiuaWj;jy; tifg;gLj;jy;

Nguq;fpfs; ,il mq;fpfs;

Ez;zq;fpfs;

Kfhik

kz;zpd; Rfhjhuk; Fd;Wjy;

tiuaWj;jy;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;fhuzq;fs;

kz;zpd; tsk; Fiwtjhy;Vw;gLk; ghjfkhdtpisTfs;.

11


fw;wy;NgWfs;

3.8 kz;zpd; Rfhjhuj;ijAk;juj;ijAk; tpUj;jpnra;tjw;fhdtoptiffistprhuiz nra;thu;.

3.9 ,yq;ifapy; gutyhff;fhzg;gLk; kz;$l;lq;fspd; ,ay;Gfistprhuiz nra;thu;.

kz;zpd; Rfhjhuj;ijAk;juj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;Jjy;

mtrpak; Kiwfs;

kz;fhg;G tiuaWj;jy Kiwfs;

; nghwpKiw Kiwfs; gapuhf;ftpay; Kiwfs; capupay; Kiwfs;

kz; Gduikg;G

kz;$l;lq;fspd; ghFghL

USDA ghFghL

,yq;ifapy; gutyhff;fhzg;gLk; kz; $l;lq;fs;

nrq;fgpy kz;

rptg;G- kQ;rs; nghl;Nrhypf;F kz;

fy;rpakw;w fgpykz;

,yw;wNrhy; kz;

tz;ly; kz;

jho;epy <u ‘’fpNs’’’ kz;

(Low land humic gley soil)

me;jj;j kz; $l;lj;jpd;; tptrhag;gad;ghL.

kz;zpd; Rfhjhuj;ijAk;juj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;Jk;Kiwfis tptupg;ghh;.

A rl;lfnkhd;wpd; JizAld;xU epyj;jpy; rkTauf;NfhLfis milahskpLthu;.

epyj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdkz;fhg;G Kiwfisj; njupTnra;thu;.

kz; khjpupnahd;wpd; kz;

Rfhjhuj;ijj; Jzpthu;.

kz; $l;l ghFghl;bd;mbg;giliaf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

,yq;ifapy; gutyhff;fhzg;gLk; kz; $l;lq;fisg;ngaupLthu;.

,yq;ifapy; gpujhd kz;$l;lq;fspd; ,ay;Gfistptupg;ghu;.

ntt;NtW kz; $l;lq;fspd;tptrha Mw;wiyf; (potential)Fwpg;gpLthu;.

jkJ gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;kz; $l;lq;fSf;Fg;nghUj;jkhd gapu;tiffisj;njupT nra;J nfhs;thu;.

05

03

12


fw;wy;NgWfs;

jhtu NghrizfisAk;jhtu Nghrizf;$WfisAk;tiuaWg;ghu;.

jhtu Nghrizfis>cjhuzq;fhl;b tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

jhtuq;fshy; Nghrizfs;mfj;JwpQ;rg;gLk; tpjj;ijtptupg;ghu;.

jhtu Nghrizf;Fk; tsu;r;rpf;Fk;,ilapyhd njhlu;ig tiuG%yk; tpsf;Fthu;.

jhtu Nghrizfs;Fiwtiltjhy; jhtuq;fshy;fhl;lg;gLk; mwpFwpfistptupg;ghu;.

jhtuq;fspy; Nghrizf;Fiwghl;L mwpFwpfis,dq;fhz;ghh;.

Nghrizfs; kpifahFk; NghJjhtuq;fs; fhl;Lk; mwpFwpfistptupg;ghu;.

jhtuq;fSf;F Nghrizfs;toq;Ftij “,yPgpf;” ,dJ,opT msT tpjpapd; JizAld;tpsf;Fthu;.

4. caupa tpisr;ry;ngWtjw;fhf NghrizKfhik cj;jpfisj;jpl;lkpLthu;.

4.1 jhtuq;fspd; ,Ug;Gf;Fk;>tsu;r;rpf;Fk; Njitahd

Nghrizfis

tifg;gLj;j Kw;gLthu;.

4.2 jhtuq;fspd; ,Ug;G kPJk;tsu;r;rp; kPJk; jhtuNghrizfs; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ijtprhuiz nra;thu;.

jhtu Nghrizfs; tiuaWj;jy; tifg;gLj;jy;

Njitf;F Vw;g mj;jpahtrpakhd %yfq;fs; jhtuj;jpdhy; mfj;JwpQ;rg;gLk; Nghrizfspd; msTg;gb tifg;gLj;jy;. ngUk; Nghriz %yfq;fs; Kjd;ikahd Nghrizf; $Wfs; ,uz;lk; epiy Nghrizf; $Wfs; Ez; %yfq;fs; Jiz %yfq;fs;

Nghrizfs; jhtuj;jpDs;fhl;Lk; mirAkpay;Gg; gb mirAk; Nghrizfs; mirahg; Nghrizfs;

Nghriz mfj;JwpQ;ry; Kiwfs; capu;g;ghd mfj;JwpQ;ry; capu;gw;w mfj;JwpQ;ry;

jhtu NghrizfSk; jhtutsh;r;rpAk;

jhtuq;fs; kPJ Nghrizfspd;nry;thf;F Fiwghlhf cs;s epiyapy; kpifahf cs;s ep;iyapy;

“,yPgpf;” ,dJ ,opT msTtpjp

02

05

13


fw;wy;NgWfs;

4.3 gapu;r;nra;iff;fhfg;gad;gLj;Jk; gristiffis tprhuiznra;thu;.

4.4 ,urhadg;grisf;fyitfs;jahupf;Fk; Kiwfs;>cj;jpfis tprhuiznra;thu;.

grisfs; tiuaWj;jy; kz;zpy; ,Ltjd; mtrpak;

tifg;gLj;jy; ,urhadg; grisfs; jdpg;gris fyitg;gris Nrjdg; gris capupaw; gris

,urhadg; grisfs;

gad;ghl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tiffs; jdpg;grisfs; ngsjpf>

,urhad ,ay;Gfs; fyg;Gg; grisfs;

grisf;fyitfs; jahupj;jy; ftdQ; nrYj;j

Ntz;ba

tplaq;fs; fzpj;jy;fs;

gris vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

grisfis tifg;gLj;Jthu;

kz;Zf;Fg; grisapLtjd;mtrpaj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

Nrjd> ,urhad kw;Wk;capupay; grisfis mwpKfQ;nra;thu;.

jdpg;gris> fyg;Gg; gris

Mfpatw;iw tiuaWg;ghu;.

,urhadg; grisfistifg;gLj;Jthu;.

jdp ,urhadg; grisfspd;ngsjpf> ,uhrad ,ay;Gfis,dq;fhz;ghu;.

grisf; fyitfs;jahup;g;gjw;fhff; fzpj;jy;fisr;nra;thu;.

grisf; fyitfs; jahupf;Fk;NghJ ftdQ;nrYj;j Ntz;batplaq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

02

06

14


fw;wy;NgWfs;

4.5 ntt;NtW Nrjdg; gristiffs; jahupf;Fk;Kiwfis tprhuiznra;thu;.

4.6 ntt;NtW capupg; gristiffs; gw;wp tprhuiznra;thu;.

4.7 tpidjpwDs;sthWgrisfisg;gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhdKiwfs; cj;jpfisj;jpl;lkpLthu;.

Nrjdg; grisfs; gad;ghl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tiffs; $l;nlU gRe;jhl; gris gz;izg; gris

Nrjdj; jputg; gris

capupg;gris

Kf;fpaj;Jk;

tiffs; iejurd; nghRNgw;W

capupg;gris

grisg; gad;ghL

grisapLk; Kiwfs;

rhjfkhd> ghjfkhd nry;thf;Ffs;

kz;Zf;F

mq;fpfSf;F

tpidj;jpwid mjpfupg;gjw;Fupa cj;jpfs;

04

04

04

Nrjdg; gris tiffSf;Fupacjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

Nrjdg; grisg; gad;ghl;bd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

Nrjdg; grisfs; jahupf;Fk;tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

$l;nlU kw;Wk; Nrjdj;jputg;gris jahupg;ghu;.

capupg;gris tiffSf;Fcjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

capupg; gris tiffs;jahupf;Fk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

capu;g;grisj; jahupg;ghu;.

nghRNgw;Wf;fhd jpwidmjpfupg;ghu;.

nghRNgw;Wf;fhd mirAk;jd;ikia mjpfupg;ghu;.

cr;r ,yhgk; ngWtjw;fhfgrisfis tpidjpwDs;sthWgad;gLj;Jtjd; mtrpaj;ijtypAWj;Jthu;.

grisg; gad;ghl;bd; rhjfkhdghjfkhd nry;thf;Ffisntt;Ntwhff; fhl;Lthu;.

tpidj;jpwDs;sthWk;tpisjpwDs;sthWk;grisfisg; gad;gLj;Jk;tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

grisapLk; Kiwfisf;ifahz;L ghu;g;ghu;.

15


fw;wy;NgWfs;

5. nghUj;jkhd kz;#onyhd;wpy;gapu;j;jhgpg;Gf;fhdMaj;jj;ijntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

5.1 epyk; gz;gLj;jypd;mtrpaj;ij tprhuiznra;thu;.

5.2 epyk; gz;gLj;jypd;gbKiwfisAk;>KiwfisAk; tprhuiznra;thu;.

5.3 epyk; gz;gLj;jYf;Fg;nghUj;jkhdcgfuzq;fistprhuiz nra;thu;.

epyk; gz;gLj;jy;

tiuaWj;jy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; kz;zpy; epfOk;

khw;wq;fs;

ngsjpf capupay;

,urhad

gbKiwfs; Muk;g epyk;gz;gLj;Jif

Kjy; gz;gLj;Jif Jizg; gz;gLj;Jif

,ilg; gz;gLj;Jif Kiwfs;

ghuk;gupa epyk; gz;gLj;jy;. ,opT epyk; gz;gLj;jy; g+r;rpa epyk; gz;gLj;jy;

new;nra;iff;fhf epyk; gz;gLj;jy;.

epyk; gz;gLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fs; tifg;gLj;jy; epyk;gz;gLj;jy; re;ju;g;gj;jpd;gb Kjyhk; epyk;gz;gLj;jy;

cgfuzq;fs; Jiz epyk;gz;gLj;jy; cgfuzq;fs;. ,il epyg; gz;gLj;jy;

cgfuzq;fs; gz;gLj;Jk; tYKjYf;F mika

kdpj tY tpyq;F tY ,ae;jpu tY (nghwp tY)

epyk; gz;gLj;jypd;Fwpf;Nfhs;fis tptupg;ghu;.

epyk;gz;gLj;Jtjhy; kz;zpy;epfOk; ngsjpf> capupay;>,urhad khw;wq;fisf;Fwpg;gpLthu;.

Muk;g epyk;gz;gLj;jy;> ,ilepyg;gz;gLj;jy; Mfpatw;iwtiuaWg;ghu;.

epyk;gz;gLj;jypd; gbKiwfistpsf;Fthu;.

ntt;NtW Njitfspd;gbrpwg;ghd epyk; gz;gLj;jy;Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wikia cjhuzq;fhl;btpsf;Fthu;.

gapUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;Jf;Fk;nghUj;jkhd epyk;gz;gLj;jy;Kiwfisj; njupT nra;Jnfhs;thu;.

new;nra;iff;fhf epyk;gz;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

epyk;gz;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg;gad;gLj;Jk; cgfhuzq;fisntt;NtW epakq;fspd; fPo;tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

kz; kw;Wk; gapUf;F Vw;gepyk;gz;gLj;jYf;fhfg;nghUj;jkhd cgfuzq;fisj;njupTnra;thu;.

02

04

05

16


fw;wy;NgWfs;

5.4 ntt;NtW gapu;j;

jhgpg;G Kiwfs;

kw;Wk; gapu;j;jhgpg;G

cgfuzq;fs;

njhlu;ghf tprhuiz

nra;thu;.

5.5 ntt;NtW ehw;WNkil

tiffisg; gad;gLj;jp

ehw;W cw;gj;jpapy;

<LgLthu;.

gapu;j;jhgpg;G mwpKfk;

gapuj;jhgpg;G Kiwfs; tpijj;jy;

xOq;fw;w

xOq;fhd eLjy;

xOq;fw;w

xOq;fhd

gapu;j;jhgpg;G cgfuzq;fs;

tpj;J eLiff; fUtp ehw;W eLiff; fUtp

ehw;W Nkilfs; tiuaWj;jy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tifg;gLj;jy; tptrhaf;fhyepiy tyaq;fspd; gb

cau; ghj;jp

jho; ghj;jp ehw;WNkilr; rhb tifg;gb

rhb ehw;W Nkilfs; jl;L ehw;W Nkilfs; flw;gQ;R ehw;WNkilfs; (sponge)

ew;WNkil Clfq;fspd; gb

nehupNjhf;Nfh ehw;W Nkil ehw;WNkil Clfj;jpw;F mika

kzy; ehw;WNkil

Nrw;W ehw;WNkil lnghf; ehw;WNkil

ghukupg;G

gapu;j;jhgpg;G Kiwfistptupg;ghu;.

gapu;j; jhgpg;Gf;fhfg;gad;gLj;Jk;cgfuzq;fisg;ngaupLthu;.

gapu;j; jhgpg;G cgfuzq;fspd;njhopw;ghl;il tptupg;ghu;.

ntt;;NtW Kiwfisf;ifahz;L gapu;j;jhgpj;jypy;<LgLthu;.

ntt;NtW ehw;WNkil tiffisg;ngaupLthu;.

tpj;Jtiff;Nfw;g> nghUj;jkhdehw;WNkil tifiaj; njupTnra;thu;.

ntt;NtW tif ehw;WNkilfs;mikg;ghu;.

ehw;WNkilfspy; tpj;Jf;fisj;jhgpj;Jg; guhkupg;ghu;.

.

05

08

17


fw;wy;NgWfs;

6. gapu;r; nra;ifapd;ntw;wpf;fhfg; nghUj;jkhdePu;g;ghrd kw;Wk;tbfhyikg;G Kiwfisj;jpl;lkpLthu;.

6.1 ntt;NtW ePu; Kjy;fis

tprhuiz nra;thu;.

6.2. ePu; mOj;jj;ij mjpfupg;gjw;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd ePu; cau;j;jy; Kiwfis tprhuiz nra;thu;.

ePu; Kjy;fs;

mwpKfk;

tifg;gLj;jy; jd;ikf;Nfw;g

,aw;ifahdit nraw;ifahdit

miktplj;jpw;Nfw;g

Nkw;gug;G epyf;fPo;

epyf;fPo; ePu; kPs;epuk;giy Nkk;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs;.

ePu; cau;j;Jjy; tiuaWj;jy; Kiwfs;

ghuk;gupakhd Kiwfs; fg;gp Jyhf;fpzW ePu;r;rpy;Y ePu; ms;sp

ghuk;gupakpy;yh Kiwfs;

ePu;g;gk;gpfs; ika ePf;fg;gk;gpfs; njhopw;ghLk;

guhkhpg;Gk; ,lg;nau;r;rpg; gk;gpfs; njhopw;ghLk;

guhkhpg;Gk;

ePu; Kjy;fs; vd;gijtiuaWg;ghu;

ePu; Kjy;fis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

ePu;j; Njf;fg; Nghrpg;gpd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

epyf;fPo; ePu; kPs; epug;gypd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;Lmjid tpUj;jp nra;jtw;fhdcj;jpfis tptupg;ghu;.

ePiu cau;j;Jk; ntt;NtWKiwfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

ePiu cau;j;Jtjw;fhfg;gad;gLj;Jk; Nfhl;ghLfistpsf;Fthu;.

ePu;g;gk;gpfspd; njhopw;ghl;iltptupg;ghu;.

ePu;g;gk;gpfisg; nghUj;Jjy;kw;Wk; guhkupj;jy; njhlu;ghftptupg;ghu;.

04

06

18


fw;wy;NgWfs;

6.3 ePu;g;ghrdj;ij tpidj;jpwDilajhf;Ftjw;fhfcupa fzpj;jy;fisr;nra;thu;.

6.4 ntt;NtW ePu;g;ghrd

Kiwfd; gw;wp tprhuiz

nra;thu;.

ePu;g;ghrdk; tiuaWj;jy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

; ePu;g;ghrdj; Njit Njwpa ePu;g;ghrdj; Njit nkhj;j ePu;g;ghrdj; Njit ePu;g;ghrd fhy Mapil

ePu;g;ghrd fhy Mapiliaj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.

jhtuq;fspd; MtpAapu;g;G Mtpahjiyj; jPu;khdpj;jy;

ePu;g;ghrd tpidj;jpwidf; fzpj;jy;

ePu;g;ghrdj; njhFjpfspd; tpidj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jk; cj;jpfs;.

ePu;g;ghrd Kiwfs; Nkw;gug;G Kiwfs;

rhy; Ngrpd; tisa

epyf;fPo; Kiwfs; Ez;LisAs;s Foha;fs;> fhd;fs; kl;ghz;lf; FlKiw

Jsp Kiw

J}ty; Kiw

ePu;ghrdk; vd;gij tiuaWg;ghu;.

ePu;g;ghrdj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisf;Fwpg;gpLthu;.

ePu;g;ghrdj; Njitfisf;fzpg;ghu;.

ePu;g;ghrd fhy Mapiliaj;jPu;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfistptupg;ghu;.

ePu;g;ghrd fhy Mapiliaf;fzpg;ghu;.

jhtuq;fspy; MtpAu;g;GMtpahjiyf; fzpg;ghu;

ePu;g;ghrd tpidj;jpwd; vd;gijtptupg;ghu;.

ePu;g;ghrd tpidj;jpwidNkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd cj;jpfistiuaWg;ghu;.

gapu;fSf;F ePu; toq;Fk;ntt;NtW Kiwfis tptupg;ghu;.

ntt;NtW ePu;g;ghrd Kiwfistupg;glkhf tiue;J fl;Lthu;.

JspKiw kw;Wk; Jhty; KiwePu;g;ghrdj; njFjpfspd;gFjpfisg; ngaupLthu;.

ePu;g;ghrd Kiwfisf;ifahz;Lghu;g;ghu;.

ePu;g;ghrd Kiwfspd;mD$yq;fs; gpujp$yq;fisg;gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

05

06

19


fw;wy;NgWfs;

6.5 Kiwikaw;w ePu;g;ghrdk;fhuzkhf Vw;gLk;gpur;rpidfis,opthf;Ftjw;fhfj;jp;l;lk; tFg;ghu;.

6.6 nghUj;jkhdtbfhyikg;GKiwfisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.

Kiwikaw;w ePu;g;ghrdj;jpdhy;Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs;

#oy; khriljy;

kz;zpd; ,ay;Gfs; rPu;nfLjy;

Njf;f ePu;kl;lk; Fiwtiljy; epyk; Gijjy; Neha;fs; gPilfs; guTjy; kz;zupg;G

gpur;rpidfis ,opthf;fy;

tbfhyikg;G

tiuaWj;jy;

eypthd tbfhyikg;gpd;ghjfkhd tpisTfs;

eypthd tbfyikg;Gf;fhdfhuzq;fs;

tbfhyikg;G Kiwfs;

Nkw;gug;G tbfhy; Kiwfs;

jpwe;j tbfhy;fs; epyf;fPo; tbfhy; Kiwfs;

Ez;LisAs;s Foha;fs;

gk;Gjy; jhtuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;

tbfhyikg;G - tbfhy; njhFjpfs; vOkhwhd

rkhe;ju nea;aup (Grid) tbfhy;fs; kPd; Ks;S Kiw(Herring Bone)

gapu; epyj;Jf;F msTf;fjpfkhdePu;ghrdk; nra;tjd; fhuzkhfVw;gLk; gpur;rpidfistptupg;ghu;.

Kiwikaw;w ePu;ghrdj;jpd;gpur;rpidfis ,opthf;Ftw;fhdcj;jpfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

tbfhyikg;G vd;gijtiuaWg;ghu;.

tbfhyikg;G eyptiltjhy;Vw;gLk; ghjfkhd tpisTfistptupg;ghu;.

eypthd tbfhyikg;Gf;Ffhuzq;fhl;Lthu;.

tbfhyikg;igNkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhff;ifahsj;jf;f Kiwfistptupg;ghu;.

tbfhyikg;Gj; njhFjpfistiue;J fhl;Lthu;.

02

04

20


fw;wy;NgWfs;

7. jhtur; nrad;Kiwfisr;rpwg;G kl;lj;jpy;NgzpathW caupatpisr;ry; ngWtjw;fhdMaj;jj;ijntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

7.1 xspj;njhFg;igr;rpwg;ghfg; NgZtjw;fhdKiwfs; cj;jpfisj;jpl;lkpLthu;.

7.2 jhtuq;fspy; Rthrj;ijr;rpwg;ghd kl;lj;jpy;NgDtjw;fhdeltbf;iffisj;jpl;lkpLthu;.

7.3 Mtpap;u;g;igr; rpwg;ghdkl;lj;jpy; NgZtjw;fhdKiwfisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.

xspj;njhFg;G

tiuaWj;jy; nrad;Kiw

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

mff; fhuzpfs;

Gwf; fhuzpfs;

xspj;njhFg;igtpidj;jpwdhf;Fk; cj;jpfs;.

Rthrk;

tiuaWj;jy; Rthrr; nrad;Kiw fpisf;Nfhg;gFg;G fpnug;gpd; tl;lk; ,yj;jpud; nfhz;L

nry;yy;

gq;fspf;Fk; fhuzpfs;

mff; fhuzpfs;

Gwf; fhuzpfs;

MtpAapu;g;G

mwpKfk;

nrad;Kiw

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; mff; fhuzpfs; Gwf; fhuzpfs;

MtpAapu;g;Gr; nrad;Kiwiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.

mjd; mtrpak; cj;jpfs;

xspj;njhFg;G vd;gijtpsf;Fthu;.

xspj;njhFg;Gr; nrad;Kiwapd;fl;lq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

xspj;njhFg;G kPJ nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis tptupg;ghu;.

xspj;njhFg;igtpidj;jpwDilajhf;Ftjw;fhd cj;jpfistpsf;Fthu;.

jhtur; Rthrk; vd;gijtiuaWg;ghu;.

Rthrr; nrad;Kiwapd;gbKiwfisg; ngaupLthu;.

jhtur; Rthrj;jpd; kPJnry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk;fhuzpfisg; ngaupLthu;.

MtpAapu;g;Gr; nrad;KiwiatiuaWg;ghu;.

MtpAapu;g;G kPJ nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisg;ngaupLthu;.

MtpAapu;g;Gr; nrad;Kiwiaf;fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; cj;jpfistpsf;Fthu;.

MtpAapu;g;G tPjj;ij msg;ghu;.

,iytha;fs; %yk; MtpAapu;g;GepfOfpd;wikia KbG nra;thu;.

02

03

04

21


fw;wy;NgWfs;

7.4 jhtuq;fspy; gjhu;j;jq;fs;

mfj;JwpQ;riyAk;

nfhz;L nry;yiyAk;

rPuhf;Fk; Kiwfs;>

cj;jpfisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.

7.5 tsu;r;rpr; rPuhf;fpfisg;

gad;gLj;jp

gapu;r;nra;ifapd;

tpisjpwid

mjpfupg;gjw;fhd

Kiwfisj; jp;l;lkpLthu;.

gjhu;j;jq;fs; mfj;JwpQ;Ry;

capu;g;gw;w mfj;JwpQ;ry;

capu;g;ghd mfj;JwpQ;ry;

nfhz;L nry;yy;

rhw;Nww;wk; cupaf;nfhz;L nry;yy;

gjhu;j;j mfj;JwpQ;riyAk; nfhz;L nry;yiyAk; rPuhf;fy;.

jhtu xNkhd;fs; tiuaWj;jy; jhtu xNkhd; $l;lq;fs; xl;rpd; irw;Nwhf;ifdpd; fpguypd; mgprprpf;F mkpyk; vjpyPd;

jthu clw;nwhopy; kPJ mtw;wpd; nry;thf;F

tsu;r;rpr; rPuhf;fpfs; tiuaWj;jy; tptrhaj;jpy; mtw;wpd; gad;ghL.

jhtuq;fspy; gjhu;j;jmfj;JwpQ;riy tpsf;Fthu;.

jhtuq;fspy; gjhu;j;jq;fs;nfhz;L nry;yiy tpsf;Fthu;.

cupaj;jpd; Clhf czTnfhz;L nry;yg;gLk; vd;gijvLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

gjhu;j;j mfj;JwpQ;riyAk;nfhz;L nry;yiyAk;tpidj;jpwdhf;fy; %yk; cau;tpisr;ry; ngWk; tpjj;ijtptupg;ghu;.

jhtu XNkhd;fs; vd;gijtiuaWg;ghu;.

jhtu XNkhd;fshy; Mw;wg;gLk;njhopy;fis tptupg;ghu;.

tsu;r;rpr; rPuhf;fpfisg;gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; tptrhag;gapu;fspd; tpisjpwidmjpfupf;fj;jf;f tpjj;ijtptup;g;ghu;.

03

04

22


fw;wy;NgWfs;

7.6 tsh;r;rpg; gukhdq;fspd;

topNa jhtu tpUj;jp

njhlu;ghfj; jPu;khdk;

vLg;ghu;.

8.1 jhtu ,dg;ngUf;fy;

Kiwfis

tprhuiz nra;thu;.

jhtu tsu;r;rpAk; tpUj;jpAk; mwpKfk; tsu;r;rpg; gukhdq;fs; (growth

parameters) tsu;r;rp tisapfs; tsu;r;rpf; Fwpfhl;bfs;

gapu;tsu;r;rp tPjk; gapu;g;gug;gsTf; Fwpfhl;b Jzpjy;

jhtu ,dk;ngUf;fy; mwpKfk;

Kiwfs; ,ypq;fKiw

tpj;Jf;fs; %yk; ,ypq;fkpy; Kiwfs;

gpupj;JNtwhf;fy; Jz;lq;fshf;fy;

xl;L;jy; gjpitj;jy; ,ioa tsu;g;G

jhtu tsh;r;rpg; gukhdq;fisg;ngaupLthu;.

jhtu tsh;r;rpia msg;gjw;Fj;Njitahd mstPLfisg;ngWthu;.

jhtu tsu;r;rp tisapfistiue;J fhl;Lthu;.

jhtu ,iyfspd; tsu;r;rpg;gug;gsTf; Fwpfhl;biaj;Jzpthu;.

jhtu ,dg;ngUf;fy; vd;gijtiuaWg;ghu;

ntt;NtW jhtu ,dg;ngUf;fy;Kiwfis cjuzq;fs; je;Jtifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

04

028. nghUj;jkhdnjhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpjhtuq;fis ,dk;ngUf;Ftjpy; <LgLthu;.

23


fw;wy;NgWfs;

8.2 tpj;J tpUj;jp> tpj;J

Kisj;jy; Mfpatw;iw

tprhuiz nra;thu;.

8.3 tpj;Jf;fspd;

tho;jfitg; NgZk;

Kiwfis tprhuiz

nra;thu;.

tpj;Jf;fs; Njhd;Wk; nrad;Kiw

kfue;jr; Nru;f;if fUf;fl;lYk; tpj;Jf;fs; Njhd;WjYk;

tiff;Fupa tpj;jpd; mikg;G

xUtpj;jpiyap tpj;J ,Utpj;jpiyap tpj;J

tpj;JKisj;jy;

tiuaWj;jy; Kisg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd fhuzpfs;

Kisj;jy; tiffs; jiuNky; Kisj;jy;

jiuf;fPo; Kisj;jy;

tpj;JKisj;jy; nrad;Kiw

tpj;Jf;fspd; tho;jfT tiuaWj;jy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

fhuzpfs; Gwf;fhuzpfs; mff; fhuzpfs;

tho;jfitj; JzpAk; Kiwfs; Kisj;jy; rjtPjj;ijj; Jzpjy;. nlw;uhNrhypak; Nrhjid elj;Jjy;

fhgdPnuhl;irl;L 2CO

nrwpit msj;jy;.

tiff;Fupa G+nthd;wpd;

gFjpfisg; ngaupLthu;.

tiff;Fupa tpj;njhd;wpd;gFjpfisg; ngaupLthu;.

tpj;Jj; Njhd;Wk;nrad;Kiwia tptupg;ghu;.

ehw;Wf;fis mtjhdpj;Jmtw;wpd; Kisj;jy;tiffisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

tpj;J Kisg;gjw;Fj;Njitahd fhuzpfisj;Jzpthu;.

xU tpj;jpiyap> ,Utpj;jpiyapj;jhtu tpj;Jf;fspd; ,ay;Gfisxg;gpLthu;.

tpj;J Kisj;jy; nrad;Kiwiatptupg;ghu;.

tpj;Jf;fspd; tho;jfT vd;gijtiuaWg;ghu;

tpj;Jf;fspd; tho;jfT kPJnry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;fhuzpfis tptupg;ghh;.

tpj;Jf;fspd; tho;jfitj;Jzptjw;fhfr; ifahsg;gLk;Kiwfis tptupg;ghu;.

04

02

24


fw;wy;NgWfs;

8.4 ntw;wpfukhd

gapu;r;nra;iff;fhf

tpj;Jf;fspy; fhzg;gl

Ntz;ba epge;jidfis

tprhuiz nra;thu;.

8.5 tpj;Jf;fspd;cwq;Fepiyia ePf;Fk;Kiwfis tprhuiz

nra;thu;.

8.6 eLiff;fhfMNuhf;fpakhdtpj;Jf;fisj; njupTnra;Jnfhs;Sk; tpjj;ijtprhuiz nra;thu;.

tpj;Jr; Nrhjid Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

Kiwfs; Kisj;jy; rjtPjj;ijj; Jzpjy;. ngsjpfj;J}a;ikiaj; Jzpjy;. <uypg;Gr; rjtPjj;ijj; Jzpjy; tho;jfitj;Jzpjy; tpj;Jf;fspd; MNuhf;fpa epiyiar; Nrhjpj;jy;. tpj;Jf;fspd; tPupaj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jy;.

tpj;J cwq;Fepiy


cwq;Fepiy tiffs; Gw cwq;Fepiy ngsjpf cwq;Fepiy ,urhad cwq;Fepiy

mf cwq;Fepiy cUttpay; clw;nwhopypay;

cwq;Fepiyia ePf;Fk; Kiwfs;

tpj;Jr; Rfhjhuk; tiuaWj;jy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

JzpAk; Kiwfs; gq;fRj;njhw;W gw;wPupah njhw;W ituRj; njhw;W

tpj;Jf;fisr; Nrhjpg;gjd;mtrpaj;ijj; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

ntt;NtW Kiwfisf;ifahz;L tpj;Jf;fspd;Kisjpwd; rjtPjj;ijj;Jzpthu;.

tpj;Jkhjpupnahd;wpd; <uypg;Gr;rjtPjj;ijj; Jzpthu;.

eLtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdtpj;Jf;fisj; njupT nra;thu;.

tpj;J cwq;Fepiyapd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptpupg;ghu;.

tpj;J cwq;Fepiyf;F VJthFk;fhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

tpj;J cwq;Fepiy tiffistptupg;ghu;.

cwq;Fepiyia ePf;fp Kisf;fitg;gjw;fhf tpj;Jf;fisMaj;jg;gLj;Jthu;.

tpj;Jr;Rfhjhuk; vd;gijtiuaWg;ghu;

eLiff;fhf MNuhf;fpakhdtpj;Jf;fisg; ngWtjd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

tpj;Jf;fspy; g+r;rpg;gPilfs;kw;Wk; Nehahf;fpfs; cz;lhvd;gijr; Nrhjpj;jwpthu;.

06

04

06

25


fw;wy;NgWfs;

8.7 mj;jhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;l

tpj;Jf;fs; cw;gj;jp

nra;Ak; nrad;Kiwia

tprhuiz nra;thu;.

8.8 jhtu ,dg;ngUf;f

mikg;Gf;fis Ntwhfg;

gpupj;J Ntwhf;fy; %yk;

,ypq;fkpy; Kiw

,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy;

<LgLthu;.

8.9 jhtuj;Jz;lq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jp ,ypq;fkpy;

,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy;

<LgLthu;.

8.10 gjpitj;jy; %yk; jhtu

,dg;ngUf;fypy; <LgLthu;.

mj;jhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpj;J cw;gj;jpnra;jypd; gbKiwfs;

tpUj;jpahsh; tpj;Jf;fs; mj;jpthu tpj;Jf;fs;

gjpT nra;ag;gl;l tpj;Jf;fs; mj;jhl;rpg;gLj;jpa tpj;Jf;fs;

eLifg;nghUshfg; gad;gLj;Jk;tpj;Jf;fspd; ju epakepge;jidfs;

gpupj;J Ntwhf;fy; gad;gLj;Jk; ,dg;ngUf;f

mikg;Gf;fs;

epyf;fPo; Ntu;j;jz;Lf; fpoq;F jz;Lf;fpoq;F jz;L Kfpo; Fkpo; xb cwpQ;rp

Fkpok; eLiff;fhfj; jahu;g;gLj;jy;

eLiff;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;jhtuj; Jz;lq;fs;.

,iy fpis Ntu;

eLiff;fhfj; jahu;g;gLj;jy;

gjpitj;jy; Kiwfs;

fhw;Wf;Fupa epyj;jpy; vspa $l;L cr;rp Fk;gp

mj;jhl;rpg;gLj;jpa tpj;Jcw;gj;jp nra;Ak; nrad;Kiwiatpsf;Fthu;.

mj;jhl;rpg;gLj;jpa tpj;Jf;fiseLiff;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijvLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

tpij ney;ypd; ju epakg;ngWkhdq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

,ypq;fkpy; Kiw,dg;ngUf;fj;Jf;fhf> jhtu,dg;ngUf;f mikg;Gf;fisj;njupT nra;thu;.

jhtu ,dg;ngUf;f mikg;GfiseLiff;fhfj; jahu;g;gLj;Jthu;.

eLtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jhtuj;Jz;lq;fisj; njupT nra;thu;.

eLiff;fhfj;jhtuj;Jz;lq;fisj;jahu;g;gLj;Jthu;.

gjpitj;jYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jhtutiffisj; njupTnra;Jnfhs;thu;.

gjpitj;jypd; ntt;NtWKiwfisf; ifahz;Lghu;g;ghu;.

02

04

02

06

26


fw;wy;NgWfs;

8.11 xl;Ljy; %yk; jhtu

,dg;ngUf;fypy;

<LgLthu;.

8.12 Ez; ,dg;ngUf;f

Kiwfs; cj;jpfis

tprhuiz nra;thu;.

xl;L Kiwfs; fpisnahl;L

gf;f xl;L Mg;nghl;L

Kbnahl;L

tpy;nyhl;L ];Nuhd; xl;L (Stone)

mUk;nghl;L

T xl;L

H xl;L

Jz;nlhl;L

Chip xl;L

,ioa tsu;g;G Ma;T$lnkhd;wpd; mbg;gilahdgFjpfs;

Rj;jpfupj;jy; miw

eLif Clfe;jahu;g;gLj;jy; miw

,ioa tsu;g;G Clfj;jpDs;Kjd;ikg;gFjpfisg;GFj;Jk; gFjp

tsu;g;G miw

Ez;Kiw ,dk;ngUf;fy;

tiuaWj;jy;

gbKiwfs;

jha;j;jhtuk; njupT nra;jy;

Kjd;ikg;gFjp jhgpj;jy;

ngUf;fkilAk; gUtk; Ntu;nfhs;sr; nra;jy; Gwr;#oYf;Fg; gof;Fjy;.

xl;LjYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdjhtu tifisj; njupT nra;thu;.

xl;Ljypd; ntt;NtW Kiwfisf;ifahz;L ghu;g;ghu;.

,ioatsu;g;G Ma;T$lj;jpy;me;je;jg;gFjpapy; fhzg;glNtz;ba epge;jidfisAk;mg;gFjpfshy; Mw;wg;gLk;njhopy;fisAk; tptupg;ghu;.

Ez;Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;gijtpsf;Fthu;.

Ez;Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fr;nrad;Kiwia tptupg;ghu;.

06

04

27


fw;wy;NgWfs;

9. gapu; Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhff;ifahsg;gLk; ,dtpUj;jpKiwfisAk;> guk;giuayFrPd; tsf; fhg;GKiwfisAk;EZfpaha;thu;.

9.1 mq;fpfspd; ,ay;Gfs;

flj;jg;gLjy;

njhlu;ghd

mbg;gilahd

gpwg;Gupikj;

jfty;fisj;

Njbawpthu.;

9.2 gapu;fis

Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F

Kf;fpakhf mikAk;

gpwg;Gupikapay;

mwpit tprhuiz

nra;thu;.

gpwg;Gupikapaypd; mbg;gilf;Nfhl;ghLfs;

jiyKiwAupik

gpwg;Gupik gpwg;Gupikapay; njhlu;ghd

mbg;gilahd fiyr;nrhw;fs;.

mq;fpfspd; ,ay;Gfisf;fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; #oy; fhuzpfs; guk;giuf; fhuzpfs;

nkz;lypd; tpjpfs; fhuzpfs; NtwhFk; tpjp jd;taj;j njhFg;G tpjp

jhtu ,dtpUj;jp tiuaWj;jy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; Kiwfs; mwpKfk; Nju;T fyg;Gg;gpwg;ghf;fk; fyg;G tPupak; tpfhu ,dtpUj;jp gy;kgbaKiw

capu;j; njhopDl;gtpay; kPs;Nru;khd guk;giuayFj; njhopDl;gk; guk;giuayF jpupTgLj;jpa gapu;fis

mwpKfQ; nra;jy;.

04

04

gpwg;Gupikapaypd; mbg;gilahdvz;zf;fUf;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

gpwg;Gupik ,ay;Gfs; jiyKiwjiyKiwahff; flj;jg;gLk;tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

mq;fpfspd; ,ay;Gfisf;fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfistptupg;ghu;.

nkz;lypd; tpjpfistpsf;Fthu;.

nkz;lypd; tpjpfisg;gad;gLj;jp vspikahdgpurpdq;fs; jPu;g;ghu;.

jhtu ,dtpUj;jpapd;

Fwpf;Nfhs;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

jhtu ,dtpUj;jp vd;gijj;tpsf;Fthu;.

gpwg;Gupikapay; njhlu;ghdmwpit jhtu ,dtpUj;jpfhfg;gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

gpwg;ghf;fk; %yk; jhtuq;fisNkk;gLj;jj;jf;f tpjj;ijtptupg;ghu;.

gapu;Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf capu;j;njhopDl;gtpaypd; gad;ghl;iltpsf;Fthu;.

28


fw;wy;NgWfs;

10. ntw;wpfukhdgapu; cw;gj;jpngWtjw;fhf fl;Lg;gLj;jpa#oy; epge;jidfisj;jpl;lkpLthu;.

9.3 guk;giuayF

tsf;fhg;G

njhlu;ghd

jfty;fisj;

Njbawpthu;.

10.1 gapu;r;nra;ifapy;

fhw;Wf;Fupa kw;Wk;

kz;#oy;

epge;jidfisf;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

tprhuiz nra;thu;.

guk;giuayF tsq;fs; tiuaWj;jy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

guk;giuayF tsk; juq;Fd;wy; mwpKfk;

fhuzq;fs;

ghjfkhd tpisTfs; guk;giuayF tsf;fhg;G


Kiwfs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpNyNa

fhj;jy; (in situ) ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;Jf;F

ntspNa fhj;jy;(ex situ)

gapu;r; nra;ifapd; NghJ #oy;epge;jidfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.


fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;ba #oy; epge;jidfs;

fhw;Wf;Fupa kz;

nghUj;jkhd gapu;fs;

guk;giuayF rPd;/tsk; vd;gijtpsf;Fthu;.

guk;giuayF tsf;fhg;gpd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

guk;giuayF tsq;fs;juq;Fd;Wtjpy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfistpsf;Fthu;.

guk;giuayF tsq;fisf;fhf;Fk; tpjj;ij cjhuzq;fhl;bKd;itg;ghu;.

gapu;r;nra;ifapd; NghJ#oy; epge;jidfisf;fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijvLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;ba kz;epge;jidfisAk; fhw;Wf;Fupaepge;jidfisAk; tptupg;ghu;.

fl;Lg;gLj;jpa #oy;epge;jidfspd; fPo;gapupLtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdgapu;fSf;F cjhuzq; fhl;Lthu;.

04

02

29


fw;wy;NgWfs;

10.2 gapu;r; nra;ifapd;

NghJ ntt;NtW #oy;

epge;jidfisf;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd

ghJfhg;G

mikg;Gfis

tprhuiz nfhs;thu;.

11.1 kz;zpd;wpa gapu;r;

nra;if Kiwfis

tifg;gLj;jpf;

fhl;Lthu;.

#oy; epge;jidfisf;fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLk;ghJfhg;G mikg;Gfs;

fha;/ go kiwg;G tupir kiwg;G jdpj;jhtuk; tupir ghj;jp ,dg;ngUf;f mikg;Gfs; vspa #upa ,dg;ngUf;fp #upa ,dk; ngUf;fp

tupr;R tPL (Lath house) epoy; kidfs; tiy kidfs; ePu;f;fhg;G mikg;Gf;fs;

nghypj;jPd; kidfs; gr;ir tPLfs;

ghJfhg;G kidfspDs; gapu; tsu;g;gjpy; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfSk; mtw;iw ,opthf;fYk;.

kz;zpd;wpa gapu;r;nra;if

mwpKfk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

gapu;r;nra;if Kiwfs;

ePu; Clfj;jpy; tsu;j;jy;

jpz;k Clfj;jpy; gapu; tsu;j;jy;

fhw;wpy; gapu; tsu;j;jy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gapu;r;nra;if Clfq;fSk; mtw;wpd; ,ay;GfSk;.

Nghriz Clfq;fSk; mtw;iwj; jahupj;jYk;.

#oy; epge;jidfisf;fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg;gad;gLj;Jk; ghJfhg;Gmikg;Gf;fis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

ntt;NtW ghJfhg;Gmikg;Gf;fis Mf;fpf;nfhs;Sk;tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

gpuNjrk;> gapu; tif Mfpatw;wpd;gb nghUj;jkhd ghJfhg;Gmikg;Gfisj; njupT nra;thu;

#upa ,dg;ngUf;fy;mikg;Gfis Mf;Fthu;.

ghJfhg;G mikg;GfspDs;gapu;nra;Ak;NghJvjpu;Nehf;fg;gLk; gpur;rpidfis,opthf;Ftjw;fhdgpNuuizfis Kd;itg;ghu;.

kz;zpd;wpa gapu;nra;ifapd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

kz;zpd;wpa gapu;r;nra;ifKiwfisg; ngaupLthu;.

kz;zpd;wpa gapu;r;nra;iff;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;Nghriz Clfq;fs; kw;Wk;tsu;g;G Clfq;fs; njhlu;ghdtplaq;fis Kd;itgghu;.

06

0411. msTuPjpahd kw;Wk; gz;GuPjpahd tpisr;ry;ngWtjw;fhf kz;zpd;wpagapu;r;nra;if Kiwfisj;jpl;lkpLthu;.

30


fw;wy;NgWfs;

11.2 jput Clfj;jpy; gapu;

tsu;f;Fk; Kiwfis

tprhuiz nra;thu;.

11.3 jpz;k Clfq;fspy;

kz;zpd;wpa gapu;

tsu;g;ig tprhuiz

nra;thu;.

12.1 gPilfis

tifg;gLj;jp

mg;gPilfs; fhuzkhf

gapu;r;nra;if kPJ

vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fisj;

Njbaha;thu;.

jput Clfj;jpy; gapu;tsu;f;Fk; Kiwfs; Rw;Nwhl;lkhfr; nry;Yk; fiury;fspy; Moq;Fiwe;j Nghrizg; glyj; njhopDl;gk; Mog; Nghrizg; gputhfj; njhopDl;gk;. Rw;Nwhl;lkw;w fiury;fspy; Ntukpoe;j gapu;r;nra;if Kiw kpjf;Fk; gapu;nra;if Kiw kapu;j;Jis cwpQ;ry; gapu;nra;if Kiw

jpz;k Clfq;fspy; gapu;tsu;j;jy; fpil> epiyf;Fj;J Kiwg; gapu;tsu;g;G rhbfspy; epiyf;Fj;J Kiw rhy; ghj;jpfspy;

kz;zpd;wpa gapu;r;nra;ifapd;NghJ vjpu;Nehf;fg;gLk;gpur;rpidfSk;mg;gpur;rpidfis,opthf;fj;jf;f topfSk;.

gPilfs; tiuaWj;jy; tifg;gLj;jy; G+r;rpg; gPilfs; fisfs; Nehahf;fp Ez;zq;fpfs; gapu;r; nra;ifapy; gPilfspd; jhf;fk;.

ntt;NtW kz;zpd;wpagapu;r;nra;iffis NghrizClfq;fspy; nra;aj;jf;ftpjj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

ePupy; gapu;tsu;f;Fk; Kiwfspd;mD$yq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

ePupy; gapu; tsu;f;Fk; Kiwfisf;ifahz;L ghu;g;ghu;.

jpz;k Clfj;jpy; tsu;f;fj;jf;fkz;zpd;wpa gapu; nra;ifKiwfis tptupg;ghu;.

epiyf;Fj;J gapu;tsu;g;Gciwfisj; jahu;g;gLj;jpg;nghUj;jkhd gapu;fisr;nra;if gz;Zthu;.

kz;zpd;wpa gapu;r; nra;ifapd;NghJ vjpu;Nehf;fg;gLk;gpur;rpidfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

kz;zpd;wpa gapu; tsu;g;gpd;NghJ vjpu;Nehf;fg;gLk;gpur;rpidfis,opthf;Ftjw;fhd cj;jpfisg;gpNuupg;ghu;.

gPilfs; vd;gijtiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

cjhuzq;fhl;b> gPilfistifg;gLj;Jthu;.

gPilfs; fhuzkhf gapu;nra;ifkPJ Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fistptupg;ghu;.

04

04

0212. gapu;r; nra;ifeltbf;iffisntw;wpfukhf elj;Jtjw;fhfrupahd gPilKfhikcj;jpfisj; jpl;lkpLthu;.

31


fw;wy;NgWfs;

12.2 tpyq;Fg;gPilfis

tifg;gLj;jp

mtw;wpdhy;

Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;

Nrjq;fis tprhuiz

nra;thu;.

12.3 ntt;NtW

tUzq;fisr;

Nru;e;j G+r;rpfs; gapu;r;

nra;ifapy;

Vw;gLj;Jk;

Nrjq;fis mwpKfQ;

nra;thu;.

G+r;rpg;gPilfs;

Ks;se;jz;bypfs; g+r;rpfs;

thAWg;Gf;fs; nky;Yk;> fbf;Fk;

Jisj;Jr; rhw;iw cwpQ;Rk; Ruz;br; rhw;iw cwpQ;Rk;

rpw;Wz;zpfs; nkd;Dlypfs;

Ks;se;jz;Lspfs;

gwitfs; nfhwpAapu;fs; KiyA+l;bfs;

gapu; nra;ifapy; Vw;gLj;Jk;Nrjq;fs;

gapu;r;nra;ifapy; Nrjq;fistpistpf;Fk; g+r;rp tUzq;fs;

² Orthoptera

Isoptera² Hemiptera² Homoptera² Thysanoptera² Coleoptera² Diptera² Lepidoptera

gapu;r;nra;ifapy; Vw;gLj;Jk;jhf;fq;fs;

g+r;rpfspd; tiff;FupathAWg;Gf;fis ,dq;fz;L>ngaupLthu;.

cjhuzq; fhl;b gPilfistifg;gLj;Jthu;.

gapu;fspy; g+r;rpfs;Vw;gLj;jpAs;s Nrjq;fisf;nfhz;L> mg;G+r;rpfspd;thAWg;Gf;fs; vitnadj;jPu;khdpg;ghu;.

rpw;Wz;zpfSf;Fk; g+r;rpfSf;Fk;,ilapyhd NtWghLfisvLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

tpyq;Fg; gPilfs; gapu;jhtuq;fspy; Vw;gLj;Jk;Nrjq;fis cjhuzq;fSld;vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

gapu;r;nra;ifapd; NghJgutyhfr; Nrjq;fs; tpistpf;Fk;gPilfs; mlq;fpAs;sG+r;rp tUzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

g+r;rp khjpupfisf; (Specimen)nfhz;L ntt;NtW g+r;rptUzq;fspd; ,ay;GfisvLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

ntt;NtW tUzq;fisr; Nru;e;jg+r;rpfs; gapu;fSf;Fr; Nrjk;tpistpf;Fk; tpjj;ijvLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

gapu;nra;ifapy; Nrjk;tpistpf;Fk; ntt;NtWtUzq;fisr; Nru;e;j g+r;rpfis,dq;fz;Lg+r;rp khjpupg;nghUs;(Specimen) njhFg;nghd;Wjahupg;ghu;.

06

06

32


fw;wy;NgWfs;

12.4 ntt;NtW

gapu;epyq;fspy;

fhzg;gLk; fis

tiffs; gw;wp

tprhuiz nra;thu;.

12.5 jhtu Nehahf;fpfis

tifg;gLj;jp

mtw;wpdhy;

Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; jhtu

Neha;fis tprhuiz

nra;thu;

fisfs; tiuaWj;jy; tifg;gLj;jy;

MAl;fhyj;Jf;F mika

cUttpay; ,ay;GfSf;F mika

tsUk; #oYf;F mika

tptrha eltbf;ifspy; mtw;wpd; jhf;fk;

Nkw;nryTf; (invasive)fisg; g+z;Lfs;.

tiuaWj;jy; ,Ug;Gf;fhff; fhl;Lk; ,irthf;fq;fs;

tptrha eltbf;iffspy; jhf;fk;

jhtu Neha;fs; tiuaWj;jy; Nehahf;fpfs;

tifg;gLj;jy; gw;wPupah gq;fR ituR igw;Nwhg;gpshRkh nekw;NwhL

jhtuq;fspy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; Neha; guTjy;fs;

fhtpfs; %yk;

kz;

ePu; tsp cgfuzq;fs; %yk;

eLifg;nghUs;fs; %yk;

ntt;NtW epakq;fspd; fPo;fisfis tifg;gLj;jpf;fhl;Lthu;.

Nkw;nryTf;fisfspd; tpNrl,irthf;fq;fis tptupg;ghu;.

tptrha eltbf;iffspy;fisj;jhtuq;fspd; jhf;fj;ijtptupg;ghu;.

ntt;NtW epakq;fspd; fPo;fisg;g+z;Lj; jpul;nlhd;Wjahupg;ghu;.

jhtu Neha;fs; Vw;gLtjpy;nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;fhuzpfis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

ntt;NtW Neha;f;fhuzpfs; %yk;jhtuq;fSf;F Vw;gLk;Neha;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fisvLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

ntt;NtW Nehahf;fpf; $l;lq;fs;Vw;gLj;Jk; Neha;fspd; nghJmwpFwpfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

Neha;j;njhw;Wf;F cs;shfpajhtug; gFjpfis mtjhdpj;Jjhtu Neha;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

jhtu xl;Lz;zp gw;wPupah> gq;fRkw;Wk; nekw;NwhLfis,dq;fhz;ghu;.

04

08

33


fw;wy;NgWfs;

12.6 gPilf;Fbj;njhif

kl;lk; njhlu;ghf

tprhuiz nra;J gPil

Kfhikia

ntw;wpfukhd

jhf;fpf;nfhs;sj;

jpl;lk; jahupg;ghu;

12.7 gPil Kfhikf;fhfg;

nghUj;jkhd

Kiwfisj;

jpl;lkpLthu;.

gPilf;Fbj;njhif mlu;j;jp

tiuaWj;jy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

fhuzpfs;

Jzpjy;

gPilf;Fbj;njhif kl;lq;fs;

nghUshjhu Nrjk; (ED) nghUshjhu Nrj kl;lk; (EIL) nghUshjhu Eiothapy; kl;lk; (ETL) nfhs;isj; jhf;f kl;lk;

gPil Kfhik

mwpKfk;

Nfhl;ghLfs; gPil jtpu;j;jy; gPil fl;Lg;ghL

gPil Kfhik Kiwfs;

nghwpKiwfs;

capupay;

gpwg;Gupikapay; gapuhf;ftpay; ,urhadtpay;

xd;wpize;j gPil Kfhik

mwpKfk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

nrad;Kiw

gPilf;Fbj;njhif mlu;j;jpvd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.

gPilf;Fbj;njhif mlu;j;jp kPJnry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;fhuzpfis tptupg;ghu;.

fsj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gPilf;Fbj;njhif mlu;j;jpiaj;Jzpthu;.

gPilf;Fbj;njhif kl;lq;fistiuGfs; %yk; tptupg;ghu;.

gPilKfhikf; Nfhl;ghLfisf;Fwpg;gpLthu;

cjhuzq;fhl;b> gPilKfhikj;Jt Kiwfistifg;gLj;Jthu;.

ntt;NtW Kiwfisf;ifahz;L fsj;jpy; gPilfisf;fl;Lg;gLj;Jthu;.

xd;wpize;j gPilf;fl;Lg;ghl;bd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

xd;wpize;j gPilf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr;nrad;Kiwia tpsf;Fthu;.

03

05

34


fw;wy;NgWfs;

12.8 gPilf;

fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd gPil

nfhy;ypfisj; njupT

nra;J nfhs;thu;.

gPilnfhy;ypfs; tiuaWj;jy; tifg;gLj;jy;

g+r;rpnfhy;ypfs; tifg;gLj;jy; ngsjpfj; jd;ikapd; gb njhopw;ghl;bd; gb ,urhadj; jd;ikapd; gb

Nrjd mNrjd

jd;ikapd; gb ,aw;ifahdit nraw;ifahdit

fisnfhy;ypfs; tifg;gLj;jy; Nju;tpd;gb njhopw;ghl;bd;gb gpuNahfpf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpd;gb

gq;fR nfhy;ypfs; ,urhadg;nghUs;fspd; gb

nekw;NwhLehrpdp g+r;rp nfhy;ypfspd; er;Rj;jd;ik

(LD 50) tiuaWj;jy; er;R kl;lk;

G+r;rp ehrpdpfisg; ghtpf;Fk; NghJ Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfSk; mtw;iwf; Fiwj;jYk;

ntt;NtW epakq;fspd; fPo;>cjhuzq;fhl;bgPilnfhy;ypfistifg;gLj;Jthu;.

g+r;rp ehrpdpfspd; er;Rj;jd;ikvd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.

er;R epiyikapd; gb> g+r;rpehrpdpfspd; er;R kl;lj;ijf;Fwpg;gpLthu;.

gPilnfhy;ypg; gad;ghl;bd; NghJNjhd;Wk; gpur;rpidfisAk;mg;gpur;rpidfis,opthf;Ftjw;fhff;ifahsj;jf;f cj;jpfisAk;tptupg;ghu;.

08

35


fw;wy;NgWfs;

12.9 ghJfhg;G

xOq;Ffisf;

ifahz;L gPil

nfhy;ypfisg;

gpuNahfpf;Fk;

Kiwfisj;

jpl;lkpLthu;

12.10 gPilnfhy;yp

gpuNahfpg;gjw;fhfg;

gad;gLk;

cgfuzq;fs;

gw;wp tpruiz

nra;thu;.

gPilnfhy;ypfs; gpuNahfpj;jy; gpuNahfpf;Fk; Kiwfs;

,iyfspy; njspj;jy; kz;Zld; fyj;jy;

,iuahf itj;jy; Crpahy; GFj;Jjy;

mkpo;j;JjYk; G+RjYk; gpuNahfpf;Fk; NghJ gpd;gw;w

Ntz;ba ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffs;

gad;gLj;j Kd;du;

gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ gad;gLj;jpa gpd;du;

gPil ehrpdp gpuNahfpf;Fk; cgfuzq;fs; tifg;gLj;jy;

,urhadg;nghUspd; jd;ikfspd; gb

jput ,urhadf; rptpwpfs; J}s; / rpWkzp rptpwp jputr;rptpwp (thAthf)

jputk; ,Lk; msTg;gb

cau; fdtsT rptpwp

jho; fdtsT kpfj; jho; fdtsT

mfj; njhopw;ghl;bd; gb

MLjz;L tif

ikaePf;f tif njhopw;ghLk; guhkupg;Gk;

gPilnfhy;ypfs; gpuNahfpf;Fk;Kiwfis cjhuzq;fSld;tptupg;ghu;.

gPilnfhy;ypg; gad;ghl;bd; NghJgpd;gw;w Ntz;ba ghJfhg;Geltbf;iffisvLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

gPilnfhy;ypg; ghFghl;Lf;fikagpuNahfpf;Fk; cgfuzepakq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

jputr; rptpwpfspd; gFjpfisxUq;F Nru;g;ghu;.

jput> J}s; rptpwpfspd; glk;tiue;J gFjpfSf;Fg;ngaupLthu;.

MLjz;L tif jputr;rptpwpapd;njhopw;ghl;il tptupg;ghu;.

G+r;rpehrpdp gad;gLj;jg;gLk;cgfuzq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;NfhshWfis ,dq;fz;Leptpu;j;jp nra;thu;.

03

08

36


fw;wy;NgWfs;

13. MNuhf;fpa tho;f;iff;fhf

jukhd czT Efu;T

xOq;Ffisj; jp;l;lkpLthu;.

13.1 Nghrhf;Fr; rpf;fy;fs;

,opthFkhW cztpy;

mlq;f Ntz;ba

$Wfs; njhlu;ghf

EZfpaha;thu;

13.2 Nghrizg;gpur;rpidfisj;jtpu;g;gjw;Fupa jPu;Ttopfis tprhuiznra;thu;.

kdpjdpd; Nghriz tiuaWj;jy; Nghrizf; $WfSk;

mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; khNghrizf;$Wfs; Ez;Nghrizf; $Wfs;

Kf;fpakhd NtW $Wfs; ePu; ehu;g;nghUs;

czTf; $k;gfk; cly; jpzpTr; Rl;b (BMI)

,yq;ifapy; Nghrizg;gpur;rpidfSk; jPu;T topfSk; my;Y}l;lk; Fiwa+l;lk;

Guj> fNyhup> FiwA+l;lk; tpw;wkpd;. fdpaf; FiwghL tpw;wkpd; A ,Uk;G mabd; rpq;F

kpifA+l;lk;

cznthd;wpy; fhzg;gLk;Nghrizf; $Wfisg; ngaupLthu;

kdpjdpd; Nghrizapy; ntt;NtWNghrizf; $Wfspd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijvLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

khNghrizf;$Wfs;>Ez;Nghrizf;$Wfs;Mfpatw;Wf;F cjhuzq;fhl;Lthu;.

khdplg; Nghrizapy;Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; Nghrizf;$Wfs; my;yhj Vida$Wfspd; njhopy;fisf;Fwpg;gpLthu;.

czTf; $k;gfj;jpd; JizAld;czT NtisfSf;fhfg;nghUj;jkhd czTfisj; njupTnra;Ak; tpjj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.

cly; jpzpTr; Rl;b (BMI)iaj;Jizahff; nfhz;L Nghrizf;rpf;fy;fis,opthf;fpf;nfhs;sj; jf;ftpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

jtwhd Nghriz fhuzkhfNjhd;Wk; gpur;rpid epiyikfistpsf;Fthu;.

,yq;ifapy; gutyhff; fhzg;gLk;Nghrizf; Fiwghl;Lepiyfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

Nghrizg; gpur;rpidfis,opthf;Ftjw;fhd gpNuuizfs;Kd;itg;ghu;.

Nghrizg; gpur;rpidfs;,opthFkhW czT njupTnra;thu;.

02

02

37


fw;wy;NgWfs;

13.3 czT gOjiltjpy;nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;fhuzpfs; gw;wptprhuiz nra;thu;.

13.4 ew;fhg;Gf;Nfhl;ghLfisg;gpd;gw;wp> czTew;fhg;G nra;tjw;FVw;w Kiwfs;cj;jpfisj;jpl;lkpLthu;.

czT gOjiljy;

tiuaWj;jy; gq;fspf;Fk; fhuzpfs; ngsjpf fhuzpfs; capupaw; fhuzpfs; ,urhadf; fhuzpfs;

czT ew;fhg;G

mwpKfk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

Nfhl;ghLfs; epNuhjpj;jy; nraypof;fr; nra;jy;

Kiwfs;

ngsjpf Kiwfs; jho;ntg;gepiy

gpuNahfpj;jy; Fsp&l;ly; Mo; Fsp&l;ly;

ntg;g Kiwfs; fpUkpaopj;jy; ghr;ru; gpuNahfk; nky;ytpay; -(blanching) ePufw;wy; nrwpthf;fy; fjpubj;jy;

,urhad Kiwfs; GifA+l;ly; ew;fhg;Gg; gjhu;j;jq;fs;

Nru;j;jy; capuprhad Kiwfs;

nehjpf;fr; nra;jy; xd;wpize;j Kiwfs;

czT gOjiltjpy; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;Ak; gy;NtW fhuzpfisg;ngaupLthu;.

mt;ntht;nthU fhuzpAk; czTgOjiltjpy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

czT gOjiltjpy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; capupaw; fhuzpfisg;ngaupLthu;.

czT ew;fhg;gpd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

czT ew;fhg;Gf; Nfhl;ghLfisf;Fwpg;gpLthu;.

czT tiff;F mika ew;fhg;GKiwfisg; gpNuupg;ghu;.

czT ew;fhg;G Kiwfisf;ifahz;L ghu;g;ghu;.

03

06

38


fw;wy;NgWfs;

Gjpa Nghf;Ffs; czT gy;tifikg;gLj;jy;

ngWkhdk; Nru;j;jy; rj;J}l;ly; (fortification) tsg;gLj;jy; (enrichment) ,opTg;gjg;gLj;jy;

cztpd; Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;ghdjd;ikAk;> juf;fl;Lg;ghLk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

Kf;fpakhd juepakq;fs;

Kiwik epakq;fs;

gz;l epakq;fs;

13.5 czTjahu;g;gLj;jypd; GjpaNghf;Ffis tprhuiznra;thu;.

13.6 cztpd; juj;ijf;fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; czTj;ju epakq;fs; gw;wptprhuiz nra;thu;.

czT gy;tifg;gLj;jiycjhuzq;fhl;b tptupg;ghu;.

czTf;Fg; ngWkhdk; Nru;j;jy;kw;Wk; rj;J}l;liy cjhuzq;fhl;b tptupg;ghu;.

czit ,opTg;gjg;gLj;jy;nra;thu;.

tPl;L Efu;Tf;Fg;nghUj;jkhdthWgd;Kffg;gLj;jpa czTjahupg;ghu;.

cztpd; Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;ghdjd;ikiag; NgZtjd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

czTj; juf;fl;Lg;ghl;bd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

czTf; ifj;njhopYf;FKf;fpakhd juepakq;fs;njhlu;ghd jfty;fisj;jpul;b Kd;itg;ghu;.

04

03

39


fw;wy;NgWfs;

13.7 czT nghjpaply;kw;Wk;ngau;r;Rl;baplYf;Fg;nghUj;jkhdKiwfisj;jpl;lkpLthu;.

14.1 gapu;tpisnghUs;fspd;Kjpu;r;rp njhlu;ghdjfty;fisj;Njbawpthu;.

czT nghjpaply;

mwpKfk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

gad;gLj;Jk; nghUs;fs; czT ngau;r;Rl;baply;

mwpKfk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;

gapu; tpisnghUs;fspd;Kjpu;r;rp

tiuaWj;jy; Kjpu;r;rpiaj; Jzptjw;Fupa fhuzpfs;

ngsjpff; fhuzpfs;

,urhadf; fhuzpfs;

fhyk; Kjpu;r;rpr; Rl;b (Fwp fhl;b)

tiuaWj;jy; JzpAk; Kiwfs; ntWq;fz;zhy;(ghu;it

%yk;) guprPypj;jy; ehl;fhl;b ehs;fspd;

vz;zpf;ifg;gb mkpyj;jd;ikia msj;jy;

%yk;

czT nghjpaply; vd;gijtiuaWg;ghu;

czT nghjpaplypd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijvLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

czTg; nghjpaplYf;fhfg;gad;gLj;Jk; nghUs;fisg;ngaupLthu;.

czT tiffSf;Fg;nghUj;jkhd nghjpapLnghUs;fisj; njupT nra;Jnfhs;thu;

czTf;Fk; ngau;r;Rl;bapLtjd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

xu; czTg; nghUSf;fhfg;nghUj;jkhdngau;r;Rl;bnahd;wpidMf;Fthu;.

gapu; tpisnghUs;fsp;d;Kjpu;r;rpiaj; Jzpag; gad;gLk;fhuzpfis tptupg;ghu;.

gapu; tpisnghUs;fspd; Kjpu;r;rpf;Fwpfhl;b vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.

ntt;NtW Kiwfisf; ifahz;Lgapu;fspd; Kjpu;r;rpf;Fwpfhl;bfisj; Jzpthu;.

14. cau; tpisr;ry;ngWtjw;fhfmWtilf;Fg;gpe;jpa njhopDl;gKiwfs;cj;jpfisj;Njbaha;thu;.

04

06

40


fw;wy;NgWfs;

14.2 fha;fs; gOf;Fk;nrad;Kiwnjhlu;ghdjfty;fisj;Njbaha;thu;.

14.3 mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa,og;Gf;fs; Vw;gLtjpy;gq;fspg;Gr;nra;Ak; fhuzq;fistprhuiz nra;thu;.

fha;fs; gOj;jy; tiuaWj;jy;

gOf;Fk; nrad;Kiwf;F mikagoq;fis tifg;gLj;jy; Climacteric Non Climacteric

fha;fisr; gOf;fr; nra;jy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gOf;fr; nra;Ak; fhuzpfs; Kiwfs;

ghuk;gupa etPd

mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;G tiuaWj;jy;

epfOk; ntt;NtWre;ju;g;gq;fs; mWtil nra;Ak; Ntisfspy; tpisnghUisr; Nrfupf;Fk; NghJ tpisnghUisr; Rj;jpfupf;Fk; NghJ tpisnghUisj; jug;gLj;jypd; NghJ

tpisnghUisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jk; NghJ tpisnghUisf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; NghJ tpisg;nghUisg; nghjpapLk; NghJ

re;ijg;gLj;jypd; NghJ fhuzq;fs; mWtilf;F Ke;jpa

fhuzpfs; cw;nwhopypay; / capupay;

njhopw;ghLfs;

fha;fs; gOf;Fk; nrad;Kiwapd;gb goq;fis tifg;gLj;jpf;fhl;Lthu;.

fha;fisg; gOf;fr; nra;tjd;(nraw;ifahf) Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijvLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

fha;fisg; gOf;fr;nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk;nghUs;fisg; ngaupLthu;.

fha;fisg; gOf;fr; nra;Ak;ntt;NtW Kiwfisf; ifahz;Lghu;g;ghu;.

mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;GVw;glf; fhuzkhfpd;w mWtilf;FKe;jpa fhuzpfis tptupg;ghu;.

mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;GepfOk; re;ju;g;gq;fis tptupg;ghu;.

mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;Gf;FVJthFk; fhuzpfisf;Fwpg;gpLthu;.

mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;Gfhuzkhf Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfistptupg;ghu;.

mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa,og;Gf;fis ,opthf;f Mtdnra;thu;.

06

06

41


fw;wy;NgWfs;

14.4 mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa,og;Gf;fs; epfOk;re;ju;g;gq;fis,dq;fz;Lmt;tpog;Gf;fis,opthf;fj; jpl;lkpLthu;.

15.1 ,yq;ifapy; tpyq;F tsu;g;ig tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd Mw;wy;fis (Potential ) tprhuiz nra;thu;.

vjpyPd; cw;gj;jp tsu;r;rpAk; tpUj;jpAk; MtpAapu;g;G

#ow; fhuzpfs; ntg;gepiy rhuPug;gjd; tspkz;lyj;jpd; mikg;G

ngsjpff; fhuzpfs; rpuha;g;G> erpjy; (fhak;)

Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs;

mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa njhopDl;gk; tiuaWj;jy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;Gf;fis,opthf;fy;. mWtil nra;Ak; Ntisfspy; tpis nghUisr; Nrfupf;Fk; NghJ tpis nghUisr; Rj;jpfupf;Fk ; NghJ tpis nghUisj; jug;gLj;jypd; NghJ tpis nghUisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jypd; NghJ tpis nghUisf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; NghJ tpis nghUisg; nghjpapLk; NghJ re;ijg;gLj;jypd; NghJ

gz;iz tpyq;Ffs; tiuaWj;jy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fupa Mw;wy;fs

gz;iz tpyq;F tsu;g;G tyaq;fs; tifg;gLj;jy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpanjhopDl;gj;jpd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpanjhopDl;gj;jpd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

me;je;jr; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; epfOk;,og;ig ,opthf;fj;jf;ftopfis tpsf;Fthu;.

mWtilf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,og;ig,opthf;f Mtd nra;thu;.

gz;iz tpyq;F tsu;g;gpd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

,yq;ifapy; tpyq;F tsu;g;Gtyaq;fisj; Njrg;glj;jpy;Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

tpyq;F tsu;g;Gf;fhf ,yq;ifapy;fhzg;gLk; Mw;wy;fisvLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

04

0215.gz;iz tpyq;FfspypUe;J

mstpYk; juj;jpYk;cau;thdtpisnghUs;fisg;ngWtjw;fhd topfisj;jpl;lkpLthu;.

42


fw;wy;NgWfs;

15.2 gz;iz tpyq;Ftsu;g;gpy; ghjfkhdfhyepiyf;fhuzpfspd;nry;thf;if,opthf;Fk; topfs;gw;wp tprhuiznra;thu;.

ghjfkhd fhyepiyf;fhuzpfspd; nry;thf;F

ntg;gepiy ntg;gepiy tyaq;fs;

kio tPo;r;rp fhw;W

ghjfkhd tpisTfis,opthf;fy;

gz;iz tpyq;F cw;gj;jpfs; kPJghjfkhd fhyepiyf; fhuzpfspd;nry;thf;if tptupg;ghu;.

gz;iz tpyq;F tsu;g;gpd;Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; ntg;gepiytyaq;fis tpsf;fg;glk; %yk;gFj;jha;thu;.

ghjfkhd fhyepiyepge;jidfspd; NghJ tpyq;Ffs;fhl;Lk; vjp;u;tpidfisg;gFj;jha;thu;.

ghjfkhd nry;thf;Ffis,opthf;fp tpyq;F cw;gj;jpfismjpfupg;gjw;fhd topfisj;jpl;lkpLthu;.

02

43


fw;wy;NgWfs;

15.3 gz;iz tpyq;Fg;Nghrizapd; NghJntt;NtW czTf;$Wfspd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijvLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

15.4 gz;iztpyq;Ffisr;rupahfg;Nghrpg;gjw;FKf;fpakhditahdtpyq;F czTfs;gw;wp tprhuiznra;thu;.

15.5 gz;iztpyq;Ffisg;Nghrpg;gjw;fhfIJj;jPd; ghJfhg;GKiwfs;gw;wptprhuiz nra;thu;.

tpyq;Fg; Nghriz Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

gpujhd czTf; $WfSk;mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;

Gujk; fhNghitjNuw;W nfhOg;G

tpw;wkpd;fs; fdpaq;fs;

NtW $Wfs;

ePu; Nru;khdg;nghUs;fs;

tpyq;F czTfs; (jPd;)

tiuaWj;jy;

ghFghL

IJj;jPd; <uepiy cyu;epiy

nrwpTj;jPd; jhtu %y

tpyq;F %y

IJj;jPd; - ghJfhg;G tiuaWj;jy;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

Kiwfs;

N` (hay) cyu;Gy; jahupj;jy;

irNy[; (silage) (Fopfhg;Gj; jPd;) jahupj;jy;

tpyq;Fg; Nghrizapd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

tpyq;F cztpy; mlq;fpAs;sNghrizf; $Wfisf;Fwpg;gpLthu;.

tpyq;F cztpy; mlq;fpAs;sxt;nthU Nghrizf; $wpdJk;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijvLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

cjhuzq;fs; je;J gz;iztpyq;Fj; jPd;fistifg;gLj;Jthu;.

IJj;jPd; tiffSf;Fk;>nrwpTj;jPd; tiffSf;Fk;,ilapyhd NtWghLfisxg;gpLthu;.

IJj;jPd;> nrwpTj;jPd; Mfpatw;wpd;,ay;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

IJj;jPd;ghJfhg;gpd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLthu;;.

N` kw;Wk; irNy[; jahupg;Gf;Nfhl;ghLfis tptupg;ghu;.

Gw;ghJfhg;G Kiwfisf;ifahz;L ghu;ghu;.

02

02

03

44


fw;wy;NgWfs;

15.7 nghUj;jkhd khl;LtUf;fq;fis njupTnra;J> khL tsu;g;GKiwfisj;jpl;lkpLthu;.

15.6 gz;iz tpyq;Ffspy;rkpghl;Lj;njhFjpfspd;mikg;igAk;njhopw;ghl;ilAk;tprhuiz nra;thu;;.

15.8 gRf;fd;Wfisguhkupg;gjw;fhfg;nghUj;jkhdtopKiwfisg;gpd;gw;Wtjw;fhdMaj;jj;ij ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

khl;L tUf;fq;fs; Gw ,ay;Gfs; tptrhar; #oy; tyaq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd khl;L tUf;fq;fs;

khL tsu;g;G Kiwfs;

jpwe;j ntspKiw

Fiw - nrwpT Kiw

nrwpT Kiw

khl;L kidfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tiffs;

czTr; rkpghl;Lj; njhFjp

tiuaWj;jy; mikg;Gk; njhopw;ghLk;

,iu kPl;Fk; ,iu kPl;fhj

gRf;fd;Wfisg; guhkupj;jy;

tsu;r;rpg; gUtq;fSk;guhkupg;G KiwfSk;

Kjy; ,uz;L thuq;fs;tiu

ghy; kwf;fr; nra;jy; tiu

tpNrl guhkupg;G Kiwfs;

ntt;NtW khl;L tUf;fq;fspd;Gw ,ay;Gfis xg;gpLthu;.

,yq;ifapd; tptrhar; #oy;tyaq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdkhl;L tUf;fq;fisj; njupTnra;thu;.

khL tsu;g;G Kiwfistptupg;ghu;.

khl;L kid (njhOt) tiffistptupg;ghu;.

khl;L kidfspd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

khL> Nfhop czT rkpghl;Lj;njhFjpapd; mikg;igtpsf;fg;glkhf tiue;J fhl;Lthu;.

khL> Nfhop Mfpatw;wpYs;sczTf;fhy;thapd;njhopw;ghl;il tpsf;Fthu;.

khL> Nfhop Mfpatw;wpd; czTr;rkpghl;Lj; njhFjpfspd;gFjpfis cz;ikahd khjpupfs;%yk; ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

gRf;fd;Wfspd; tsu;r;rpg;gUtq;fis NtWgLj;jp fhl;Lthu;.

<dypd; gpd;du; ,sq;fd;Wf;fisg;guhkupf;Fk; Kiwfis tptupg;ghu;.

gRf;fd;WfSf;Fg; ghy; kwf;fr;nra;Ak; tpj;ijg; gFj;jha;thu;.

gRf;fd;WfSf;fhff;ifahsg;gLk; tpNrl guhkupg;GKiwfis tptupg;ghu;.

04

05

03

45


fw;wy;NgWfs;

15.9 gRf;fisntw;wpfukhfr;rpidnfhs;sr;nra;Ak; tpjj;ijEZfpaha;thu;.

15.10 rpidnfhz;lgRf;fisg; guhkupf;Fk;tpjj;ij tprhuiznra;thu;.

15.11 cw;gj;jpiaNkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhftpyq;Ffisj;jutpUj;jp nra;Ak;Kiwfis tprhuiznra;thu;.

gRtpd; ,dg;ngUf;fj; njhFjp mikg;G

njhopw;ghL tplha;r;rf;fuk;

(Ntl;if tl;lk;) mwpKfk; gUtq;fs; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jk;XNkhd;fs;

rpidg;gLj;Jjy; nraw;ifKiwr; rpidg;gLj;jy;.

rpidnfhz;l gRf;fisg;guhkupj;jy;

czT (jPd;) toq;Fjy;

fd;wPdYf;FMaj;jg;gLj;jy;

gz;iz tpyq;F ,dtpUj;jp

tiuaWj;jy;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

Kiwfs; ,aw;ifahd fl;Lg;gLj;jpa

Nju;T

mftpUj;jp

fyg;Gg;gpwg;ghf;fy;

gRtpdJ ,dg;ngUf;fj;njhFjpapd; mikg;ig tiue;JgFjpfSf;Fg; ngaupLthu;.

gRtpd; ,dg;ngUf;fj; njhFjpapd;njhopw;ghl;il tptupg;gh;.

tplha;r;rf;fuj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

tplhawpFwpfisf; fhl;Lk;gRf;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

gRf;fisr; rpidnfhs;sr; nra;Ak;tpjj;ijg; gFj;jha;thu;.

rpidnfhz;l gRf;fSf;F czTtoq;Fk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

gRf;fspd; fd;wPzy;mwpFwpfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

fd;wPzYf;fhfg; gRitAk;,lj;ijAk; jahu;g;gLj;Jk;tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

gz;iz tpyq;F ,dtpUj;jpapd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijvLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

gz;iz tpyq;Ffspy;,dtpUj;jpia epfo;j;Jk;Kiwfisg; gFj;jha;thu;.

04

03

04

46


fw;wy;NgWfs;

15.12 ghypd; juj;ijg;NgZtjw;Fj;Njitahdepge;jidfisj;jpl;lkpLthu;.

15.13 gRtpd; ghy; Ruj;jy;njhFjpapd;mikg;igAk;njopw;ghl;ilAk;EZfpaha;thu;.

15.14 gRf;fspypUe;J jukhdghiyg; ngWk;tpjj;ij tprhuiznra;thu;.

gRg; ghy;

tiuaWj;jy; gUkl;lhd fl;likg;G fl;likg;gpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

gRtpd; ghy; Ruj;jy; njhFjp

tiuaWj;jy; mikg;G

njhopw;ghL ghy; Ruj;jy; ghy; topjy;

ghy; cw;gj;jp kPJ nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

Rfhjhug; gJfhg;ghdthW ghy;fwj;jy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; topKiw Kiwfs;

ifahy; nghwpapdhy;

jukhd ghy; cw;gj;jp


,dq;fhzy;

ghypd; fl;likg;ig tptupg;ghu;.

ghypd; fl;;likg;G kPJ nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisf;Fwpg;gpLthu;.

gRtpdJ ghy; Ruj;jy;njhFjpapd; mikg;igtpsf;fg;glq;fspd; JizAld;tptupg;ghu;.

gRtpd; ghy; Ruj;jy; njhFapd;njhopw;ghl;il tpsf;Fthu;.

ghy; Ruj;jy;> ghy; topjy;nrad;Kiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.

ghy; cw;gj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisg;gFj;jha;thu;.

Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;ghdjhfg; ghy;fwg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijvLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;ghfg; ghy;fwf;Fk; NghJ gpd;gw;Wk;topKiwia tptupg;ghu;.

ghy; fwf;Fk; Kiwfis tptupg;ghu;

ghypd; juk; Fd;Wtjw;Ff;fhuzq;fis tptupg;ghu;.

ntt;NtW Kiwfisf; ifahz;Lcaupa juKs;s ghiyj; njupTnra;J nfhs;thu;.

02

04

05

47


fw;wy;NgWfs;

15.15 tpyq;F Neha;fis,dq;fz;L> mtw;iwf;fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfntt;NtW Kiwfs;cj;jpfisj;jpl;lkpLthu;.

15.16 Nfhop tsu;g;GKiwfs; kw;Wk;kidfs; gw;wptprhuiz nra;thu;

15.17 Nfhopf;FQ;Rfisg;guhkupf;Fk; tpjj;ijtprhuiz nra;thu;.

gz;iz tpyq;F Neha;fs; tiuaWj;jy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; khl;L Neha;fs; ghFghL

njhw;W Neha;fs; gw;wPupa Neha;fs;

kbaow;rp FUjpg; ngUf;F Neha; G+&nry;NyhrpR

ituR Neha;fs; Fsk;G tha; Neha;( fhy; - tha; Neha;)

Guw;wNrhth Neha;fs; cz;zpf;fha;r;ry;

njhw;whj Neha;fs; ghw;fha;r;ry; tapw;Wg; nghUky;

Kfhikj;Jtk;

Nfhop tsu;g;G gad;gLj;Jk; tUf;fq;fs; Fytif> ,dq;fs;

tsu;g;G Kiwfs;

jpwe;j ntsp ,aw;if Fiwr;nrwpT nrwpT mjp nrwpT

Nfhopf; FQ;Rfisg; guhkupj;jy;

xU ehs; taJs;s FQ;Rfisg; guhkupj;jy;.

milfhj;jy; (brooding) ,aw;if nraw;if

epu;g;gPld Ntiyj;jpl;lk;

khl;L Neha;fis tifg;gLj;Jthu;

khLfSf;F Vw;gLk; njhw;WNeha;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisKd;itg;ghu;.

NehawpFwpfspd; gb khl;LNeha;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

khl;L Neha; Kfhikf;fhf vLf;fNtz;ba eltbf;iffistptupg;ghu;.

khLfSf;F Vw;gLk; njhw;whjNeha; epiyikfis tptupg;ghu;.

tpyq;Fr; RfhjhuKfhikj;Jtj;jpd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

tsu;g;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Nfhop,dq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

Nfhop tsu;g;G Kiwfisg;gFj;jha;thu;.

Nfhop kid tiffs; njhlu;ghdjfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

xU ehs; taJs;s FQ;Rfisg;guhkupf;Fk; tpjj;ijg;gFj;jha;thu;.

,aw;ifahfTk; nraw;ifKiwapYk; Nfhopf;FQ;Rfisg;ghukupj;jiy xg;gpLthu;.

04

04

02

48


fw;wy;NgWfs;

15.18 tsu;gUtf;NfhopfSf;Fg;nghUj;jkhd guhkupg;GKiwfs; gw;wptprhuiz nra;thu;.

15.19 Kl;ilapLk;NfhopfSf;Fg;nghUj;jkhd guhkupg;GKiwfs; gw;wptprhuiz nra;thu;.

15.20 Nfhop Kl;ilfspd;juk; kw;Wk;militj;jy;njhlu;ghf tprhuiznra;thu;.

tsu;gUtf; Nfhopfisg;guhkupj;jy; kidtrjp toq;Fjy; czTk; ePUk; toq;Fjy;

Vida guhkupg;G Kiwfs;

Kl;ilapLk; gUtf; Nfhopfisg;guhkupj;jy;.

kid trjp toq;Fjy;. czTk; ePUk; toq;Fjy;

Vida guhkupg;G Kiwfs;

xspf;fl;Lg;ghL

Kl;il

mikg;G

fl;likg;Gk; Nghrizg; ngWkhdKk;.

Kl;ilapd; juj;ijj; Jzpjy;

mf

Gw militj;jy; tiuaWj;jy; Kiwfs;

,aw;if nraw;if

tsu;gUtf; Nfhopfisg;guhkupf;Fk; tpjj;ijg;gFj;jha;thu;.

caupa Kl;il cw;gj;jp jUk;Nfhopfspy; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba,ay;Gfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

Kl;ilapLk; NfhopfSf;fhf kidmikf;Fk; tpjj;ijg;gFj;jha;thu;.

Kl;ilapLk; Nfhopfspd; czTj;Njitfs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisKd;itg;ghu;.

NfhopKl;ilapd; mikg;igtpsf;fg;glq;fspd; JizAld;tptupg;ghu;.

Nfhop Kl;ilapd; fl;likg;igAk;Nghrizg; ngWkhdj;ijAk;Fwpg;gpLthu;.

Kl;ilapd; juj;ijj; Jzpthu;.

Kl;il militj;jy;Kiwfis xg;gpLthu;.

02

02

04

49


fw;wy;NgWfs;

15.21 Gnuhapyu; Nfhoptsu;g;Gf;fhdMaj;jj;ijntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

15.22 Nfhop Neha;f;fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;fhdtopfisj;jpl;lkpLthu;.

GNuhapyu; Nfhop guhkupg;G kid tiffs; czTk; ePUk; toq;Fjy;. Vida guhkupg;G Kiwfs;

Nfhop Neha;fs; gw;wPupa Neha;fs; ry;nkhndy;NyhrpR ituR Neha;fs; udpf;fw; fk;NghNuh gwitf;fha;r;ry; Guw;wNrhth nfhf;rpbNahrpR Neha; Kfhik

Gnuhapyu; Nfhop tsu;g;Gf;fhfnghUj;jkhd kid tiffisf;Fwpg;gpLthu;.

Gnuhapyu; NfhopfSf;F czTk;ePUk; toq;Fk; tpjj;ijg;gFj;jha;thu;.

NfhopfSf;Fg; gutyhfj; njhw;Wk;Neha;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisKd;itg;ghu;.

NehawpFwpfspd; gb NfhopNeha;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

Nfhop Neha; Kfhikf;fhfvLf;f Ntz;ba eltbf;iffistptupg;ghu;.

02

04

50


fw;wy;NgWfs;

16.tptrha Kaw;rpfspd;tpisjpwidmjpfupg;gjw;fhfg;nghUshjhuf; Nfhl;ghLfisg;gad;gLj;Jk; Maj;jj;ijntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

16.1 cw;gj;jpf;fhuzpfisr; rupahfKfhik nra;Ak;tpjj;ij tprhuiznra;thu;.

16.2 tptrha tzpfq;fspd;NghJ Nfs;tpapd;jd;ikf;Fg;nghUj;jkhdthWjPu;khdnkLf;fj;jpl;lk; tFg;ghu;.

tptrhag; nghUspay;

mwpKfk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs;

epyk; ciog;G

%yjdk;

Kaw;rpahz;ik

gad;gLjd;ik mwpKfk;

Efu;Nthupd; Nfs;tp

tiuaWj;jy;

Nfs;tp tpjp Nfs;tp Mtzk;

Nfs;tp tisapfs;

Nfs;tp kPJ nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

Nfs;tp tisapfspd; ngau;T

tptrhag; gz;lq;fsJ Nfs;tpapd;jd;ik

tptrhag; nghUspay; vd;gijtiuaWg;ghu;.

cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfis ,dq;fz;Lmtw;wpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisr;Fwpg;gpLthu;.

cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd; NghJme;je;j cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfistpidj;jpwdhff; ifahSk;tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

gad;gLjd;ik vd;gijtiuaWg;ghu;.

Efu;Nthupd; Nfs;tp vd;gijtiuaWg;ghu;.

gz;lnkhd;wpd; Nfs;tp kPJnry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; gpujhdfhuzpfisg; ngaupLthu;

gz;lnkhd;wpd; Nfs;tpf;Fk;tpiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhdnjhlu;ig tpsf;Fthu;.

Nfs;tp kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;fhuzpfspd; NtWghl;bd; gbNfs;tp tisapapd; ngau;ittiue;Jfhl;Lthu;.

tptrhag; gz;lq;fspd;Nfs;tpapdJ jd;ikiatpsf;Fthu;.

03

06

51


fw;wy;NgWfs;

16.3 tptrha Kaw;rpfspd;NghJ epuk;gypd;jd;ikf;Fg;nghUj;jkhdthWjPu;khdnkLg;gjw;Fj;jpl;lkpLthu;.

16.4 re;ij epiyikfistprhuiz nra;Jtptrha tzpfKaw;rpfspy;jPu;khdnkLg;gjw;Fj;jpl;lkpLthu;.

re;ij epuk;gy;

tiuaWj;jy;

epuk;gy; tpjp

epuk;gy; Mtzk;

epuk;gy; tisapfs;

epuk;gypy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

epuk;gy; tisapfspd; ngau;T

tptrhag; gz;lq;fspd;epuk;gypd; jd;ik

Nfs;tp> epuk;gy; Mfpatw;wpd; gb>re;ij tpiy jPu;khdpf;fg;gLjy;

re;ijr; rkdpiy

tptrhar; re;ijapd; jd;ik

re;ijr; rkdpiy kPJ nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

murpd; jiyaPL

khdpak; tup fl;Lg;ghl;L tpiy

re;ij mikg;G

g+uz Nghl;br; re;ij

jdpAupikr; re;ij rpyuhl;rpr; re;ij

08

08

re;ij epuk;gy; vd;gijtiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;

gz;lnkhd;wpd; epuk;gypy;nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;fhuzpfisg; ngaupLthu;.

gz;lnkhd;wpd; epuk;gYf;Fk; mjd;tpiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;igtpsf;Fthu;.

epuk;gy; Mtzj;jpd; gb epuk;gy;tisapfs; tiue;J fhl;Lthu;.

epuk;gy; tisapfspd; ngau;Tf;Ff;fhuzq;fhl;Lthu;.

epuk;gy; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;fhuzpfspd; NtWghl;Lf;fikaepuk;gy; tisapfspd; ngau;ittiue;J fhl;Lthu;.

tptrhag;gz;lq;fspd; epuk;gypd;jd;ikia tptupg;ghu;.

re;ijr; rkdpiy vd;gijtpiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

re;ijnahd;wpd; ,ay;Gfisf;Fwpg;gpLthu;

khdpak;> tup> fl;Lg;ghl;L tpiyMfpad fhuzkhfr; re;ijr;rkdpiy khw;wkilAk; tpjj;ijtptupg;ghu;.

ntt;NtW ,ay;Gfspd; gb re;ijmikg;Gf;fis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

52


fw;wy;NgWfs;

16.5 tptrha Kaw;rpfspd;fpuaj;ij,opthf;Ftjw;fhdMaj;jj;ijntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

16.6 tptrhaeltbf;iffspd; NghJ,yhgk; cr;rkhFkhWcw;gj;jpapy; <LgLk;tpjj;ijEZfpaha;thu;.

cw;gj;jpf; fpua tiffs;

epiyahd fpuak; khWk; fpuak; nkhj;jf; fpuak; nghJf;fpuak; vy;iyf; fpuak;

tptrhag; gz;l cw;gj;jpj;njhlu;Gfs;

cs;sPLfs; - cw;gj;jpg;nghUs;fs; njhlu;G

cw;gj;jp tisapfs;

nkhj;j cw;gj;jp

ruhrup cw;gj;jp

vy;iy cw;gj;jp

cw;gj;jp tyaq;fs;

cs;sPLfs; - cs;sPLfs;njhlu;G

rk cw;gj;jp tisapfs;

cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fs; -cw;gj;jp nghUs;fs; njhlu;G

cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; tisap

cw;gj;jpf; fpuak; vd;gijtiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

fpua tisapfis tiue;Jfhl;Lthu;.

fpua tisapfs; %yk; ,opTcw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;ijf; fhl;Lthu;.

cs;sPLfs; - cw;gj;jpg;nghUs;fs; njhlu;gpd; NghJ ruhrupcw;gj;jpiaAk; vy;iycw;gj;jpiaAk; fzpg;ghu;.

cw;gj;jp tisapfs; %yk;tpidj;jpwdhd cw;gj;jptyaj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

rk cw;gj;jp tisapfs; %yk;tpddj;jpwdhd cs;sPl;Lr;Nru;ifia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; tisapapd;%yk; tpidj;jpwdhd cw;gj;jpr;Nru;f;ifia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

04

08

53


fw;wy;NgWfs;

16.7 rpw;wsT tptrhaKaw;rpnahd;Wf;fhftzpf re;ju;g;gq;fistprhuiz nra;thu;.

rpw;wsT tzpfr; re;ju;g;gq;fs;

tzpfr; #oy;

tzpf xOf;f tpjpfs;

tptrha tzpf Kaw;rpf;fhf tzpfj; jpl;lk; jahupj;jy;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tptrha tzpfj; jpl;lnkhd;wpd; mk;rq;fs;

tptrha tzpfj; jpl;lkply;

xOq;fikj;jy;

newpg;gLj;jy; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

rpw;wsT tzpf Kaw;rpfspd;tzpfr; #oiy tpsf;Fthu;.

tzpfnkhd;wpid tpisjpwdhfelj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd tzpftsq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

tzpfk; rhu;e;j mf> GwxOf;fq;fis tptupg;ghu;.

tzpfnkhd;Wf;fhdnraw;wpl;lj; jpl;lnkd;wpidj;jahupg;ghu;.

04

54


fw;wy;NgWfs;

16.8 tptrha cw;gj;jpr;nrad;Kiwiaj;jpl;lkpLtjpYk; kjpg;gPLnra;tjpYk; epuk;gy;rq;fpypapd; gq;fspg;igtprhuiz nra;thu;.

tptrha cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; ngWkhdr;rq;fpypg; gFg;gha;T

tiuaWj;jy;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

xOq;fikg;Gf; fl;likg;G

nraw;ghl;lhsu; rq;fpyp nraw;ghl;Lr; rq;fpyp re;ijg;gLj;jy; Jizr; Nritfs;

ngWkhdr; rq;fpypg; gFg;gha;Tr;nrad;Kiwapd; tpisjpwdhdgbKiwfis kjpg;gply;.

ngWkhdr; rq;fpypg; gFg;gha;ittiuaWj;J mjd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

epuk;gy; rq;fpypf;Fk; ngWkhdr;rq;fpypf;Fk; ,ilapyhdNtWghl;il vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

ngWkhdr; rq;fpypapd;xOq;fikg;Gf; fl;likg;gigg;gha;r;rw; Nfhl;Lg;glk; %yk;tptupg;ghu;.

epuk;gy; rq;fpypapd; ntt;ntWJizr; Nritfspd; njhopy;fistpsf;Fthu;.

epuk;gy; rq;fpypapd; NghJtpisjpwdhfg; ngWkhdk; NrUk;gbKiwfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

07

55


fw;wy;NgWfs;

17.1 Ngz;jF tptrhaj;jpd;mtrpaj;ijAk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk;tprhuiz nra;thu;.

17.2 tsq;fisr; rpwg;ghfKfhik nra;JNgz;jF tptrhaj;jpy;<Lglj;jf;f Kiwfs;gw;wp tprhuiznra;thu;.

Ngz;jF tptrhak; (Sustainable)tiuaWj;jy; mtrpaKk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;

,ay;Gfs; Rw;whlw; Nfhl;ghLfs; cj;jpfs;

gpujpgyd;fs;

Ngz;jF ts Kfhik

tiuaWj;jy; tsq;fs; Kiwfs;

gapu;r;nra;if Kiwfs; khdhthupg; gapu;r; nra;if (kioia ek;gpa gapu;r; nra;if) ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gapu;r; nra;if kiyehl;L tPl;Lj;

Njhl;lr; nra;if tptrhaf; fhLtsu;g;G Nrjdg; gapu;r;nra;if capupay; ,af;fg; gapu;r; nra;if

gapu;r;nra;if Nfhyq;fs; gy;gapu;r; nra;if fyg;Gg; gapu;r;nra;if

,ilg; gapu;r;nra;if ,ilapl;l gapu;r;nra;if Row;rpg; gapu;r;nra;if

Ngz;jF epiy> Ngz;jFtptrhak; Mfpatw;iw tiuaWg;ghu;.

Ngz;jF tptrhaj;jpd; mtrpaj;ijAk;mbg;gilahd Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk;tptupg;ghu;.

Ngz;jF tptrhaj;Jf;FKf;fpakhditahd #oy;Nfhl;ghLfis tpsf;Fthu;.

Ngz;jF tptrhaj;Jf;fhfg;gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba Kiwfs;>cj;jpfis tptupg;ghu;.

Ngz;jF tptrhaj;jpd;gpujpgyd;fis tptupg;ghu;.

Ngz;jF tsKfhik vd;gijtiuaWg;ghu;.

#oy; Nea gapu;r;nra;if Kiwfis tpsf;fg;glq;fspd; JizAld; Kd;itg;ghu;.

me;je;jg; gapu;r;nra;if Kiwapd;mD$yq;fisAk; gpujp $yq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

#oy;Nea gapu;r;nra;iff;Nfhyq;fis tpsf;fg;glq;fspd;JizAld; Kd;itg;ghu;.

me;je;jg; gapu;r;nra;iff;Nfhyq;fspd;mD$yq;fisAk; gpujp $yq;fisAk; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;

04

15

17.Ngz;jF tptrhaj;jpy; <LgLtjw;fhd Maj;jj;ijntspf; fhl;Lthu;.

56


fw;wy;NgWfs;

18.1 tptrhaj;jpd; NghJVw;glj;jf;f ,lu;fs;gw;wp tprhuiznra;thu;.

18.2 tptrhaj;jpd; NghJVw;glj;jf;f cly;rhu;e;j> csk; rhu;e;jRfhjhug; gpur;rpidfs;njhlu;ghd jfty;fisEZfpaha;thu;

,lu;fs;; ngsjpf ,lu;fs;

ePufw;wy; mjpf xypAk; ,iur;rYk;>

mjpu;Tk; J}R

tpgj;Jf;fs; tptrha cgfhuzg;

gad;ghl;bd; NghJ ghk;G jPz;ly; g+r;rpfs; nfhl;Ljy;

er;R cliy miljy; tptrha ,urhadg;

nghUs;fs; ,lu;fis ,opthf;fy;

Rfhjug; gpur;rpidfs;njhw;W Neha;fs;

G&nry;NyhrpR fhrNeha; vypf;fha;r;ry;

csQ;rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfs; neUf;fpil ghjfkhd #oy; epge;jidfs; rl;lk; rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfs; epjp rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfs;gpur;rpidfis ,opthf;fy;.

tptrhaj;jpd; NghJ epfoj;jf;fngsjpf ,lu;fis tptupg;ghu;.tptrhaj;jpd; NghJ epfoj;jf;ftpgj;Jf;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.tptrhaj;jpd; NghJ Vw;gLk;,lu;fis ,opthf;Ftjw;fhdjpl;lq;fisg; gpNuupg;ghu;.

tptrhaf;ifj;njhopypd; NghJVw;glj;jf;f njhw;W Neha;fs;njhlu;ghd jfty;fisj;jpul;Lthu;.tptrhaf; ifj;njhopypd; NghJVw;glj;jf;f csk; rhu;e;jgpur;rpidfis tptupg;ghu;.tptrhaf; ifj;njhopypd; NghJVw;glj;jf;f Rfhjhug;gpur;rpidfis,opthf;Ftjw;fhff;ifahsj;jf;f toptiffistptupg;ghu;.

03

03

18.tptrhaj;jpd; NghJVw;glj;jf;f ,lu;fs; kw;Wk;Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfis,dq;fz;L mtw;iw,opthf;Ftjw;fhdMaj;jj;ijntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

57


fw;wy;NgWfs;

19.tptrhaj;jpd; NghJvjpu; Nehf;fg;gLk;miw$ty;fisntw;wp fhz;gjw;Fj;Njitahdeltbf;iffisj;jpl;lkpLtjw;fhdMaj;jj;ijntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

19.1 ghjfkhd fhyepiykhw;wq;fs;fhuzkhf tptrhaeltbf;iffs; kPJVw;gLk; jhf;fq;fisFiwj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhdeltbf;iffisj;jpl;lkpLthu;.

19.2 tptrhaj;jpd; NghJKf;fpaj;Jk; ngWk;kfue;jr;Nru;f;iff;fUtpfisg;ghJfhg;gjw;fhdtoptiffisj;jpl;lkpLthu;.

19.3 tptrhaj;jpd; NghJvjpu;Nehf;fg;gLk;njhopDl;gk; rhu;e;jmiw$ty;fisj;jtpu;g;gjw;fhfj;jpl;lkpLthu;.

fhyepiy khw;wq;fs;

tiuaWj;jy; Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

tptrhaj;Jiwapy; mtw;wpd;nry;thf;F

ntg;gepiy khwy;fs; kiotPo;r;rp khwy;fs;

nry;thf;Ffis ,opthf;fy

;

kfue;jr;Nru;f;iff; fUtpfs;


Fiwtiltjw;Ff; fhuzq;fs;

ghJfhg;gjw;fhf vLf;fj;jf;f eltbf;iffs;

njhopDl;gk; rhu;e;jmiw$ty;fs;

tiuaWj;jy;

tpj;J Vfhjpgj;jpak; guk;giuayF jpupTgLj;jpa czT

tsj;jl;Lg;ghL jhf;fq;fis ,opthf;fy;

ghjfkhd fhyepiykhw;wq;fs; Vw;gLtjw;fhdfhuzq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

ghjfkhd fhyepiy khw;wq;fs;fhuzkhf tptrhaj;Jiwapy;Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fis tptupg;ghu;.

ghjfkhd fhyepiy khw;wq;fs;fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fis,opthf;Ftjw;fhd cj;jpfisg;gpNuupg;ghu;.

tptrhaj;jpd; NghJ kfue;jr;Nru;f;iff; fUtpfspd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

kfue;jr; Nru;f;iff; fUtpfs;Fiwtiltjw;fhd fhuzq;fistptupg;ghu;.

kfue;jr; Nru;f;iff; fUtpfisg;ghJfhg;gjw;fhf vLf;fj;jf;feltbf;iffisg; gpNuupg;ghu;.

tptrhaj;jpd; NghJ njhopDl;gk;rhu;e;j miw$ty;fis tptupg;ghu;.

njhopDl;gk; rhu;e;jmiw$ty;fspd; nry;thf;if,opthf;Ftjw;fhdgpNuuizfis Kd;itg;ghu;.

05

02

02

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