System Unit

PC Awareness Training

PC Awareness Training

Training OutlineDay 1: Introduction To Computers

Components Of A Personal Computer

Day 2: Components Of A System Unit (Part 1)

Day 3: Components Of System Unit (Part 2)

Day 4: Installation, Configuration and Upgrading

Day 5: Diagnosing & Troubleshooting

IntroductionIntroductionTo ComputersTo Computers

11

1.1 Introduction To Computers

A computer is an electronic equipment that has at least the basic 3 parts/units. They are:

1. Input Unit2. Processing Unit3. Output Unit

Input Processing Output

Keyboard Monitor

1.2 Introduction To Computers

VisibleRigid

Computer

InvisibleCarry out instruction

Controls the actions of the hardware

Hardware Software

Breakdown of a computerBreakdown of a computer

Components of a Components of a Personal ComputerPersonal Computer

22

Lesson Objective

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

• Identify the different group of hardware

• Identify the hardware commonly used under such group

• Understand the advantages & disadvantages of such hardware discussed.

2 Components Of A Personal Computer

System Unit

Input Devices

KeyboardMouseJoystickScanner

Digital CameraVideo cameraMicrophone

Bar Code ReaderMagnetic Card Reader

Output Devices

MonitorPrinterPlotter

LCD ProjectorSpeaker

CommunicationDevices

ModemNetwork Card

Storage Devices

Hard DiskFloppy Disk Drive

CDR/ CDRWTape DriveZIP Drive

Flash Drive

Power Supply

2.1 Input Device

Hardware which converts information into one readable by the computer.

Pointing Devices

Mouse

Trackball

Touch Pad

Pointing Stick

Joystick

Pen Input

Digitizer Tablet

Touch Screen

Light Pen

Keyboard

Mic

Scanner

Digital Camera

Video Camera/ Web cam

Bar Code Reader Magnetic Card Reader

Smart Card ReaderOptical Mark Reader (OMR)

Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR)

2.1 Input Device

Scroll mouse

Wireless Keyboard

2.1 Input Device

Video Camera/Web Cam

Trackball

2.1 Input Device

The joystick is a rotary lever. Similar to an aircraft's control stick, it enables you to move within the screen's environment, and is widely used in the computer games industry.

A Digitising Tablet is a pointing device that facilitates the accurate input of drawings and designs. A drawing can be placed directly on the tablet, and the user traces outlines or inputs coordinate positions with a hand-held stylus.

2.1 Input Device

A Light Pen is a pointing device shaped like a pen and is connected to a VDU. The tip of the light pen contains a light-sensitive element which, when placed against the screen, detects the light from the screen enabling the computer to identify the location of the pen on the screen. Light pens have the advantage of 'drawing' directly onto the screen, but this can become uncomfortable, and they are not as accurate as digitising tablets.

A computer can read numbers and letters printed with ink containing magnetic material MICR is used by banks to process cheques. The account details at the bottom of the cheque can be accurately read in this manner since MICR is not affected by dirt.

2.1 Input Device

The Optical Mark Reader (OMR) can read information in the form of numbers or letters and put it into the computer. The marks have to be precisely located as in multiple choice test papers.

A Touch Sensitive Screen is a pointing device that enables the user to interact with the computer by touching the screen.

2.2 Output Device

Hardware which converts data into one readable by human.Monitor (VDU)

CRT LCD

2.2 Output Device

Regular CRT Near Flat CRT

Flat Screen CRT

The different types of CRT monitor

2.2 Output Device

Advantages of LCD monitor over CRT

Sleek, space-saving design. These new designs leave more room on your desk (and can be wall-mounted, too). Ergonomic features. Reduced eye strain from a brighter, flicker-free screen with virtually no glare. Better total cost of ownership (TCO). With twice the lifespan, one-third the electricity usage and minimal heat output compared to similar-sized CRT monitor. Safety. LCDs are safer to use because they have no electromagnetic radiation.

Advantages of CRT monitor over LCD

Excellent Value. CRTs have come very inexpensive for entry-level models, and high-end full-featured displays are now more affordable than ever. Precise images. CRTs provide exceptional detail for everything from CAD/CAM applications to word processing, spreadsheets and family photos. Vibrant, realistic images . . . even in motion. A full spectrum of rich, saturated colors with incredible depth and superior video response make CRTs perfect for gaming, graphic design, or even watching TV with a ViewSonic video processor. .

Printer

Dot Matrix

Inkjet

Laser

Thermal

Daisy Wheel

Plotter

LCD Projector

2.2 Output Device

2.2 Output Device

The dot matrix printer

Solenoid

Pin

Paper movement

Carriage movement

Print Head

PaperPrint Head

Ribbon

2.2 Output Device

The inkjet printer

Ink

Nozzle

Paper movement

Carriage movement

Ink Cartridge

Paper

2.2 Output Device

The laser printer

2.2 Output Device

Plotter

A large printer that generates high-quality documents by moving ink pens over the surface of a page. Plotters are particularly useful to engineers and architects, as they produce high-quality blueprints, maps, and floor plans. Also called an X-Y plotter.

2.2 Output Device

Daisy Wheel

The daisy wheel printer

2.2 Output Device

Summary of different printer

Type Resolution Speed Other Capabilitie

s

RMPrinte

r

RMInk

No of Printouts per Ink

cartridge/toner/ribbon

RMPer

Printout

Dot Matrix

120dpi – 480 dpi

100 cps – 300 cps

Carbon Copy,Computer Form Paper,Permanent Ink

RM 400 – 2500

RM 16

2000 pages RM 0.008

Ink Jet 360dpi – 1400 dpi

2 – 8 PPM Any paper type

RM 150 – 1200

RM 69

300 pages RM 0.23

Laser 600dpi –2400 dpi

7 – 30 PPM

Permanent Ink

RM 500 – 8000

RM 250

4000 pages RM 0.0625

2.3 Storage Device

Secure Digital

Card (SD)

SmartMedia

CompactFlash Card

Multi Media Card (MMC)

Flash Drive/ Thumb DrivePC

Card Adapte

r

Components OfComponents OfSystem UnitSystem Unit

33

Lesson Objective

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

•Understand the need for safety & electrostatic protection

•Identify the different hardware commonly found inside a system unit

•Perform assembly/ disassembly of system unit

3 Components of System Unit

Safety & Electrostatic Precaution


Safety Precautions1. Unplug power cables2. Never wear jewelry or other metal objects 3. Avoid spills- never use liquids around electrical equipment.4. Wear anti-static grounding wrist strap/ mat5. Always place components in provided anti-static bag when not in use6. Wear proper clothing - Cotton, Wool etc 7. Frames of casing may be sharp - be careful not to get cut8. Replace any worn or damaged power cords immediately9. Avoid using extension cords.10. Do not attempt to fix PSU/ monitor- refer to qualified personnel11. Replace blown fuse with one of similar rating and type.


3.1 Microprocessor (CPU)

3.2 Mainboard

3.3 Memory

3.4 Hard Disk Drive

3.5 Floppy Disk Drive

3.6 CDROM/ CDR/ CDRW Drive

3.7 Display Adapter

3.9 Audio Adapter

3.10 Network Adapter

3.11 Power Supply

3.12 Expansion Slots

3.13 Modem (internal)

3.1 Casing

Desktop Casing

Tower Casing


Processors made by Intel

8086 (DIP 40)

801868028680386 (Socket 2)

80486 (Socket 3,5)

Pentium (Socket 7)

Pentium Pro (Socket 8)Pentium MMX (Socket 7)

Pentium II (SEC)

Celeron (SEC, PGA370, PGA478, LGA775)

Pentium III (SEC, PGA370)

Pentium IV (PGA478, LGA775)

Pentium II (SEC)

Pentium MMX (PGA)

Pentium (PGA)

Pentium 4 (PGA)

Pentium Pro


Processors made by AMDAm286,Am386,486,586K5,K6,K6-2,K6-3DuronAthlon


Cyrix2863864865866x866x86MXMII



Identifying A Processor

Model: K6

Speed: 166Mhz

Manufacturer: AMD

Country of origin:

Malaysia



6x86

Speed: 166Mhz

Manufacturer: AMD



Model: Win Chip2

Speed: 233Mhz

Manufacturer: IDT



Model: Pentium

MMX

Speed: 166Mhz

Manufacturer: Intel


A Socket 370 to Slot 1 converter

3.2 Mainboard (Motherboard/ System Board)

PCI

DIMM

Socket 370

ATX Power

AGP

Battery

IDE 1 IDE 2

FDD

BIOS


Mainboard BIOS stored in EEPROM

• Performed various test on hardware built in and attached

• Initializes devices so that they are ready to use

• Allows user to change configuration

• Enables Operating System access to hardware

• Configuration saved into either CMOS, EEPROM or both. Information lasts as long as there is power in backup battery

CMOS Backup Battery

Buzzer

All about BIOS (Basic Input Output System)

3.2 Mainboard

Slot A

AMR

An ATXmainboard


ATX PowerISA

AT Power

A Baby ATmainboard


Baby ATmainboard

SIMM


A server mainboard





Form FactorAT

Baby AT

ATXMicro ATX

Socket/ SlotSocket 3, 5, 7

Slot 1Slot A

Socket ASocket 370 Socket 478

LGA775

Built-in Hardware

AudioNetworkModem

VGA

Factors affecting selection of mainboard

Expansion Slots onboard

ISAPCIAGPAMR

PCI Express

SupportWarranty Period

WebPageDrivers

Documentation


External ports


USB Expansion Card (PCI)

USB DevicesModemPrinter

ScannerDigital CameraDigital Speaker

External StorageMobile Phone

JoyStickMouse

KeyboardFlash Drive/ Thumb Drive

.

.

.


USB Hub

USB Cable


USB to Serial Adaptor

USB to Parallel Adaptor

3.3 Memory (Immediate Access Storage)

RAM (Random Access Memory)- used for storing data/ program for as long as there is power

EEPROM (Electricity Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory/ FLASH- contains BIOS (Basic Input Output System) routines which handles various hardware configuration and startup POST (Power On Self Test)- can be updated by means of flashing with latest BIOS version.

CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)- used to keep critical information about the system such as date/time, hardware configurations, power on passwords etc- can be reset by means shorting relevant pins/ removing backup battery (depends on Mainboard make & model)


Types of RAM packaging/ modulesDIP - Dual Inline Package SIPPs - Single Inline Pinned Package (30p) SIMMs - Single Inline Memory Modules(30p)SIMMs - Single Inline Memory Modules (72p)DIMM (EDO) - EDO Dual Inline Memory Module(168 pins)DIMM (SDRAM) - Synchronized DRAM (168 pins)SODIMM - Small Outline DIMM Rambus DRAMDDR

DIPSIPP SIMM (30p)

SIMM (72p) SDRAM (168p)



SDRAM

DDR-SDRAM


Rambus

SO-DIMM

Factors to consider when purchasing RAM1. Packaging (SIMM/EDO/SD DIMM etc)2. Capacity (measured in megabyte [MB]) 3. Access Speed (measured in nanosecond [ns])


3.3 Cache Memory

3.3 Chipset

3.4 Hard Disk Drive

Major ManufacturersMaxtor SeagateWestern Digital IBMFujitsu Samsung

RPM5400720010000

Form Factor3.5”5.25”

InterfaceIDESCSISATA

Access ModePIO 0,1,2,3,4Ultra DMA 33 (ATA 33)*Ultra DMA 66 (ATA66)*Ultra DMA 100 (ATA100) *Requires the use of 80 conductor cable*Ultra DMA 133 (ATA133) *Requires the use of 80 conductor cable

3.4 Hard Disk Drive

RPM5400720010000

M S CA L S

Drive is master

M S CA L S

Drive is slave

M S CA L S

Drive mode depends on cable

3.5 Floppy Drive

Form Factor3.5”

5.25” (obsolete)


Major ManufacturersSony Lite-On LGSamsung Yamaha Iomega

Read Speed 36x48x52x

InterfaceIDESCSI

Write/ Rewrite1x2x4x8x

16x24x


CD-ROM Drive

DVD-ROM Drive


CDR/CDRW Drive

DVD RW


Device Read CD Write CD Read DVD Write DVD

CDROM Yes - - -

CDRW Yes Yes - -

DVDROM Yes - Yes -

DVDROM/CDRW Combo

Yes Yes Yes -

DVDRW Yes Yes Yes Yes

3.7 Display Adapter

BusPCI (33Mhz)

AGP (>66Mhz)PCI Express

Selection CriteriaTV OutputMemory

Dual Monitor Support

3.8 Audio Adapter

3.10 Networking

BusPCIAMR

Signaling Speed10BaseT100BaseT1000BaseT

Connector RJ-45

Cabling UTPFiber Optic

A NIC

3.10 Networking

A Hub/ Switch

USB Wireless Adaptor

3.10 Network Adapter

A PCI Wireless adaptor

A PCMCIA based Wireless Adaptor

3.11 Power Supply

ATX Power Connector

AT Power Connector(P8 & P9)

Molex connector

Mini connector

P4 12V Connector

3.12 Expansion Slots

ISA (8Bit) - Industry Standard Architecture ISA (16Bit) - Industry Standard ArchitectureMCA - Microchannel Computer ArchitectureEISA - Extended ISAVESA Local Bus PCI - Peripheral Component InterconnectAGP - Accelerated Graphics PortAMR - Audio Modem RiserPCI-E – PCI Express

PCI

AMR

AGP

3.12 Modem (internal)

Internal Modem (PCI)Internal Modem (AMR)

Installation, Installation, Configuration Configuration & Upgrading& Upgrading

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4.1 Installation, Configuration, Upgrading

• Operating System (Win98 SE)1. Creating startup disk/ boot disk2. Partitioning hard disk3. Formatting “”4. Starting installation program5. Configuring & Installing drivers

• Microsoft Office 2000

• Avira AntiVirus/ AVG Antirus

• Internet Connection

• Upgrading considerations

Format a diskette with full format function selected.

Windows 95, 98, Me: (Startup – 1 disk)

Start -> Settings -> Control Panel -> Add/ Remove Programs -> Startup Disk -> Create Disk

4.1 Creating a Startup/ Recovery disk

Diagnosing &Diagnosing & TroubleshootingTroubleshooting

55

5 Diagnosing/ Troubleshooting

5.1 Boot Up/ POST

5.2 Keyboard troubleshooting

5.3 Mouse

5.4 Display

5.5 Floppy Drive

5.6 Hard Disk Drive

5.7 CDROM drive

5.8 Audio

5.9 Modem

5.10 Power

5.11 Printing

5.12 Network

5.13 Operating System & Application related

5.1 Troubleshooting Bootup/ POST Problems

• Replace RAM

• Remove IDE, Floppy cables, power connector

• Remove all add-on cards

• Clear CMOS memory

• Replace processor

• Replace mainboard

5.2 Troubleshooting Keyboard Problems

• Check keyboard connection (AT/ PS/2)

• Check LED indication

• Replace to confirm keyboard functionality

5.3 Troubleshooting Mouse Problems

• Check mouse connection (Serial, PS/2, USB)

• For rough movement - try cleaning wheels

• Check mouse settings in Control Panel (Double click speed etc)

• Replace mouse to confirm functionality

5.4 Troubleshooting Display Problems

• Check Brightness/ Contrast settings

• Check Cable Connection (RGB/ BNC)

• Check Output Mode (TV/ VGA)

• Check Resolution

• Check Refresh Rate

• Try Safe Mode

• Reinstall Display Adapter Driver

5.5 Troubleshooting Floppy Drive Problems

• Try formatting an empty disk

• Clean drive using commercially available cleaning kit

• Check BIOS settings

• Check cable connections

• Replace to confirm functionality

5.6 Troubleshooting HardDisk Problems

• Try Auto Detect in BIOS setup

• Check Cable Connection (IDE/ SCSI, power)

• Check Master/ Slave jumper setting

5.7 Troubleshooting CDROM Drive Problems

• Check if drive was detected

• Try playing Audio CD via front panel buttons

• Clean drive using commercially available cleaning kit

• Check BIOS settings

• Check cable connections

• For missing CD audio - check interconnecting audio cable

• Replace to confirm functionality

5.8 Troubleshooting Audio Problems

• Check if speaker is turned on and volume set accordingly

• Check cabling (Active speaker -> Line out, Mic -> Mic in)

• Check Audio driver (Conflict/ missing files)

• Check volume settings (Mute etc)

• Check output configuration (for multi channel output)

• Reinstall audio driver

5.9 Troubleshooting Modem Problems

• Check telephone cable functionality/ condition

• Try using phone dialer, if OK, check Dial-Up Networking

• Check modem properties in control panel

• Try [More Info] in modem properties

• For internal modem check IRQ & IO port address,for external modem, check cabling, serial/ USB port

functionality

• No Dial Tone - Possibility of lighting attack

5.10 Troubleshooting Power Problems

• Check power connections

• If attached to UPS, try bypassing

• Check Voltage Level Selector

• Check if PSU fan spins

• For ATX power supply, try shorting power sw connector on mainboard (caution)

5.11 Troubleshooting Printer Problems

• Printer turned on? On-Line/ Ready ?

• Print Test Page

• Check settings in printer properties

• Check cable connection (Parallel/ Serial/ USB/UTP) bypass switchbox

• Check Port functionality

• Reinstall printer driver

5.12 Troubleshooting Network Problems

• Check cable connection (UTP/ Coaxial)

• Check network settings Protocol usedIP addressComputer Name, WorkgroupShare names

• For TCP/IP, PING.EXE can be used to determine connectivity

• Reinstall network adapter driver

5.13 Operating System & Application related

• Using SYSEDIT (for Windows 3.11/ Windows 95)

• Using REGEDIT

• Using MSCONFIG

6.0 Assembling a PC

Audio Connectors

Power Connector

Fan + Heatsink

Jumper

Socket 462 based

6.0 Assembling a PC

IO Shield WOL Connector

SDRAM Memory Slot

DDR Memory Slot

6.0 Assembling a PC

Primary IDE (IDE1)

Secondary IDE (IDE2) Floppy Connector

System Unit

Technology