T HE C OLD W AR Chapter 36. W HAT IS THE C OLD W AR ? Cold War is the conflict between the Communist nations led by the Soviet Union and the democratic.

THE COLD WARChapter 36

WHAT IS THE COLD WAR?

Cold War is the conflict between the Communist nations led by the Soviet Union and the democratic nations led by the United States.

It was fought by all means - propaganda, economic war, diplomatic haggling and occasional military clashes.

It was fought in all places - in neutral states, in newly independent nations in Africa, Asia and even in outer space.

B.A.R.E. Causes of the Cold War Beliefs – communism vs. democracy Aims – (post war ideas) Stalin wants

reparations and a buffer zone, US was opposed to both of these ideas

Resentments-didn’t trust each other US and Britain didn’t tell Soviets about atomic

bomb until it was about to be used Soviets still resentful about slow opening of 2nd

allied front Soviets lost 20 million in WWII, Britain lost about

400,000 –the US about 300,000 Events- Yalta, Potsdam, Iron Curtain Speech,

Truman Doctrine…

THE RISE OF THE SUPERPOWERS

Before WW2 there were a number of countries which could have claimed to be superpowers – USA, USSR,GB, Japan, Germany.

The damage caused by the war to these countries left only two countries with the military strength and resources to be called superpowers….USA and USSR.

WHAT THEY BELIEVED

Don’t forget USA was capitalist and USSR was communist

They were complete opposites: see chart on the next page

HOW THE DIVIDE BEGAN Two conferences were held in 1945 at

Yalta and Potsdam What would happen to the occupied

countries after liberation, especially Eastern Europe (Ukraine, Poland, Romania…) USSR currently occupied these countries and

wanted to remain an influence to protect against future invasion

Decided that USSR would stay in these countries until they could recover and then they would be allowed to hold free elections

Decide to divide Germany temporarily actual lines where drawn up in June 1945, shortly after the end of the war in Europe.

BERLIN DIVIDED AS WELL

POST WAR EUROPE

Divided between the East and the West tensions grew between the Anglo-Allies (British/Americans) and the Soviets

A war of ideology and words began to develop – The Cold War

It was a Cold War of words -- a time when nations were rallied by stirring speeches and trembled by ominous warnings.

Iron CurtainIron Curtain – – A term used by A term used by Winston Winston

Churchill Churchill to describe the to describe the separating of separating of those those

communistcommunistlands of East lands of East Europe from Europe from

the the West. West.

IRON CURTAIN

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvax5VUvjWQ 1946 Churchill delivered a speech in Fulton,

Missouri about the existing Cold War tension

TRUMAN DOCTRINE

In 1946 George Kennan, who had been stationed in Moscow from 1944-1946 sent a ‘long telegram’ to the State department Warning that the USSR emphasized a

global communist takeover He urged that

"the United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies"

TRUMAN DOCTRINE

Kennan's ideas as well as the events of 1947 in Greece and Turkey caused Truman to issue a doctrine that is seen as the guiding force of American foreign policy throughout the Cold War The policy of containment: don’t let Soviet

influence spread beyond Eastern Europe!

TRUMAN DOCTRINE On Friday, February 21, 1947, Great Britain

notified the United States that it could no longer provide financial aid to the governments of Greece and Turkey.

Civil War in Greece Soviets wanted to take over Dardanelles

Straits in Turkey

TRUMAN DOCTRINE In a meeting between Congressmen and

state department officials, Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson articulated what would later become known as the domino theory If Greece and Turkey fall who is next? This could

make the Middle East vulnerable. Frightened Congress into action

TRUMAN DOCTRINE March 12, 1947

$400 million in military and economic assistance for Greece and Turkey

established a doctrine that would guide U.S. diplomacy for the next forty years.

President Truman declared, "It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."

FOCUS OF CHAPTER 36

Despite Allied unity and cooperation in defeating the Axis powers, the United States and the Soviet Union drifted apart, thus becoming bitter enemies in 1945 and the years to follow. Describe 4 reasons for the start of the “Cold War”

THE MARSHALL PLAN: OVERVIEW

Proposed by U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall On June 5, 1947

Nearly $13 billion in U.S. aid was sent to Europe from 1948 to 1952. Soviet bloc nations offered US aid but they didn’t

take it

THE MARSHALL PLAN

1946-1947 Europe was struggling to recover from the war

didn’t want a situation akin to post WWI EuropeNeeded to help countries get back on their

feet economically and to rebuild their infrastructure

Seen as providing lasting peace and keeping war torn nations from turning towards USSR

Asked them what they needed and provided it

Marshall plan for Afghanistan???

BERLIN AIRLIFT / BERLIN BLOCKADE: OVERVIEW

BERLIN AIRLIFT/ BLOCKADE On June 12, 1948 the Soviet Union declared

the roads leading into W. Berlin closed. within days all rail and barge traffic was stopped as well.

Soviets announced they would not supply food to those living in W. Berlin

thirty-five days worth of food and forty-five days worth of coal.

General Lucius D. Clay, in charge of the U.S. occupation zone in Germany, summed up the reasons for staying in a cable to Washington on June 13, 1948, "There is no practicability in maintaining our position in Berlin and it must

not be evaluated on that basis... We are convinced that our remaining in Berlin is essential to our prestige in Germany and in Europe. Whether for good or bad, it has become a symbol of the American intent."

BERLIN AIRLIFT/BLOCKADE

2 choicesSend troops to open roads and

rails to provide foodAirlift

BERLIN AIRLIFT

Operation Vittles begins June 26, 1948 It was expected to last 3 weeks

Lasted over a year (ended Sept, 1949)

daily operations flew more than fifteen hundred flights a day and delivered more than 4,500 tons of cargo

BERLIN AIRLIFT Calculations indicated they would need to supply

seventeen hundred calories per person per day, consisting of 646 tons of flour and wheat 125 tons of cereal 64 tons of fat 109 tons of meat and fish 180 tons of sugar, 11 tons of coffee, 19 tons of powdered milk, 5 tons of whole milk for children, 3 tons of fresh yeast for baking 144 tons of dehydrated vegetables, 38 tons of salt 10 tons of cheese 3,475 tons of coal and gasoline

REVIEW

Despite Allied unity and cooperation in defeating the Axis powers, the United States and the Soviet Union drifted apart, thus becoming bitter enemies in 1945 and the years to follow. give examples of how The United States foreign policy

of containment was put to the test between 1945 and 1960.

NATIONAL SECURITY ACT OF 1947

Merged Department of War and the Department of Navy into the Defense Department

Also create the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL

Coordinated information from the CIA Dept. of Defense State Department to give the President an overview of domestic,

foreign, and military policy

NATO – NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION EST. 1949 Military alliance in which member nations

agree that an attack on one equals an attack on all – collective security

US, UK, Canada, France, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg.

In 1952, Greece and Turkey joined. West Germany was admitted in 1955 US was the most important ‘link’ in the

alliance because of our nuclear power, location, and economic superiority

Formed to protect Western European nations against attack from the USSR, as well as to keep the peace between European rivals

NATO In response to NATO the WARSAW Pact

was created in 1955 Members included

USSRAlbaniaBulgariaCzechoslovakiaHungaryPolandRomaniaEast Germany

FALL OF CHINA: FIRST FAILURE OF CONTAINMENT

“ Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.” – Mao

The KMT (Kuomintang-Nationalists) and the CCP(Communist Party of China) had been fighting each other for control of China since the mid 1920s.

The fighting ceased from 1936-1946 during which time the Chinese united to fight the Japanese

Fighting continues 1946-49

FALL OF CHINA

After WWII fighting again eruptedMao Tse-tung (Zedong) led the

communists and gained support from the peasants who had long suffered under brutal landowners and harsh taxes. Communists pledged to redistribute the land and end oppression by landowners

Women also supported Mao – “Women hold up half the sky.”

Got material support from USSR

FALL OF CHINA Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek) led the

nationalists US gave material support: $3 billion Many felt they were corrupt, lost the support

of the people Fled to Taiwan in 1949, island off the coast of

mainland China US recognized Taiwan and the nationalists as

the official Chinese government until 1971 – Republic of China

Many conservatives felt that Truman didn’t do enough to support the Nationalists, should have sent troops.

RUSSIA GETS NUKES

September 23, 1949, within weeks of the fall of China Truman announced that the USSR had successfully tested a nuclear weapon…the arms race was on

NSC-68 : APRIL 1950

A response to the Fall of China and Russian nuclear capabilities

Stated: "the cold war is in fact a real war in which the survival of the free world is at stake."

US should triple its defense spending Move from economic means of containment

to military means Goal: increase nuclear capability

H-bomb

KOREAN WAR 1950-1953 Korea is divided

along the 38th parallel after WWII. Taken from Japan

But as both sides withdrew their troops, they also set up rival governments, Democratic People's

Republic of Korea North (communist)

Republic of Korea South (democracy)

KOREAN WAR 1950-1953 Goal: Each wanted a

united Korea under their control!

North Korea = Kim Il Sung

South Korea = Syngman Rhee

Kim was aided by Stalin, who urged him to invade the South

On June 25, 1950, the North Korean army rolled south in a surprise assault.

KOREAN WAR 1950-1953 US wants to help S. Korea, but now

that the Soviets have nukes we don’t want to end up fighting themCall a special meeting of the UNSoviets are boycotting UN because they

wont allow China to be on the Security council

UN, led by a US resolution, decides to defend S. Korea

16 nations , with the largest contingent coming from the organize under Gen. MacArthur to defend S. Korea They arrive by the end of the summer 1950

KOREAN WAR 1950-1953 UN Forces were

succeeding in taking back territory.

China was worried that they would lose their communist neighbor.

November 1950 China joins comes the N. Korea’s aid, they push UN forces back below the 38th parallel

KOREAN WAR 1950-1953 Fighting reaches a

stalemate along the 38th parallel.

MacArthur wants to nuke China and publically criticizes Truman for not doing so…MacArthur is fired!

By the summer of 1951 armistice talks began

Fighting continues until July 1953, when Stalin dies

KOREAN WAR 1950-1953 Results:

the Korean peninsula remains divided to this day along the 38th parallel

The high cost of the war and the loss of 54,000 American lives lead to disillusionment with Truman and the democrats We contain communism, but at what cost?

KOREAN WAR

AMERICAN REACTION

Bert the Turtle

AMERICAN REACTION

How to protect your food from nuclear attack