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Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology [email protected]
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Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology [email protected]

Aug 13, 2019

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Page 1: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Systems Engineering and Project Management

(Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa

Institute for Software Technology [email protected]

Page 2: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Was ist Systems Engineering?

Page 3: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Was sind Systeme?

Page 4: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Was sind Systeme?

  “A system is a set of interacting or interdependent component parts forming a complex/intricate whole.”

  “A system is an integrated composite of people, products, and processes that provide a capability to satisfy a stated need or objective.”

Page 5: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Was sind Systeme?   IEEE Std 1220-1998: "A set or arrangement of elements and processes that are related and whose behavior satisfies customer/operational needs and provides for life cycle sustainment of the products.”   ISO/IEC 15288:2008: "A combination of interacting elements organized to achieve one or more stated purposes."

Page 6: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Was sind Systeme?

  Systeme haben – Physische und zeitliche Grenzen – Eine Umgebung, die das System beeinflusst

  Systeme werden beschrieben durch –  Ihre Struktur –  Ihren Zweck –  Ihre Funktionalität

Page 7: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Was sind Systeme?   Systeme haben eine gemeinsame Charakteristik: – Struktur (Komponenten und deren

Verbindungen) – Verhalten –  Interkonnektivität

  Systeme selber können wiederum aus Systemen bestehen (Subsysteme)

Page 8: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Was ist Engineering?

  „Engineering ist die Anwendung von Mathematik, Empirie, sowie von wissenschaftlichen, wirtschaftlichen, sozialen und praktischen Wissen zur Erfindung, Entwicklung, Fertigung, Wartung, sowie Verbesserung von Strukturen, Maschinen, Werkzeugen, Systemen, Komponenten, Materialen und Prozessen.“

Page 9: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

A Quote on Engineering “To define it rudely but not ineptly,

ENGINEERING is the art of doing that well with one dollar, which any bungler can do with

two after a fashion.”

Duke of Wellington Arthur Wellesley

1769-1852, British Statesman, Military Leader

Page 10: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Was passiert wenn Engineering versagt?

Page 11: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Was ist Systems Engineering?

  Systems Engineering ist ein Feld des Engineerings, das sich auf das Design und Management von komplexen Systemen über deren Lebensdauer beschäftigt.

Page 12: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Was ist Systems Engineering?   “A logical sequence of activities and decisions that transforms an

operational need into a description of system performance parameters and a preferred system configuration.” (MIL-STD-499A, Engineering Management, 1 May 1974.Now cancelled.)

  “An interdisciplinary approach that encompasses the entire technical effort, and evolves into and verifies an integrated and life cycle balance set of system people, products, and process solutions that satisfy customer needs.” (EIA Standard IS-632, Systems Engineering, December 1994.)

  “An interdisciplinary, collaborative approach that derives, evolves, and verifies a life-cycle balanced system solution which satisfies customer expectations and meets public acceptability.” (IEEE P1220, Standard for Application and Management of the Systems Engineering Process, [Final Draft], 26 September 1994.)

Page 13: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Was ist Systems Engineering?

  Zugehörige Disziplinen: – Requirements Engineering – Reliability Engineering – Logistik – Control Engineering – Software Engineering – Project Management – …

Page 14: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Was ist Systems Engineering?

  Grund für Systems Engineering: Managing Complexity!

Page 15: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Was ist Systems Engineering?

  Werkzeuge und Methoden: – System architecture, – System model, Modeling, and Simulation, – Optimization, – System dynamics, – Systems analysis, – Statistical analysis, – Reliability analysis, and – Decision making

Page 16: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Aufgabenbereich von SE

Page 17: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

SE Prozess

Page 18: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Wichtige Aufgaben in SE   Verwendung von Modellen und Simulationen um Systemanahmen zu validieren und evaluieren.   Verwendung von Methoden zur möglichst frühen Erkennung von Fehlern! Safety Engineering   Kritische Entscheidungen möglichst früh evaluieren (hinsichtlich Konsequenzen) und treffen!

Page 19: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Simulationsmodelle

  Multi-domain Modelle

Page 20: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

inertialxy

axis1

axis2

axis3

axis4

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axis6r3Drive1

1r3Motor

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S

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q: angle

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Jmotor=J

gear=i

spring=c

fric=Rv0

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S

Vs

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emf

La=(250/(2*D*wm))

Ra=250

Rd2=100

C=0.004*D/w m

-

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Rd1=100

Ri=10

Rp1=200

Rp2=

50

Rd4=100

hall2

Rd3=

100

g1

g2

g3

hall1

g4

g5

rw

qd q

rate2

b(s)

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Simulationsmodelle   Hierarchische Modelle

CourtesyofMar�nO�er

Srel = n*transpose(n)+(identity(3)- n*transpose(n))*cos(q)- skew(n)*sin(q); wrela = n*qd; zrela = n*qdd; Sb = Sa*transpose(Srel); r0b = r0a; vb = Srel*va; wb = Srel*(wa + wrela); ab = Srel*aa; zb = Srel*(za + zrela + cross(wa, wrela));

Page 21: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Safety Engineering   Ziel: Systeme im geforderten Maß sicher zu

machen.

  Meistens risikogetriebene Analyse

  Risiko r eines bestimmten Schadens e wird üblicherweise als Funktion der Wahrscheinlichkeit p des Schadenseintritts und der Kosten c bei Schadenseintritt definiert: r(e) = p(e) * c(e)

Page 22: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Safety Engineering   Ziel in der Entwicklung: Risken zu eliminieren bzw. unter einem gegebenen Grenzwert zu drücken.

  Meistens keine quantitative Aussage für Risko wichtig, sondern eine qualitative! – Beispiel: Wenn Menschenleben in Gefahr sind

und ein Ereignis möglich ist, dann hat dieses ein hohes Risiko, z.B.: ASIL D

Page 23: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Safety Engineering

  Beispiel: Risiko- verteilung bzgl. eines Impacts bei der Intl. Space Station Quelle: NASA

Page 24: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Techniken der Risikoabschätzung

  Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) – Bottom Up Approach – Für jede Systemkomponente werden

Fehlermodes identifiziert. – Für jeden Fehlermode werden deren

Auswirkungen (=Effects) analysiert und hinsichtlich Risiko bewertet

Page 25: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Techniken zur Risikoabschätzung

  Beispiel FMEA:

Komponente Mode Effekt Risiko

Tanksystem ZuvielTreibstoffangezeigt

Zielkannnichterreichtwerden

Mi�elbishoch

Triebwerk Ausfall AuswirkungenaufFlugverhaltenundRedundanz

Mi�el

Triebwerk Brand AuswirkungenaufFlugverhaltenundRedundanz

Mi�el

Page 26: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Techniken zur Risikoabschätzung

  Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) – Top Down Approach – Definition von Top Events wie

Flugzeugabsturz oder Bremsversagen – Zuordnung von Primary Events

Komponentenfehler, menschliches Versagen oder externe Events mittels boolscher Logik zu dem Top Event.

Page 27: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Techniken zur Risikoabschätzung

  Beispiel FTA: Flugzeugabsturz

Pilotenfehler Zusammenstoß

Turbinenausfall Steuerungs-ausfall

Oder

Und

Page 28: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Was passiert, wenn das System nicht gut (genug)

entwickelt wurde?

Page 29: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at
Page 30: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at
Page 31: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

PopularMechanics,2010

Page 32: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Quelle:h�p://www.wired.com/so�ware/coolapps/news/2005/11/69355?currentPage=2

 3-5MillionenChipswarenvoneinemFehlerinderDivisionvonZahlenbetroffen

 $475MillionenSchaden

Page 33: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Quelle:h�p://www.wired.com/so�ware/coolapps/news/2005/11/69355?currentPage=2

 Fehler bei der Übersetzung einer Zahl in ein anderes Zahlensystem

 Zu großer Schub führte zu Explosion

 $ 370 Millionen Schaden

Page 34: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Vonwww.spiegel.de

Page 35: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

SE Grundlagen & Ansatz

  Nach dem NASA/SP-2007-6105 Rev1 Systems Engineering Handbook

Page 36: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

SE Design Prozess

Page 37: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

NASA Project Process Flow

Page 38: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at
Page 39: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Zusammenfassung   Methode Systeme sicher zu entwickeln, zu bauen und zu warten.

  Systeme werden komplexer.

  Systems Engineering zielt auf die Entwicklung komplexer Systeme.

  Modellierung und darauf basierte Analyse ist wichtig.

Page 40: Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) · Systems Engineering and Project Management (Introduction) Prof. Dr. Franz Wotawa Institute for Software Technology wotawa@ist.tugraz.at

Zusammenfassung

  Systems Engineering benötigt auch einen Prozess und damit verbunden Managementaktivitäten.

  Projektmanagement, d.h. die Umsetzung der Produktenwicklung hinsichtlich eines gegebenen Prozesses, ist ebenfalls eine wichtige Aufgabe.