Birck Nanotechnology Center Birck Nanotechnology Center Vladimir M. Shalaev T f i Li ht ith M t t il Purdue University Transforming Light with Metamaterials OUTLINE • Intro to metamaterials • Electrical metamaterials for nanoplasmonics & nanophotonics • Electrical metamaterials for nanoplasmonics & nanophotonics • Magnetic metamaterials • Negative refractive index • Transition Metamaterials • Nonlinear Optics in Metamaterials • Transformation Optics & Optical Cloaking • Transformation Optics & Optical Cloaking
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Birck Nanotechnology CenterBirck Nanotechnology Center
Vladimir M. Shalaev
T f i Li ht ith M t t i l
Purdue University
Transforming Light with Metamaterials
OUTLINE
• Intro to metamaterials• Electrical metamaterials for nanoplasmonics & nanophotonics• Electrical metamaterials for nanoplasmonics & nanophotonics• Magnetic metamaterials• Negative refractive index• Transition Metamaterials• Nonlinear Optics in Metamaterials• Transformation Optics & Optical Cloaking • Transformation Optics & Optical Cloaking
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What is a metamaterial?What is a metamaterial?
Metamaterial is an arrangement of artificial structural elements, d i d t hi d t d l l t ti designed to achieve advantageous and unusual electromagnetic properties.
= meta = beyond (Greek)
--
A metamaterial with artificially
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A natural material with its atomsA metamaterial with artificially structured “atoms”
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Photonic crystals vs. Optical metamaterials: connections d diffand differences
The speed of current photonic communication networks doubles every 9 months
Electronic components are running out of steam due to issues with RC-delay times
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Optical Antennae as Electrical Metamaterials:Focusing Light to NanoscaleFocusing Light to Nanoscale
bow-tie antennasFabricated by AEBFabricated by AEB
H1
LC h t iLC-nanophotonics
Applications:Nano-laser, sensor, N h t i i it
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Nanophotonic circuits
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Optical Nanolaser(NSU C ll P d ) (NSU-Cornell-Purdue)
d)
Fi ) S h ti f th h b id ti l hit t b) TEM i f A ) SEM i fFig: a) Schematic of the hybrid nanoparticle architecture; b) TEM image of Au core; c) SEM image ofAu/silica/dye core-shell nanoparticles; d) SPASER mode (in false color), with = 525 nm and Q = 14.8; theinner and the outer circles represent 14 nm core and 44 nm shell Absorbed pumping per nanoparticle (10-13 J)
1 2 3 4 50700
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el. u
nits
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Stimulated emission
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issi
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Stimulated emission spectra at differentpumps by OPO pulses at λ=488 nm
Magnetic Metamaterialsf th ti l for the optical range
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Absence (or very weak: µ≈1) O ti l M ti i N t Optical Magnetism in Nature
Magnetic coupling to an atom: ~ 0/ 2B ee m c ea (Bohr magneton)
0eaElectric coupling to an atom: ~
Magnetic effect / electric effect 2 (1/137)2 < 10 -4
“ th ti bilit ( ) t h h i l i t l ti l l “… the magnetic permeability µ() ceases to have any physical meaning at relatively low frequencies…there is certainly no meaning in using the magnetic susceptibility from optical frequencies onwards, and in discussion of such phenomena we must put µ=1.”
Landau and Lifshitz, ECM, Chapter 79.Landau and Lifshitz, ECM, Chapter 79.
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Meta-Magnetics: from 10GHz to 200THzg
Terahertz magnetism
a) Yen, et al. ~ 1THz (2-SRR) – 2004 Katsarakis, et al (SRR – 5 layers) - 2005
b) Zhang et al ~50THz (SRR+mirror) - 2005c) Linden, et al. 100THz (1-SRR) -2004d) Enkrich, et al. 200THz (u-shaped)-2005
2004-2005 years: from 10 GHz to 200 THZ
2007: artificial magnetism across entire visible
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Artificial Magnetic Metamaterials for Visibleg
Dielectric
E
HMetal
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Nanorod pair Nanorod pair array Nanostrip pair
Nanostrip pair has a much stronger magnetic response
Podolskiy, Sarychev & Shalaev, JNOPM (2002) - µ < 0 & n < 0Lagar’kov, Sarychev PRB (1996) - µ > 0 Kildishev et al, JOSA B (2006); Shvets et al (2006) – strip pairsZheludev et al (2001) – pairs of rods for chirality