System Analysis and Design_Sample_Questions

System Analysis and Design: Sample Question

1. Draw a decision table for the following decision procedure for travelling to a place X:“If the place you are travelling to is within 150km, take your car; if the place is between 150km and 600km, take a train if the travel is for a holiday, and a plane otherwise; for travel over 600km take a plane”.

Example DFDs

Lower levels of Data Flow DiagramsProcess 8 in Figure 10 is chosen to be investigated in more detail. A level 2 DFD is constructed of this process in Figure 11.

Figure 11 A Level 2 DFD corresponding to Process 8 from the level 1 DFD in Figure 10

An example context diagram

A systems analyst collects the following information about a project she is working on for an auctionhouse. To assist her, draw context and level 0 data flow diagrams .The auction house has selling customers, who want to put up an item for sale, and buying customers, whobuy an item at an auction. Selling customers ask the auction house to sell an item on their behalf. Theauction house decides whether to accept the request and maintains a record for all accepted requests. Buyingcustomers register with the auction house and participate in auctions. Auctions are conducted by givingbuying customers information about an item, then taking bids. The auction determines a buying customerfor each item put up for sale. The sale is completed when the buying customer pays for the item. Theauction house sends a portion of the sale income to the selling customer who put up the item for sale inthe first place. Of course, the auction house keeps track of all auctions (which are conducted every fewweeks) and all sales at each auction.

Process boundary

Consider the following (abstract) DFD. Find out all the (syntax) errors. Justify your

answer.

We wish to draw the DFD for a distance education university. The enrolment process works

as follows:

Students send in an application form containing their personal details, and their desired course. The university checks that the course is available and that the student has necessary academic qualifications. If the course is available the student is enrolled in the course, and the university confirms the enrolment by sending a confirmation letter to the student. If the course is unavailable the student is sent a rejection letter.

1. Find out the suitable external entity (ies). (1)

2.Find out and describe the suitable DFD context level input(s) and output(s). (1)

3. Find out the Level 0 DFD data store (s) (1)

Reconsider the scenario described in the previous question. Draw the level 0 DFD related to the above described scenario.

A banking system is managing banking accounts for customers. Customers may be provided with saving accounts and/or cheque accounts.

A customer requests details on his/her saving and/or cheque account(s) from a bank. First the system should check the identity of the customer, then the appropriate cheque/saving account information is retrieved and provided to the customer.

1. Draw the context DFD diagram related to the above scenario. Identify the external entities and the external inputs outputs

We wish to draw the DFD level 0 of the above system:

a. Identify and describe briefly the required processes. b. Identify and describe briefly the required data stores c. Identify and describe briefly the required data flows

2. Draw the resulting DFD level 0. 3. A department of a company has a supervisor and at least one employee. Employees must be

assigned to at least one, but possibly more departments. At least one employee is assigned to a project, but an employee may be on vacation and not assigned to any projects. The important data fields are the names of the departments, the projects, the supervisors and the employees, as well as the supervisor and employee number and a unique project number.

4. 1. Draw the ER diagram related to the scenario described above.5. 2. Select one many to many association from the drawn ER diagram and. transform this

association and its attached entities into a set of relations

An airline reservation system offers the capability to print a report that displays the list of daily flights that connect two pre-defined airports.

The displayed flight information are: week day, departure airport, arrival airport, flight number, departure time, arrival time, airplane type and the number of seats.

Airport names: alphabetic string (maximum 20 characters) Flight numbers: alphanumeric string (first two characters are alphabetic ones, the

following four characters are digit ones)- Example: RJ1234 Airplane type: alphanumeric string (first character is alphabetic one, the following

three characters are digit ones)- Example: A320 Number of seats: Integer with 3 digits Week day: one digit (from 1 to 7) - Example: 1 for Monday. Time: HH:MM ( HH: 00 to 23; MM: 00 to 59).

Suggest and design a layout for this report.

1. Bellow is a data flow diagram

The logic of the processes P1, P2 and P3 are respectively as follows:

Process P1:

if A>B then

B=A

End if

Process P2:

if D=E+100 then

Y=1000

else

Y=-1

end if

Process P3:

Y=B*E

Are there any miracle or black hole on the above DFD? Give your reason please.

2. Please state the advantages and disadvantages of using the internet as a application platform.

3. ERD---Relational database Schema

Draw ERD A library has many books and many readers. One reader can borrow many books, one book can be borrowed by many readers at different time. If a book is lent to a reader, the lending date and return date must also be recorded. Attributes about book and reader are given below:

Book: book number, book name, author, price, publishing date, status; Reader: card number, reader name, gender, address, phone number;

Reader Register

1

Reader info

book register

3

Book info

Reader Deregister

2

book deregister

4

Lendbook

4

Return book

4

Reader info

Library cardnumber

Book lending info

BookQuery

4Book information

Book info

Book number

Book queryrequest

Library card number

book number

book number

Please draw an entity relationship diagram about book and reader, if necessary, add associative entity to represent the relationship between book and reader

Create event table and draw DFD(or from event table to DFD)

You are asked to develop a library management information system, the system contains only the following information:

Book information including book number, book name, author, price, publishing date; Reader information including library card number, reader name, gender, address, phone

number; Book lending and returning information including lending date and return date.Please answer the following questions based on the previous information and your reasonable assumptions:

Create an event table listing the main events that the system must respond, include event name, trigger, source, activity, response, and destination for each event.

Draw a context diagram and event-partitioned diagram(diagram0) for this system.

DFD---Structure chartThe following is an event-partitioned data flow diagram for library management, using transaction analysis technique to develop a structure chart for it.

Draw Decision table/decision tree/structured English1. The rules of deciding the postage of a postal parcel is described as follows: if the parcel is to be sent by

express, then the basic charge will be 6$/kg, otherwise the basic charge will be 4$/kg. If the distance is over 200km, then each kg will be charged for one more dollar. If the parcel’s weight is over 10kg, then another 0.5 dollar will be charged for each kg that exceeds 10 kg. Suppose a parcel’s weight is W kilograms, please draw a decision table to show the calculation of the postage for this parcel.

The InfoStar Corporation develops PC database software products that are sold for both the domestic and international market. Customers receiving the products are sent a set of additional fonts if they return (by mail) a warranty registration card that is included with the software and documentation. The following tasks are performed to process warranty registration cards. This process is a batch process. It is a child of process 5, ADD CUSTOMER REGISTRATION.

• Inspect the Warranty Registration Card received from the customer to ensure that the information is complete and accurate. Incomplete cards are placed in a reject box.

• Data entry operators key the Warranty Registration Card, thus creating a Warranty Registration File.

• A different data entry operator verifies the keyed data by reentering the Warranty Registration Card information. The data entry terminal compares the data previously keyed with the entry made by the second operator. Discrepancies are displayed.

• The Warranty Registration File is input to a batch edit program. Each record is checked for accuracy. Errors are printed on a Warranty Validation Report, and valid records are placed on a valid Warranty Registration File.

• The Valid Warranty Registration File is used as input, along with the Customer Master File, into the Customer Warranty Update Program. Records are added or updated, depending on whether the customer exists on the Customer Master File.

• The Valid Warranty Registration File is used to print a series of mailing labels for sending (by mail) the font software to the customer.

1) Identify the tasks/subtasks that should be part of the logical and physical diagrams. You may need to add tasks/subtasks. 2) Design a logical DFD for the process described above (processing Warranty Registration Cards) 3) Design a physical DFD for the DFD proposed in question (2). 4) Partition the physical data flow diagram in question (3), grouping processes as you deem appropriate. Explain why you partitioned the diagram in this manner.

Which of the following Information systems are aimed at improving the routine business activities on which all organizations depend?

(a) Management Information systems (b) Decision support systems

(c) Transaction processing systems (d)

Management support systems

(e) Transaction Information systems.

2. Which of the following strategies are adopted if information requirements are not well-defined?

(a) Rapid application development method (b) Structured analysis development method

(c) Systems development life cycle method (d) Prototyping method

(e) Spiral method.

3. Structured Programming involves:

(a) functional modularization (b) localization of errors

(c) decentralized programming (d) stress on analysis

(e) stress on requirements gathering.

4. Which of the following is not a fact-finding technique?

(a) Third party enquiry (b) Interview (c) Questionnaire

(d) Record reviews (e) Observation.

5. Which of the following notation is not a part of data-flow diagram?

6. Which of the following questions are useful in evaluating data flow diagrams?

(a) Are there any unnamed components in the data flow diagram?

(b) Are there any processes that do not receive input?

(c) Are there any data stores that are input but never referenced?

(d) Both (a) and (b) above

(e) All (a), (b) and (c) above.

7. In system design and development field what does spaghetti code mean?

(a) programs written in unstructured languages.

(b) well structured and well documented code.

(c) program code that has many GOTO statements.

(d) Both (a) and (c) above

(e) Both (b) and (c) above.

8. Which of the following statements is false with respect to a Data Dictionary?

(a) It is a repository of the elements in a system.

(b) data dictionary and data store both are same

(c) It manages detail

(d) It communicates the common meanings for system elements and activities.

(e) It documents system features.

9. Match the following and select the correct options given under

i) physical design A) Documentation

ii) interview B) Type of output

iii) Input design C) defines design specifications that are to be coded

iv) Installation procedure D) a data gathering technique

v) report E) Identification and design of

interfaces to enter data

(a) i-D, ii – A, iii-B, iv – C, v- E

(b) i-C, ii – D, iii-E, iv – A, v- B

(c) i-A, ii – D, iii-B, iv – C, v- E

(d) i-D, ii – A, iii-E, iv – B, v- C

(e) i-B, ii – A, iii-D, iv – C, v- E.

10. Cost-Benefit Analysis is performed during

(a) Analysis phase (b) Design phase (c) Feasibility study phase

(d) Implementation phase (e) Maintenance phase.

Answers

1. Answer : (c)

Reason: Transactions produce loads of data everyday and Transaction processing systems aim at improving the routine business activities.

2. Answer : (d)

Reason: Prototyping is adopted if information requirements are not well-defined.

3. Answer : (a)

Reason: structured programming means splitting the overall task into well-defined subtasks.

4. Answer : (a)

Reason: Third party enquiry is not a technique to capture the requirements of the user.

5. Answer : (e)

Reason: The parallelogram is not used in drawing DFDs.

6. Answer : (e)

Reason: All the given questions are useful in evaluating the DFDs.

7. Answer : (d)

Reason: extensive use of GOTO leads to spaghetti code.

8. Answer : (b)

Reason: data dictionary is for storing data about data where as data store is where actual data is stored .

9. Answer : (b)

Reason: After matching the both sides the correct option is (b).

10. Answer : (c)

Reason: During the Feasibility study the financial feasibility is also measured

System Analysis and Design / Tools for Systems Analysts Multiple Choice Questions 5.1.1 In a DFD external entities are represented by a

(a) rectangle

(b) ellipse

(c) diamond shaped box

(d) circle

5.1.2 A data flow can

(a) only emanate from an external entity

(b) only terminate in an external entity

(c) may emanate and terminate in an external entity

(d) may either emanate or terminate in an external entity but not both

5.1.3 A rectangle in a DFD represents

(a) a process

(b) a data store

(c) an external entity

(d) an input unit

5.1.4 External Entities may be a

(a) source of input data only

(b) source of input data or destination of results

(c) destination of results only

(d) repository of data

5.1.5 By an external entity we mean a

(a) unit outside the system being designed which can be controlled by an analyst

(b) unit outside the system whose behavior is independent of the system being designed

(c) a unit external to the system being designed

(d) a unit which is not part of a DFD

5.1.6 A data store in a DFD represents

(a) a sequential file

(b) a disk store

(c) a repository of data

(d) a random access memory

5.1.7 A data flow can

(a) only enter a data store

(b) only leave a data store

(c) enter or leave a data store

(d) either enter or leave a data store but not both

5.1.8 A data cannot flow between a store and

(i) a store

(ii) a process

(iii) an external entity

(a) i and iii

(b) i and ii

(c) ii and iii

(d) ii

5.1.9 Data cannot flow between two data stores because

V. Rajaraman/IISc. Bangalore M5/V1/July 04/1

1. a relationship between two things of the same type, such as one person being married to another person

compound attribute

unary (recursive) relationship***

n-ary relationship

ternary relationship

binary relationship

2. a group of computers of the same type that have the same operating environment and share resources

computer network

multicomputer architecture

distributed computing

target processing environment

clustered architecture***

3. a process with a data input that is never used to produce a data output

black hole***

structured English

miracle

balancing

4. a computer that requests services from other computers on the network

wide area network (WAN)

middleware

data layer

client computer***

router

server computer

local area network (LAN)

5. software products used to help develop analysis and design specifications and completed system components

tools***

techniques

6. the phase of the SDLC in which the system and programs are designed

support phase

design phase***

problem domain

waterfall method

implementation phase

analysis phase

help desk

application

planning phase

7. a system development methodology that focuses on strategic planning, data modeling, and automated tools, thought to be more rigorous and complete than the structured approach

object-oriented approach

structured approach

information engineering***

8. an occurrence that tells the system that an even has occurred, either the arrival of data needing processing or of a point in time

response

source

activity

trigger***

destination

9. the present value of dollar benefits and costs for an investment such as a new system

tangible benefits

net present valuee (NPV)***

return of investment (ROI)

payback period / breakeven point

cost/benefit analysis

intangible benefits

business benefits

10. the area of the user's business for which a system is being developed

help desk

application

planning phase


problem domain***

analysis phase

waterfall method

support phase

design phase

11. a system requirement that describes a function or process that the system must support

transaction

query

functional requirement***

stakeholders

system requirements

technical requirement

12. writing statements in a programming language to define what each type of object does, including the messages the objects send to each other

object-oriented programming (OOP)***

class diagram

top-down programming

13. the assumption that events should be included during analysis only if the system would be required to respond under perfect conditions

event table

perfect technology assumption***

system controls

14. a role played by a user of the system

use case

scenario

lifeline

actor***

implementation classes

15. defining all of the types of objects that do the work in the system and showing how the objects interact to complete tasks

data flow diagram (DFD)

entity-relationship diagram (ERD)

object-oriented design

object

structured analysis

object-oriented analysis***

16. a texttual description of a data flow's content and internal structure

decision tree

process decomposition diagram

data flow definition***

decision table

structured English

17. classes in a class diagram needed for physical implementaiton, such as user-interface classes

implementation classes***

actor

scenario

lifeline

use case

18. a database that stores information about the system in a CASE tool, including models, descriptions, and references that link the various models together

physical model

spiral model

sociotechnical systems

repository***

rapid application development (RAD)

logical model

19. a computer system that enables multiple people to participate with comments at the same time, each on his or her own computer

group support system***

structured walkthrough

mock-up

joint application design

prototype

20. organizing and directing of other people to achieve a planned result within a predetermined schedule and budget

client

user

oversight committee

project management***

milestone

21. any modeling technique that breaks the system into a hierarchical set of increasingly more detailed models

data store

process

levels of abstraction***

external agent

data flow

22. any model that shows what the system is required to do without committing to any one technology

spiral model

physical model


logical model***

repository


23. support systems that allow a user to explore tha impact of available options or decisions

executive information systems (EIS)

communication support systems

transaction processing systems (TPS)

decision support systems (DSS)***

management information systems (MIS)

24. the layer on a client-server configuration that contains the database


client computer

middleware

server computer

router

data layer***


25. an external agent or actor that supplies data to the system

trigger

response

source***

activity

destination

26. one phase of the SDLC whose objective is to understand the user's needs and develop requirements

planning phase

support phase

analysis phase***

waterfall method


problem domain

help desk

application

design phase

27. the type or classification to which all similar objects belong

cardinality / multiplicity

identifier / key

attribute

relationship

encapsulation

methods

data entities

class***

28. software that is already built and can be purchased as a package

facilities management

packaged software***

benchmark

turnkey system

enterprise resource planing

request for proposal (RFP)

29. a phase that occurs after the system is installed

analysis phase

waterfall method

design phase

support phase***


problem domain

planning phase

help desk

application

30. a computer network where the distances are local, such as within the same building

local area network (LAN)***


router

server computer

client computer

data layer

middleware

31. an intranet that has been extended outside of the organizaation to facilitate the flow of information

Intranet

virtual organization

Internet

extranet***

World Wide Web (WWW)

32. an arrow on a DFD that represents the movement of data among processes, data store, and external agents

process

data flow***

levels of abstraction

data store

external agent

33. an undesirable condition that occurs when too much information is presented to a reader at one time

minimization of interfaces

rule of 7 ± 2

DFD fragment

information overload***

context diagram

event-partitioned system model (diagram 0)

34. a DFD that represents the system response to one event within a single process symbol

rule of 7 ± 2

information overload



DFD fragment***

context diagram

35. a thing in the computer system that can respond to messages

object-oriented analysis


structured analysis


object***

36. a loosely coupled group of people and resources that work together as though they were an organization


virtual organization***

Intranet

extranet

Internet

37. an event that occurs outside the system, usually initiated by an external agent or actor

external event***

state event

event

temporal event

38. a particular sequence of activities within a use case; a use case may have several different scenarios


scenario***

use case

actor

lifeline

39. narrative memos, reports, or lists that describe some aspect of a system

descriptive model***

diagrams and schematic representations of some aspect of a system

mathematical model

40. a place where data is held pending future access by one or more processes

data flow

external agent


process

data store***

41. information systems that capture and record information about the transactions that affect the organization



decision support systems (DSS)

transaction processing systems (TPS)***


42. the flow of control through a processing activity as it moves among people, organizations, computer programs, and specific processing steps

activity-data matrix

location diagram

workflow***

activity-location matrix

43. benefits that accrue to the organization but that cannot be measured quantitatively or estimated accurately



business benefits

intangible benefits***


tangible benefits

net present valuee (NPV)

44. a symbol on a DFD that represents an algorithm or procedure by which data inputs are transformed into data outputs


data flow

external agent

data store

process***

45. the benefits that accrue to the organization; often measured in money





business benefits***

46. a model that represents the hierarchical relationship among processes at different levels of abstraction

decision table

process decomposition diagram***

decision tree

structured English

data flow definition

47. all the people who have an interest in the success of a new system

query

system requirements


transaction

functional requirement

stakeholders***

48. a program or program module that has one beginning and one ending, and each step in the program execution consists of sequence, selection, or repetition constructs

structured analysis

structured design


structure chart

structured program***

49. the person or group who funds the project

client***

project management

oversight committee

user

milestone

50. a bar chart which represents the tasks and activities of the project schedule

Gantt chart***

PERT/CPM

51. heirarchies that structure or rank classes from the more general superclass to the more specialized subclasses; sometimes called inheritance hierarchies

associative entity

aggregation

generalization/specialization hierarchies***

inheritance

52. a relationship between three different types of things

binary relationship

compound attribute

unary (recursive) relationship

ternary relationship***

n-ary relationship

53. a system requirement that describes an operating environment or performance objective

transaction

query


system requirements

technical requirement***

stakeholders

54. strategies for completing specific system development activities

techniques***

tools

55. the initial phase of the SDLC whose objective is to scope and plan the project

design phase

planning phase***

waterfall method

application

analysis phase

help desk

problem domain

support phase


56. a division of the SDLC in which similar activities are performed

systems development life cycle

phase***

project

57. a concept that allows subclasses to share characteristics of their superclasses

aggregation

associative entity

inheritance***

generalization/specialization hierarchies

58. computer-aided system engineering tool designed to help systems analyst complete development tasks

model

CASE tool***

technique

system development methodology

59. a single use or function performed by the system for those who use the system


actor

use case***

scenario

lifeline

60. the time period at which the dollar benefits offset the dollar costs

tangible benefits

business benefits


intangible benefits



payback period / breakeven point***

61. the approach to distributing a system across several computers and locations

distributed computing***


clustered architecture

computer network


62. the part of the client-server configuration that contains the user interface and other components to access the system

three-layer architecture

n-layer architecture / n-tiered architecture

data layer

business logic layer

view layer***

63. a relationship between n (any number) different types of things


binary relationship


n-ary relationship***

compound attribute

64. the person of group who wil use the new system

client

project management

oversight committee

milestone

user***

65. a diagram showing the life of an object in states and transitions

statechart diagram***

message

use case diagram

sequence diagram

collaboration diagram

interaction diagram

66. a collection of resources such as files and programs that can be accessed over the Internet useing standard protocols


extranet

Internet

Intranet

World Wide Web (WWW)***

67. a system that is part of a larger system

system analysis

system design

information system

system analyst

system

subsystem***

68. a process with a data output that is created out of nothing

black hole

structured English

miracle***

balancing

69. the plan defining the technology and applications the information systems function needs to provide to support the organization's strategic plan

information systems strategic plan***

strategic planning

business process reengineering

70. graphical model

descriptive model

diagrams and schematic representations of some aspect of a system***

mathematical model

71. a group of dissimilar computers that are linked together


computer network


multicomputer architecture***


72. a diagram showing the objects that collaborate together to carry out a use case

collaboration diagram***

interaction diagram

message

sequence diagram

use case diagram

statechart diagram

73. a client-server architecture that contains the three layers of view layer, business logic layer, and data layer

data layer


three-layer architecture***


view layer

74. an attribute that uniquely identifies a thing

relationship

attribute


encapsulation

class

methods

identifier / key***

data entities

75. a description of the integrated information systems needed by the organization to carry out its business functions

technology architecture plan

enterprise resource planning (ERP)

applications architecture***

76. a process in which an organization commits to using an integrated set of software packages for key information systems

technology architecture plan

enterprise resource planning (ERP)***

applications architecture

77. an output, produced by the system, that goes to a destination

source

trigger

destination

response***

activity

78. an example of a final product that is for viewing only, not executable

prototype

group support system

mock-up***



79. support systems that allow employees to communicate with each other and with customers and suppliers



communication support systems***

office support systems



80. the separation between the automated part of a system and the manual part of a system

functional decomposition

automation boundary***

supersystem

system boundary

81. the behaviors all objects of the class are capable of

attribute

identifier / key


methods***

relationship

encapsulation

data entities

class

82. a method of systems development that consists of planning, analysis, design, implementation, and support phases

phase

project

systems development life cycle***

83. a principle of model design that seeks simplicity by minimizing the number of interfaces or connections among model components

rule of 7 ± 2

minimization of interfaces***

context diagram

DFD fragment



84. a naturally occurring association among specific things, such as an order is placed by a customer and an employee works in a department

encapsulation

class

cardinality

data entities

relationship***

attribute

multiplicity

methods

identifier / key

85. information systems that take information captured by transaction-processing systems and product reports that management needs for planning and control




management information systems (MIS)***


86. the definition of specifications for functions to be provided by a system



system requirements***

87. a DFD that models system requirements using a single process for each event in a system or subsystem



context diagram

DFD fragment

event-partitioned system model (diagram 0)***

rule of 7 ± 2

88. the configuration of computer equipment, operating systems, and networks for the new system


target processing environment***



computer network

89. a larger system that contains other systems


automation boundary

supersystem***

system boundary

90. the process of specifying in detail how the many component parts of the information system should be physically implemented

system analyst

system design***

system analysis

system

information system

subsystem

91. the part of a client-server configuration that contains the programs that implement the program logic of the application

data layer


view layer


business logic layer***

92. a table that lists events in rows and key pieces of information about each event in columns

event table***

system controls

perfect technology assumption

trigger

93. an attribute that contains a collection of related attributes


n-ary relationship


compound attribute***

binary relationship

94. information systems that provide information for executives to use in strategic planning



executive information systems (EIS)***



95. an occurrence at a specific time and place, that can be described and is worth remembering

external event

temporal event

event***

state event

96. a technique that seeks to alter the nature of the work done in a business function with that objective of radically improving performance

strategic planning

information systems strategic plan

business process reengineering***

97. a technique to define requirements or design a system in a single session by having all necessary people participate together



mock-up

joint application design***

prototype

98. comprehensive guidelines to follow for completing every activity in the system development life cycle, including specific models, tools, and techniques

CASE tool

system development methodology***

model

technique

tool

99. an evaluation of a system against some standard

packaged software


turnkey system


benchmark***


100. dividing a system into components based on subsystems that in turn are further divided into subsystems

automation boundary

system boundary

functional decomposition***

supersystem

101. covering or protecting each object so that it contains values for attributes and methods for operating on those attributes, making the object a self-contained (and protected) unit


attribute

relationship

class

identifier / key

methods

encapsulation***

data entities

102. a complete system solution, including software and hardware, that can be turned over


packaged software



benchmark

turnkey system***

103. dividing more complex programs into a hierarchy of program modules

structured program

structured analysis

structure chart

structured design

top-down programming***

104. a relationship between an object and its parts

aggregation***

associative entity

inheritance


105. a diagram showing the sequence of messages between objects during a use case

statechart diagram

interaction diagram

use case diagram

message


sequence diagram***

106. a table that describes the relationship between processes and the locations in which they are performed


activity-location matrix***

workflow

location diagram

107. a variation of the system development life cycle that aims to speed up radically the development process using a variety of techniques

rapid application development (RAD)***

logical model


repository

spiral model

physical model

108. The process of understanding and specifying in detail what the informaiton system should do

system analysis***

system analyst

subsystem

system design

information system

system

109. behavior that the system performs when an event occurs

destination

source

response

activity***

trigger

110. a process which executives try to answer questions about the company such as where they are now, where they want to be, and what they have to do to get there

information systems strategic plan

strategic planning***

business process reengineering

111. a review of the findings from your investigation and of the models built based on those findings

mock-up


structured walkthrough***

prototype


112. a DFD that summarizes all processing activity within the system in a single process symbol




DFD fragment

rule of 7 ± 2

context diagram***

113. a method of scheduling a project based on individual tasks or activities

Gantt chart

PERT/CPM***

114. a description of the hardware, software, and communications networks required to implement planned information systems

enterprise resource planning (ERP)

technology architecture plan***

applications architecture

115. a series of formulas that describe technical aspects of a system

descriptive model

mathematical model***

diagrams and schematic representations of some aspect of a system

116. the availability of support staff to help the users with any technical or processing problem associated with an information system

design phase

application

analysis phase

support phase

problem domain

waterfall method

help desk***

planning phase


117. the communication between objects within a use case

interaction diagram

sequence diagram

statechart diagram


use case diagram

message***

118. the number of associations that occur between specific things, such as a customer places many orders and an employee works in one department

encapsulation

cardinality / multiplicity***

identifier / key

attribute

relationship

methods

data entities

class

119. any model that shows how the system will actually be implemented

physical model***

spiral model

logical model



repository

120. a private network that is accessible to a limited number of users, but which uses the same TCP/IP protocol as the Internet

extranet


Internet

Intranet***


121. benefits that can be measured or estimated in terms of dollars and that accrue to the organization


tangible benefits***




intangible benefits

business benefits

122. information systems that include both social and technical subsystems designed to work well together

repository


physical model

logical model

spiral model

sociotechnical systems***

123. support systems that help employees create and share documents, including reports, proposals, and memos






office support systems***

124. one piece of specific information about a thing

data entities

encapsulation

class

identifier / key


attribute***

methods

relationship

125. a global collection of networks that use the same networking protocol - TCP/IP

Intranet

Internet***

extranet



126. a table that describes stored data entities, the locations from which they are accessed, and the nature of the accesses

activity-data matrix***

location diagram


workflow

127. a data entity that represents a many-to-many relationship between two other data entities


associative entity***

inheritance

aggregation

128. clients and management who review and direct the project, like a board of trustees for a company

client

milestone

oversight committee***

user

project management

129. questions that have a simple definitive answer

close-ended questions***

open-ended questions

130. a client-server architecture that contains n layers


n-layer architecture / n-tiered architecture***

view layer


data layer

131. a graphical model showing the hierarchy of program modules produced in a structured design

structured program

structure chart***


structured analysis

structured design

132. life cycle moel with heavy iteration that breaks each project into smaller pieces, each with a different type of "risk"

physical model

spiral model***

logical model



repository

133. a method of writing process specifications that combines structured programming techniques with narrative English

balancing

miracle

black hole

structured English***

134. a planned undertaking that has a beginning and an end, and which produces a predetermined result or product

phase

project***

135. a graphical model of the data needed by a system including things about which information is stored and the relationships among them, produced in structured analysis and information engineering


object

entity-relationship diagram (ERD)***

structured analysis


136. either a collaboration diagram or a sequence diagram that shows the interactions between objects

statechart diagram

use case diagram


interaction diagram***

message

sequence diagram

137. a request for information from a system or from a database

stakeholders

transaction

system requirements


query***


138. a formal document, containing details on the system requirements, sent to vendors to request that they bid on supplying hardware, software, and/or support services


request for proposal (RFP)***

benchmark

turnkey system

packaged software


139. a piece of equipment that is used to direct information within the network

server computer

router***



data layer

client computer

middleware

140. a measure of the percentage gain received from an investment such as a new system

business benefits

return of investment (ROI)***




intangible benefits

tangible benefits

141. a single occurrence of a piece of work or an activity done in an organization

system requirements


stakeholders

query


transaction***

142. a collection of interrelated components that function together to achieve some outcome

system design

system analysis

system analyst

subsystem

information system

system***

143. the rule of model design that limits the number of model components or connections among components to no more than nine

DFD fragment


context diagram



rule of 7 ± 2***

144. a turnkey system that includes all operational functions of an organization

benchmark

packaged software


turnkey system

enterprise resource planing***


145. a tabular list of all the functions to be included within a system

scoping table***

146. a method of executing an SDLC where one phase leads (falls) to the next phase

help desk

support phase

design phase

waterfall method***

application

analysis phase

planning phase


problem domain

147. the outsourcing of all data processing and information technology to an outside vendor

benchmark

facilities management***

packaged software


turnkey system


148. an event that occurs as a result of reaching a point in time

event

temporal event***

state event

external event

149. the analysis to compare costs and benefits to see whether the investment in the development of a new system will be more beneficial than costly

cost/benefit analysis***

business benefits

intangible benefits

tangible benefits




150. a representation of some important aspect of the real world

CASE tool

model***

technique


151. defining all of the types of objects necessary to communicate with people and devices in the system and refining the definition of each type of object so it can be implemented with a specific language or environment

object


structured analysis

object-oriented design***



152. a business professional who uses analysis and design techniques to solve business problems using information technology

system

subsystem

information system

system analysis

system design

system analyst***

153. relationships between two different types of things, such as customer and an order

compound attribute



binary relationship***

n-ary relationship

154. an event that occurs when something happens inside the system that triggers the need for processing

state event***

temporal event

event

external event

155. a tabular representation of processing logic containing decision variables, decision variable values, and actions or formulas

decision tree

structured English


decision table***


156. checks or safety procedures put in place to protect the integrity of the system

system controls***

perfect technology assumption

event table

157. a person or organization, outside the boundary of a system, that provides data inputs or accepts data outputs

data store

external agent***

process


data flow

158. the separation between a system and its environment that inputs and outputs must cross

automation boundary

supersystem

system boundary***


159. the phase of the SDLC in which the new system is programmed and installed

help desk

support phase

design phase

waterfall method

application

problem domain

planning phase

analysis phase

implementation phase***

160. a diagram to show the vsrious user roles and how those roles use the system


statechart diagram

message

interaction diagram

sequence diagram

use case diagram***

161. the things the system needs to store information about in the traditional approach to information systems

methods

encapsulation

class

identifier / key

attribute


data entities***

relationship

162. a collection of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and provide as output the information needed to complete business tasks

system analysis

information system***

system design

system

system analyst

subsystem

163. a computer that provides services to other computers on the network

router

data layer



server computer***

client computer

middleware

164. a collection of guidelines that help the analyst complete a system development activity or task

CASE tool

technique***


model

165. the portion of the new information system that satisfies the user's needs in the problem domain

planning phase

problem domain

waterfall method


analysis phase

help desk

application***

support phase

design phase

166. a graphical model showing the inputs, processes, storage, and outputs of a system produced in structured analysis

data flow diagram (DFD)***

structured analysis


object


167. a graphical model that shows all of the classes of objects in the system in the object-oriented approach

object-oriented programming (OOP)

class diagram***


168. questions that require discussion and do not necessarily have a simple short answer

open-ended questions***

close-ended questions

169. a preliminary working model of a larger system



prototype***

mock-up


170. a set of transmission lines, equipment, and communication protocols to permit sharing of information and resources





computer network***

171. a technique that helps the developer define what the system needs to do (the processing requirements), what data the system needs to store and use (data requirements), what inputs and outputs are needed, and how the functions work together overall to accomplish tasks


structured analysis***

object



172. an event in the project schedule to denote the completion of a predetermined portion

project management

user

client

oversight committee

milestone***

173. a technique providing guidelines for deciding what the set of programs should be, what each program should accomplish, and how the programs should be organized into a hierarchy

structured analysis

structure chart

structured design***

structured program


174. a diagram or map that identifies all of the processing locaitons of a system


workflow

location diagram***


175. computer software that implements communication protocols on the network and helps different systems communicate

data layer

server computer

router



client computer

middleware***

176. equivalence of data content between data flows entering and leaving a process and data flows entering and leaving a process decomposition DFD

black hole

miracle

balancing***

structured English

177. a computer network across large distances such as a city, state, or nation


middleware

client computer

server computer

router

data layer

wide area network (WAN)***

178. an approach to systems development that views an information system as a colleciton of interacting objects that work together to accomplish tasks

information engineering

structured approach

object-oriented approach***

179. a graphical description of process logic that uses lines organized like branches of tree


structured English

decision table

decision tree***


180. an external agent or actor that receives data from the system

trigger

response

activity

source

destination***

181. system development using structured programming, structured analysis, and structured design techniques

information engineering

structured approach***

object-oriented approach

What category of information system determines the sale of an item and a withdrawal from an ATM?

(a) Management Information System

(b) Executive Information System

(c) Decision Support System

(d) Communication Support System

(e) Transaction Processing System.

32. Which of the following is not true regarding the waterfall method?

(a) Fairly rigid approach

(b) Can easily go back to previous phases

(c) Good for traditional type of projects

(d) Not as good for many of the new types of interactive and highly complex applications

(e) This approach is less used now.

33. Which feasibility determines the availability of team and support staff?

(a) Economic Feasibility

(b) Cultural Feasibility

(c) Technological Feasibility

(d) Schedule feasibility

(e) Resource Feasibility.

34. Which among the following is an intangible benefit?

(a) Maintaining constant staff

(b) Decreasing operating expenses

(c) Survival

(d) Reducing error rates

(e) Ensuring quicker processing and turnabout.

35. Which chart is represented by vertical bars?

(a) PERT

(b) ROI

(c) GANTT

(d) NPV

(e) CPM.

36. Which of the model is used for system components?

(a) PERT chart

(b) Gantt chart

(c) Organizational hierarchy chart

(d) CPM

(e) DFD.

37. Which is not used in context level diagram?

(a) Source

(b) Destination

(c) Data flow

(d) Data Store

(e) Process.

38. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?

I. Program modules should be loosly coupled.

II. Program modules should be highly cohesive.

III. Program modules should be highly coupled.

(a) Only (I) above

(b) Only (II) above

(c) Only (III) above

(d) Both (I) and (II) above

(e) Both (I) and (III) above.

39. Which of the following is not a resource for setting JAD sessions?

(a) Overhead projector

(b) Black or white board

(c) Flip chart

(d) Adequate work space

(e) All of the above.

40. What will help the system analyst to work with users to determine system usage?

(a) Use case

(b) Actor

(c) Class

(d) Component

(e) Package.

Answers

31. Answer : (e)

Reason: TPS capture and record information about the transactions that affect the organization like the sale of an item, a withdrawal from ATM etc.

32. Answer : (b)

Reason: Can’t easily go back to previous phases as each phase would get “signed off”.

33. Answer : (e)

Reason: Resource feasibility determines availability of team, computer resources, and support staff.

34. Answer : (c)

Reason: Maintaining Constant staff, decreasing operating expenses, reducing error rates and ensuring quicker processing and turnabout fall into the category of tangible costs which can be measured in terms of money whereas survival cant me measured.

35. Answer : (c)

Reason: PERT/CPM is represented by rectangles whereas ROI and NPV are Return on investment and net present value.

36. Answer : (e)

Reason: Models to manage the development process are:

· PERT / CPM chart

· Gantt chart

Organizational hierarchy chart

Whereas DFD model is used for system components.

37. Answer : (d)

Reason: In context level diagram data store is not used.

38. Answer : (e)

Reason: Program modules should be loosly coupled and highly cohesive.

39. Answer : (e)

Reason: Usually JAD sessions are conducted in special rooms, Off-site location may be good, but need access (phone etc.) to executives and technical staff not present. Resources required are Overhead projector, Black or white board, Flip chart, adequate work space.

40. Answer : (a)

Reason: System analyst uses use case to work with users to determine system usage.

Which of the following Information systems are aimed at improving the routine business activities on which all organizations depend?

(a) Management Information systems (b) Decision support systems

(c) Transaction processing systems (d)

Management support systems

(e) Transaction Information systems.

2. Which of the following strategies are adopted if information requirements are not well-defined?

(a) Rapid application development method (b) Structured analysis development method

(c) Systems development life cycle method (d) Prototyping method

(e) Spiral method.

3. Structured Programming involves:

(a) functional modularization (b) localization of errors

(c) decentralized programming (d) stress on analysis

(e) stress on requirements gathering.

4. Which of the following is not a fact-finding technique?

(a) Third party enquiry (b) Interview (c) Questionnaire

(d) Record reviews (e) Observation.

5. Which of the following notation is not a part of data-flow diagram?

6. Which of the following questions are useful in evaluating data flow diagrams?

(a) Are there any unnamed components in the data flow diagram?

(b) Are there any processes that do not receive input?

(c) Are there any data stores that are input but never referenced?

(d) Both (a) and (b) above

(e) All (a), (b) and (c) above.

7. In system design and development field what does spaghetti code mean?

(a) programs written in unstructured

languages.

(b) well structured and well documented code.

(c) program code that has many GOTO statements.

(d) Both (a) and (c) above

(e) Both (b) and (c) above.

8. Which of the following statements is false with respect to a Data Dictionary?

(a) It is a repository of the elements in a system.

(b) data dictionary and data store both are same

(c) It manages detail

(d) It communicates the common meanings for system elements and activities.

(e) It documents system features.

9. Match the following and select the correct options given under

i) physical design A) Documentation

ii) interview B) Type of output

iii) Input design C) defines design specifications that are to be coded

iv) Installation procedure D) a data gathering technique

v) report E) Identification and design of interfaces to enter data

(a) i-D, ii – A, iii-B, iv – C, v- E

(b) i-C, ii – D, iii-E, iv – A, v- B

(c) i-A, ii – D, iii-B, iv – C, v- E

(d) i-D, ii – A, iii-E, iv – B, v- C

(e) i-B, ii – A, iii-D, iv – C, v- E.

10. Cost-Benefit Analysis is performed during

(a) Analysis phase (b) Design phase (c) Feasibility study phase

(d) Implementation phase (e) Maintenance phase.

Answers

1. Answer : (c)

Reason: Transactions produce loads of data everyday and Transaction processing systems aim at improving the routine business activities.

2. Answer : (d)

Reason: Prototyping is adopted if information requirements are not well-defined.

3. Answer : (a)

Reason: structured programming means splitting the overall task into well-defined subtasks.

4. Answer : (a)

Reason: Third party enquiry is not a technique to capture the requirements of the user.

5. Answer : (e)

Reason: The parallelogram is not used in drawing DFDs.

6. Answer : (e)

Reason: All the given questions are useful in evaluating the DFDs.

7. Answer : (d)

Reason: extensive use of GOTO leads to spaghetti code.

8. Answer : (b)

Reason: data dictionary is for storing data about data where as data store is where actual data is stored .

9. Answer : (b)

Reason: After matching the both sides the correct option is (b).

10. Answer : (c)

Reason: During the Feasibility study the financial feasibility is also measured

Part I: True/False (remove the incorrect answer, 50%, 0.5% for each question)1-20 : Chapter 1, 21-40: Chapter 2, 41-60: Chapter 3, 61-80: Chapter 4,81-100: Chapter 5.T 1. Traditionally, a company either developed its own information systems, called inhouseapplications, or purchased systems called software packages from outsidevendors.F 2. A mission-critical system is one that is unimportant to a company’s operations.F 3. In an information system, data is information that has been transformed into outputthat is valuable to users.F 4. In an information system, information consists of basic facts that are the system’sraw material.F 5. System software consists of programs that support day-to-day business functionsand provide users with the information they require.F 6. Application software manages hardware components, which can include a singleworkstation or a global network with many thousands of clients.F 7. A horizontal system is designed to meet the unique requirements of a specificbusiness or industry, such as a Web-based retailer, a medical practice, or a videochain.F 8. A vertical system is a system, such as an inventory or payroll application, that canbe adapted for use in many different companies.F 9. The success or failure of an information system usually is unrelated to whetherusers are satisfied with the system’s output and operations.T 10. A business process describes a specific set of transactions, events, tasks, and results.F 11. Product-oriented companies primarily offer information or services or sell goodsproduced by others.F 12. Service-oriented companies manufacture and sell products such as computers,routers, or microchips.F 13. Although the business-to-business (B2B) sector is more familiar to retail customers,the volume of business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions is many times greater.

T 14. IBM claims that its WebSphere strategy is best for Web-based applicationdevelopment, while Microsoft counters with a broad vision called .NET thatredefines that company’s approach to Web-based application development.T 15. In many large companies, applications called enterprise resource planning (ERP)systems provide cost-effective support for users and managers throughout thecompany.F 16. TP systems are inefficient because they process a set of transaction relatedcommands individually rather than as a group.T 17. New business support systems that produced valuable information, in addition toperforming manual tasks, were called management information systems (MIS)because managers were the primary users.T 18. The decision support capability of a business support system can help users makedecisions; for example, a truck fleet dispatcher can run a series of what-if scenariosto determine the impact of increased shipments or bad weather.F 19. In a knowledge management system, a knowledge base consists of logical rules thatidentify data patterns and relationships.F 20. A knowledge management system uses inference rules, which consist of a largedatabase that allows users to find information by entering keywords or questions innormal English phrases.F 21. A strong business case suggests that a company should pursue other options, abovethe alternative, because it would be in the firm’s best interest to do so.T 22. Strategic planning looks beyond day-to-day activities and focuses on a horizon thatis 3, 5, or even 10 years in the future.F 23. A company’s mission statement is unrelated to its major goals, shorter-termobjectives, and day-to-day business operations.F 24. Management leadership and information technology are unconnected, and nosignificant changes have occurred in either area.T 25. Today, systems development is much more team-oriented than in the past.T 26. A systems request might propose enhancements for an existing system, the

correction of problems, or the development of an entirely new information system.F 27. Systems requests seldom are aimed at improving service to customers or userswithin a company.T 28. Performance limitations result when a system that was designed for a specifichardware configuration becomes obsolete when new hardware is introduced.T 29. A system must have effective controls to ensure that data is secure and accurate.F 30. Hardware-based security controls include passwords, various levels of user access,and coding data.F 31. Data entry controls should be excessive without being effective.T 32. Internal and external factors affect every business decision that a company makes,and IT systems are no exception.F 33. A strategic plan that stresses technology tends to create an unfavorable climate forIT projects that extends throughout an organization.T 34. As users rely more heavily on information systems to perform their jobs, they arelikely to request even more IT services and support.T 35. Errors or problems in existing systems can trigger requests for systems projects.T 36. The purpose of a JIT (just-in-time) system is to provide the right product in the rightplace at the right time.F 37. Information systems that interact with customers usually receive low priority.T 38. Competition drives many information systems decisions.F 39. Economic activity has little influence on corporate information management.T 40. With Microsoft Project, a project manager can use a map to define project tasks, listactivities and participants, plan the sequence of work, estimate project milestonedates, and track all costs.T 41. Each activity within the systems analysis phase has an end product and one or moremilestones.F 42. Greater user involvement in the system development process usually results inpoorer communication, slower development times, and less satisfied users.F 43. Because it is linked to a specific development methodology, systems developers use

JAD whenever group input and interaction is not desired.F 44. While RAD typically focuses only on fact-finding and requirements determination,JAD provides a fast-track approach to a full spectrum of system development tasks,including planning, design, construction, and implementation.T 45. IT professionals recognize that successful systems must be user-oriented, and usersneed to be involved, formally or informally, at every stage of systems development.F 46. Because of the limited range of input and interaction among participants, fewcompanies believe that a JAD group produces the best definition of a new system.T 47. RAD relies heavily on prototyping and user involvement.F 48. Compared with traditional methods, the entire RAD process is expanded and, as aresult, the new system is built, delivered, and placed in operation much later.F 49. The main objective of all RAD approaches is to extend development time andexpense by excluding users from every phase of systems development.T 50. A risk of RAD is that a system might work well in the short term, but the corporateand long-term objectives for the system might not be met.T 51. System analysts use modeling and fact-finding interactively — first they build factfindingresults into models, then they study the models to determine whetheradditional fact-finding is needed.F 52. Creating an FDD is different from drawing an organization chart — systemsanalysts start at the bottom and work their way up.T 53. UML provides various graphical tools and techniques, such as case diagrams andsequence diagrams.T 54. Because use cases depict a system through the eyes of a user, common businesslanguage can be used to describe the transactions.F 55. In a sequence diagram, the interaction proceeds from left to right along horizontalarrows, while a vertical timeline represents messages from one object to another.T 56. System requirements serve as benchmarks to measure the overall acceptability of afinished system.T 57. System requirements fall into five general categories: outputs, inputs, processes,

performance, and controls.F 58. Because it will have a shorter useful life, a scalable system offers a poorer return onthe initial investment.T 59. In determining total cost of ownership (TCO), one problem is that cost estimatestend to understate costs such as user support and downtime productivity losses.F 60. Although software cannot help to gather and analyze facts, many programs actuallyperform fact-finding for a systems analyst.F 61. The deliverable, or end product, of data and process modeling is a physical modelof the current system.F 62. A logical model describes how a system will be constructed.F 63. A physical model shows what the system must do, regardless of how it will beimplemented.T 64. A data flow diagram (DFD) shows how the system transforms input data into usefulinformation.F 65. A set of DFDs provides a logical model that shows how the system works, not whatthe system does.T 66. In a DFD, processes contain the business logic, also called business rules, thattransform the data and produce the required results.F 67. Using Gane and Sarson symbols, a DFD represents processes as circles.T 68. A data flow in a DFD represents one or more data items.F 69. A DFD shows the structure and detailed contents of a data flow.F 70. In a DFD, a process symbol can have only one outgoing data flow.T 71. In a DFD, a data flow must have a process symbol on at least one end.T 72. Spontaneous generation, black holes, and gray holes are logically impossible in aDFD because a process must act on input, shown by an incoming data flow, andproduce output, represented by an outgoing data flow.T 73. A DFD does not show the detailed contents of a data store — the specific structureand data elements are defined in the data dictionary.F 74. Two data stores can be connected by a data flow without an intervening process.F 75. A DFD does not show the external entities that provide data to the system or receiveoutput from the system.

F 76. Systems analysts call an entity that supplies data to the system a sink, and an entitythat receives data from the system a source.F 77. Data flows are shown in a context diagram because data stores are external to thesystem.T 78. What makes one system more complex than another is the number of components,the number of levels, and the degree of interaction among its processes, entities,data stores, and data flows.T 79. The process name in a context diagram should be the name of the informationsystem.F 80. A context diagram provides the most detailed view of an information system andcontains multiple process symbols.T 81. The Software and Information Industry Association (SIIA) believes that theacquisition of software as a service rather than a product will have a major impacton the software industry.T 82. Typically, customers purchase licenses that give them the right to use the softwareunder the terms of the license agreement.T 83. Building an application in a Web-based environment might involve different risksand benefits, compared to a traditional environment.T 84. Two Web-based development environments are IBM’s WebSphere and Microsoft’s.NET.T 85. In a traditional systems development environment, security issues usually are lesscomplex than with Web-based systems, because the system operates on a privatetelecommunications network, rather than the Internet.F 86. Internet-based development treats the Web as just a communications channel, ratherthan as a platform.T 87. An IBS (Internet business service) solution is attractive to customers because itoffers online data center support, mainframe computing power for mission-criticalfunctions, and universal access via the Internet.F 88. An ASP provides a license to use the software, and nothing more.

T 89. Another term for IBS is managed hosting, because the operation is managed by theoutside firm, or host.T 90. Mission-critical IT systems should be outsourced only if the result is a costattractive,reliable, business solution that fits the company’s long-term businessstrategy.F 91. A major advantage of outsourcing is that it eliminates employee concerns about jobsecurity.T 92. A company considering outsourcing must realize that the solution can be only asgood as the outsourcing firm that provides the service.F 93. Mergers and acquisitions typically have no impact on clients and customers oflarge, financially healthy firms.F 94. According to Gartner, a leading IT research and consulting firm, by 2005, three in10 IT jobs at U.S. IT companies and four in 20 at non-IT companies will moveoffshore.T 95. The main reason for offshore outsourcing is the same as domestic outsourcing:lower bottom-line costs.F 96. A software package that can be used by many different types of organizations iscalled a vertical application.F 97. A software package developed to handle information requirements for a specifictype of business is called a horizontal application.T 98. By designing a system in-house, companies can develop and train an IT staff thatunderstands the organization’s business functions and information support needs.F 99. Compared to software developed in-house, a software package almost always ismore expensive, particularly in terms of initial investment.T 100. Many firms feel that in-house IT resources and capabilities provide a competitiveadvantage because an in-house team can respond quickly when business problemsor opportunities arise.Part II: Short Answer (answer each question completely, 50%, 1% for each question)1-10 : Chapter 1, 11-20: Chapter 2, 21-30: Chapter 3, 31-40: Chapter 4,41-50: Chapter 5.

1. _Information technology_ refers to the combination of hardware and softwareproducts and services that companies use to manage, access, communicate, andshare information.2. _Systems analysis and design_ is a step-by-step process for developing highqualityinformation systems.3. A(n) _information system_ combines information technology, people, and data tosupport business requirements.4. An IT department team includes _system analysts_ who plan, develop, andmaintain information systems.5. A(n) _system_ is a set of related components that produces specific results, suchas routing Internet traffic, manufacturing microchips, and controlling complexevents like a NASA launch.6. Traditional companies sometimes are called _brick-and-mortar_ companiesbecause they conduct business from physical locations. (Chapter 1, #16)7. Internet-based commerce is called _e-commerce_ and includes two main sectors:B2C (business-to-consumer) and B2B (business-to-business).8. Most B2B transactions rely on _electronic data interchange_, which refers tocomputer-to-computer transfer of data between companies, usually over privatetelecommunications networks.9. _Enterprise computing_ refers to information systems that support company-wideoperations and data management requirements.10. _Groupware_ programs run on a company intranet and enable users to share data,collaborate on projects, and work in teams.11. The term _business case_ refers to the reasons, or justification, for a systemsdevelopment proposal.12. _Strategic planning_ is the process of identifying long-term organizational goals,strategies, and resources.13. During strategic planning, top managers ask a series of questions that is calleda(n) _SWOT analysis_ because it examines a company’s strengths, weaknesses,opportunities, and threats.

14. A(n) _mission statement_ describes a company for its stakeholders and brieflystates the company’s overall purpose, products, services, and values.15. _Stakeholders_ include anyone affected by a company’s operations, such ascustomers, employees, suppliers, stockholders, and members of the community.16. After composing a mission statement, a company identifies a set of _goals_ thatwill accomplish the mission.17. To achieve its goals, a company develops a list of shorter-term _objectives_,which translate into day-to-day business operations.18. _Critical success factors_ are vital objectives that must be achieved for anenterprise to fulfill its mission.19. _Critical business issues_ are the key problems, opportunities, and constraints thataffect and shape a firm’s decisions.20. At some point in the systems development process, a(n) _case for action_ ispresented, which is a summary of the project request and a specificrecommendation.21. One of the main activities in the systems analysis phase is _requirementsmodeling_, which involves fact-finding to describe the current system and identifyrequirements for the new system.22. The deliverable, or end product of the systems analysis phase is a(n) _systemsrequirements document_, which is an overall design for the new system.23. _Analytical skills_ enable a systems analyst to identify a problem, evaluate thekey elements, and develop a useful solution.24. A common technique that allows users to participate in various development tasksis called _joint application development_, which is a team-oriented technique forfact-finding and requirements modeling.25. In addition to joint applications development, another popular user-orientedmethod is _rapid application development_, which resembles a condensed versionof the entire SDLC with users involved every step of the way.26. The _unified modeling language_ is a widely used method of visualizing anddocumenting software systems design. (Chapter 3, #11)

27. A(n) _use case diagram_ is a UML technique that visually represents theinteraction between users and an information system.28. In a use case diagram, the user becomes a(n) _actor_, with a specific role thatdescribes how he or she interacts with a system.29. A(n) _sequence diagram_ is a UML technique that shows the timing oftransactions between objects as they occur.30. A(n) _system requirement_ is a characteristic or feature that must be included inan information system to satisfy business requirements and be acceptable to users.31. Analysts use _ data and process _ modeling techniques to show how a systemtransforms data into useful information.32. A(n) _data flow diagram_ uses various symbols to show how the systemtransforms input data into useful information.33. In addition to the Gane and Sarson symbol set, another popular symbol set is the_Yourdon_ symbol set.34. In a typical company, _processes_ might include calculating sales trends, filingonline insurance claims, ordering inventory from a supplier’s system, or verifyinge-mail addresses for Web customers.35. Another term for business logic is business _rules_.36. To show the detail inside a black box, create DFD _diagram 0_, which zooms inon the context diagram and shows major processes, data flows, and data stores.(Chapter 4, #16)37. A(n) _diverging data flow_ is a data flow in which the same data travels to two ormore different locations.38. When a set of DFDs is created for a system, a(n) _functional primitive_ is aprocess that consists of a single function that is not exploded further.39. _Leveling_ is the process of drawing a series of increasingly detailed diagrams,until all functional primitives are identified.40. _Balancing_ maintains consistency among DFDs by ensuring that input andoutput data flows align properly.41. The _Software and Information Industry Association_ is an industry group thatfocuses on the digital economy.

42. As Internet-based systems become more popular, developers will focus on _webbasedapplication development_, where the Web becomes an integral part of theapplication, rather than just a communication channel.43. Web-based software usually requires additional layers, called _middleware_, tocommunicate with existing software and legacy systems.44. _Outsourcing_ is the transfer of information systems development, operation, ormaintenance to an outside firm that provides these services, for a fee, on atemporary or long-term basis.45. A firm that offers outsourcing solutions is called a(n) _service provider_.46. A(n) _application service provider_ is a firm that delivers a software application,or access to an application, by charging a usage or subscription fee.47. Some firms offer _Internet business services__, which provide powerful Webbasedsupport for transactions such as order processing, billing, and customerrelationship management.48. A(n) _usage model or transaction model_ is an outsourcing fee model that chargesa variable fee based on the volume of transactions or operations performed by theapplication.49. The choice between developing versus purchasing software often is called a(n)_make-or-buy or build-or-buy_ decision.50. The software that a company’s IT department makes, builds, and develops iscalled _in-house software_.

Define System and explain its characteristics.Ans.: A System means an organised relationship among functioning units orcomponents. It is an orderly grouping of interdependent components linkedtogether according to a plan to achieve a specific objective. The elements of thesystem are as under :(1) Outputs and Inputs : A major objective of a system is to produce anoutput that has value to its user. Whatever the nature of the output, itmust be in line with the expectations of the intended user. Inputs are theelements that enter the system for processing and output is the outcome ofthe processing.(2) Processors : The processor is the element of the system that involves the

actual transformation of input into output. It is the operational componentof a system. Processors modify the input totally or partially.(3) Control : The control element guides the system. It is the decision-makingsubsystem that controls the pattern of activities governing input,processing and output.(4) Feedback : Control in a dynamic system is achieved by feedback.Feedback measures output against a standard in some form that includescommunication and control. Feedback may be positive or negative,routine or informational.(5) Environment : It is the source of external elements that impinge on thesystem. It determines how a system must function.(6) Boundaries and Interfaces : A system should be defined by itsboundaries- the limits that identify its components, processes andinterrelationships when it interfaces with another system.The characteristics of a system are as under :(1) Organisation : It implies structure and order. It is the arrangement ofcomponents that helps to achieve objectives.(2) Interaction : It refers to the manner in which each component functionswith other component of the system. In an organisation, for example,purchasing must interact with production, advertising with sales, etc.

(3) Interdependence : It means that parts of the organisation or computersystem depend on one another. They are coordinated and linked togetheraccording to a plan. One subsystem depends on the input of anothersubsystem for proper functioning.(4) Integration : It refers to the completeness of systems. It is concerned withhow a system is tied together. It is more than sharing a physical part orlocation. It means that parts of a system work together within the systemeven though each part performs a unique function.(5) Central Objective : Objectives may be real or stated. Although a statedobjective may be the real objective, it is not uncommon for an organisationto state one objective and operate to achieve another.

What is the role of a Systems Analyst?Ans.: System Analysts bridges the gap that always exists between those who needcomputer-based business solutions. They understand both business andcomputing. They study business problems and opportunities and then transformbusiness and information requirements into specifications for informationsystems that will be implemented by various technical specialists including

computer programmers. System Analysts initiate change within an organization.Every new system changes the business. System Analyst is basically a problemsolver.An analyst must possess various skills to effectively carry out the job.Specifically, they may be divided, into two categories: Interpersonal andtechnical skills. Both are required for system development. Interpersonal skillsdeal with, relationships and the interface .of the analyst with people in business.They are useful in establishing trust’s resolving conflict, and communicatinginformation. Technical skills, on the other hand, focus an procedures andtechniques for operations analysis, systems analysis, and computer scienceThe interpersonal skills relevant to systems work include the following :CommunicationUnderstandingForesightedness and VisionAdaptability and Flexibility SkillsTeaching

SellingPatience and RationalityManagement SkillsLeadership QualityTraining and Documentation CapabilityTechnical skills include :Creativity-Problem solving-Project management-Dynamic interface-Questioning attitude and inquiring mind-Knowledge-

Explain the Waterfall Model.

Sometimes called the classic life cycle or the linear sequential model, the waterfallmodel is a systematic, sequential approach to software development in whichdevelopment is seen as flowing downwards ( like a waterfall ) that begins at thesystem level and progresses through analysis, design, coding, testing andsupport. To follow the waterfall model, one proceeds from one phase to the nextin a sequential manner. For example, one first completes "requirements

specification". When the requirements are fully completed, one proceeds todesign. The software is designed (on paper) and this design should be a plan forimplementing the requirements given. When the design is fully completed, animplementation of that design, i.e. coding of the design is made byprogrammers. After the implementation phases are complete, the softwareproduct is tested and debugged; any faults introduced in earlier phases areremoved here. Then the software product is installed, and later maintained toadd any new functions that the user needs and remove bugs. Thus in a waterfallmodel, we can move to the next step only when the previous step is completed

and removed of all errors. There is no jumping back and forth or overlapbetween the steps in a waterfall model.The model consists of six distinct stages, namely :(1) In the Information Modelling phase(a) Work begins by gathering information related to the existingsystem. This will consists of all items consisting of hardware,people, databases etc.(2) In the requirements analysis phase(a) The problem is specified along with the desired objectives (goals).(b) The constraints are identified.(c) All information about the functions, behaviour, and performanceare documented and checked by the customers.(3) In the design phase, all inputs, computations and outputs of the systemshould be converted into a software model so that it can be coded byprogrammers. The hardware requirements are also determined at thisstage along with a picture of the overall system architecture.(4) In the code generation phase, the design has to be translated into a machinereadableform using any of the programming languages available that issuitable for the project

Explain Information Gathering Process for System Development.OR Explain Fact Finding Method of System Analysis

Ans.: Fact finding means learning as much as possible about the present system. Thetools used in information gathering or fact finding are(1) Review of Written Documents : In all organizations documents such asforms, records, reports, manuals, etc are available. These help indetermining how the present system runs. The process of fact finding

includes collection of all possible documents and evaluating them.Unfortunately, most manuals are not up to date and may not be readable.The analyst needs to find out how the forms are filled out, what changesneed to be made and how easy they are to read.(2) On-Site Observation : The purpose of on-site observation is to get as closeas possible to the real system being studied. It is the process ofrecognizing and noting people, objects and occurrences to obtaininformation. As an observer the analyst must follow a set of rules. He/shemust listen than talk and not give advice or pass a moral judgment, mustnot argue or show friendliness towards others. The following questionscan serve as a guide for on-site observations:_ What kind of system is it? What does it do?_ Who runs the system? Who are the important people in it?_ What is the history of the system?(3) Interviews : An interview is a face to face interpersonal situation in whicha person called the interviewer asks a person being interviewed, questionsdesigned to gather information about a problem. The analyst orinterviewer can schedule interviews with key personnel of theorganization. The analyst also needs to conduct detailed interviews withall the people who will actually use the system. This will provide all thedetails the analyst needs and also remove any fear from the users that thecomputers will replace the. Interviews help gather vital facts about theexisting problems, such as lack of quality control or security, etc.Interviewing needs a friendly atmosphere so that the interviewer can askquestions properly, obtain reliable and correct answers and record theanswers accurately and completely.(4) Questionnaires : A questionnaire is a tool that has questions to whichindividuals respond. A questionnaire has the following advantages:_ It is economical and requires less skill than an interview._ It can be used to gather data from large number of peoplesimultaneously_ It is a uniform method in which all question asked are the same toall people

The users are happy as they know that the answers they give areconfidential_ User get time to think about the questions and so can give moreaccurate results than in an interview

What is Feasibility? Describe the different types of Feasibility

Feasibility is the determination of whether or not a project is worth doing. Theprocess followed in making this determination is called feasibility study. A

feasibility study is carried out to select the best system that meets performancerequirements. When conducting feasibility study, an analyst can consider 7 typesof feasibility:Technical Feasibility : It is concerned with specifying the equipment andthe computer system that will satisfy and support the proposed userrequirements. Here we need to consider the configuration of the systemwhich tells the analyst how many work stations are required, how theunits are interconnected so that they can operate and communicatesmoothly.Operation Feasibility : It is related to human organizational aspects. Thepoints to be considered here are – what changes will be brought with thesystem?, what new skills will be required?, do the existing staff membershave these skills and can they be trained?Economic Feasibility : It is the most frequently used technique forevaluating a proposed system. It is also called Cost/Benefit Analysis. It isused to determine the benefits and savings that are expected from theproposed system and compare them with the costs. If benefits are morethan the cost, the proposed system is given an OK.Social Feasibility : It is a determination of whether the proposed systemwill be acceptable to the people or not. It finds out the probability of theproject being accepted by the group of people who are directly affected bythe changed system.Management Feasibility : It is a determination of whether the proposedsystem is acceptable to the management of the organization. The projectmay be rejected, if the management does not accept the proposed system.Legal Feasibility : It is a determination of whether the proposed project isunder legal obligation of known Acts, Statutes, etc.

Explain Data Modeling and ER diagram with example.Ans.: Data Modeling : It gives answers to questions regarding the data that is to beused in the application. We come to know the data objects, where they arestored, what is the relationship between objects, etc. Data modeling uses anEntity Relationship diagram to solve these questions. An Entity Relationshipdiagram will focus on all data that are entered, stored, transformed andproduced within an application. The data model consists of three interrelatedinformation – data objects, attributes that describe the data objects andrelationships that connect data objects to one another.Data Objects : A data object is something that has a number of differentproperties or attributes and that can be understood by software. For example aperson or a car can be viewed as data objects. Data objects are related to oneanother. E.g. person can own car, where the relationship own denotes a

connection between person and car. A data object reflects only data and not theoperation that can be done on that data.Attributes : Attributes define the properties of a data object. They can be used toname an instance of the data object, describe the instance or make reference toanother instance in another table (e.g. attribute Owner). One or more attributesthat uniquely identifies one and only one instance of an entity is defined as anidentifier or primary key. E.g. employee no is a primary key for an employee.Relationships : Data objects are connected to one another in different ways.Consider two data objects – book and bookstore. A connection is establishedbetween book and bookstore because the two objects are related.Entity – Relationship Diagrams : The object-relationship pair can be representedgraphically using an ER diagram. An entity represents an object. Examples: acomputer, an employee, a song, a mathematical theorem. Entities are representedas rectangles.A relationship captures how two or more entities are related to one another.Examples: an owns relationship between a company and a computer, a supervisesrelationship between an employee and a department, a performs relationship

between an artist and a song. Relationships are represented as diamonds,connected by lines to each of the entities in the relationship.Entities and relationships can both have attributes. Examples: an employee entitymight have an employee ID number attribute; the proved relationship may have adate attribute. Attributes are represented as ellipses connected to their entity by aline.

In context with an ER diagram explain Cardinality and Modality. Giveexample.Ans.: Cardinality : The elements of data modeling – data objects, attributes andrelationships provide information only about which objects are related to one

another. But this information is not sufficient for software engineering purpose.Cardinality specifies how many instances or occurrences of object X are related tohow many occurrences of object Y. Cardinality is usually expressed as ‘one’ or‘many’. Thus two objects can be related as(1) One-to-One (1:1) : An occurrence of object A can relate to one and onlyone occurrence of object B and an occurrence of B can relate to only oneoccurrence of A.(2) One-to-Many (1:N) : One occurrence of object A can relate to one or many

occurrences of object B but an occurrence of B can relate to only oneoccurrence of A. E.g. mother can have many children, but a child can haveonly one mother.(3) Many-to-Many (M:N) : An occurrence of object A can relate to one ormany occurrences of object B and an occurrence of B can relate to only oneor many occurrences of A. E.g. an uncle can have many nieces and a niececan have many uncles.Cardinality defines the maximum number of objects that can participate in arelationship. It does not tell whether or not a data object must participate in therelationship.Modality : If a particular relationship is optional or not needed then we say thatthe modality of that relationship is 0. The modality is 1 if an occurrence of therelationship is necessary.Example : Consider 2 data objects Patient and Doctor. The relationship betweenthe two data objects is Treats. A doctor needs a patient to treat, so the modality is1 while it is not necessary for a patient to be treated by a doctor (he can be treatedwith home remedies too). So here the modalityis 0.When we need to specify cardinality we use the symbolsOne = a line or dash |Many = crow’s feetTo specify modality we use the symbolsOne = a line or dash |Zero = a circle oThe following ER diagram specifies cardinality and modality.

What is a Data Dictionary? Give an example.Ans.: A Data Dictionary (DD) is a structured repository of data about data. It is a set ofaccurate definitions of all DFD data elements and data structures. A datadictionary defines each term encountered during the analysis and design of anew system. Data dictionary is the place where we keep the details of thecontents of data flows, data stores & processes.

Without a data dictionary the development of large systems becomes difficult.The data dictionary is an effective solution to the problem of complicated nature.The main purpose of a data dictionary is to provide a source of reference inwhich the analyst, the user, the designer can look up & find out its content andany other relevant information.The main advantage of a DD is the documentation. It is a valuable reference tothe organization which helps in communication between the analyst and theuser. It is also important in building a database.The Data Dictionary notations are= is composed of+ AND( ) Optional value[ ] Either/Or{} iteration** comment@ identifier (key field)| separates alternative choices in the [] constructExamples of Data dictionary –Name = Courtesy-Title + First-Name + (Middle-Name) + Last-NameCourtesy-Title = [ Mr. | Miss | Mrs. | Ms. | Dr. | Prof. ]First-Name = { Legal-Character }Last-Name = { Legal-Character }Legal-Character = [ A-Z | a-z |0-9| ' | - | |

With examples explain what is a Data Flow Diagram

Ans.: A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of datathrough an information system. It describes the system’s dataand how the processes transform the data in a graphical manner. Data flowdiagrams can be used to provide a clear representation of any business function.It starts with an overall picture of the business and continues by analyzing eachof the functional areas of interest. It uses a top-down approach to show all thelevels of the functions of the system. Initially a context diagram is drawn, whichis a simple representation of the entire system under investigation. This isfollowed by a level 1 diagram; which provides an overview of the majorfunctional areas of

the business. The level 1 diagram identifies the major business processes at ahigh level and any of these processes can then be analyzed further - giving rise toa corresponding level 2 business process diagram. This process of more detailedanalysis can then continue – through level 3, 4 and so on.

The context diagram shown on this screen represents a book lending library. Thelibrary receives details of books, and orders books from one or more booksuppliers. Books may be reserved and borrowed by members of the public, whoare required to give a borrower number. The library will notify borrowers whena reserved book becomes available or when a borrowed book becomes overdue.In addition to supplying books, a book supplier will furnish details of specificbooks in response to library enquiries. After the context model is created the

process is exploded to the next level to show the major processes in the system.

Depending upon the complexity of the system each of these processes can also beexploded into their own process model. This continues until the goal of eachprocess accomplishing a single function is reached. Because of this approach thecontext model is referred to as Level 0 (Zero) DFD, the next as Level 1 DFD, etc.Q.2 Briefly describe a Decision Tree with example.Ans.: Decision tree are graphical representation methods of representing a sequence oflogical decisions. It is mainly used when decisions need to be taken or fordefining policies. A decision tree has as many branches as there are logicalalternatives. It is easy to construct, easy to read and easy to update. A decisiontree is used to identify the strategy most likely to reach a goal. It is also used as ameans for calculating probabilities or making financial or number baseddecisions. A decision making tree is essentially a diagram that represents, in aspecially organized way, the decisions, the main external or other events thatintroduce uncertainty, as well as possible outcomes of all those decisions andevents.Q.3 How to draw a Decision Tree?Ans.: You start a decision tree with a decision that needs to be made. This decision isrepresented by a small square towards the left of a large piece of paper. Fromthis box draw out lines towards the right for each possible solution, and writethat solution along the line. At the end of each solution line, consider the results.If the result of taking that decision is uncertain, draw a small circle. If the result isanother decision that needs to be made, draw another square. Squares representdecisions; circles represent uncertainty or random factors. Write the decision orfactor to be considered above the square or circle. If you have completed thesolution at the end of the line, just leave it blank. Starting from the new decisionsquares on your diagram, draw out lines representing the options that could betaken. From the circles, draw out lines representing possible outcomes. Again

mark a brief note on the line saying what it means. Keep on doing this until youhave drawn down as many of the possible outcomes and decisions as you cansee leading on from your original decision.Example : Book return policy in libraryIf a Faculty returns a book late, a fine of 5% of the book rate is charged. If aStudent returns a book late by 3 days, fine is 10%, else 20% of book rate.

Each decision corresponds to a variable, relation or predicate whose possiblevalues are listed among the condition alternatives. Each action is a procedure oroperation to perform, and the entries specify whether (or in what order) theaction is to be performed for the set of condition alternatives the entry

corresponds to. Many decision tables include in their condition alternatives thedon't care symbol, a hyphen. Using don't cares can simplify decision tables,especially when a given condition has little influence on the actions to beperformed. In some cases, entire conditions thought to be important initially are

found to be irrelevant when none of the conditions influence which actions areperformed. The limited-entry decision table is the simplest to describe. Thecondition alternatives are simple boolean values, and the action entries arecheck-marks, representing which of the actions in a given column are to beperformed.A technical support company writes a decision table to diagnose printerproblems based upon symptoms described to them over the phone from theirclients.

Q.1 What is Structured English?Ans.: Structured English or pseudo code or program design language (PDL) uses thevocabulary of English and the syntax of a structured programming. StructuredEnglish looks like a modern programming language. The difference betweenstructured English and a real programming language is in the use of narrativetext which is placed within the structured English statements. Structured Englishcannot be compiled. It should have the following characteristics:o A fixed syntax of keywords used for structured constructs, datadeclarationo A free syntax of natural language that describes processingo Data declaration facilities that include simple(array) and complex(linkedlist or tree) data structureso Facility to declare subprograms and call themDecisions in Structured English are made through IF, THEN, ELSE, SO, etc.Q.2 What are Structure Charts? Describe.Ans.: Structure Chart : A hierarchical diagram showing the relationships between themodules of a computer program. A module is the basic component of a structurechart and is used to identify a function. Modules are relatively simple andindependent components. Higher-level modules are “control” modules thatcontrol the flow of execution. Lower level modules are “worker bee” modulesand contain the program logic to actually perform the functions.The vertical lines connecting the modules indicate the calling structure from thehigh-level modules to the lower-level modules. The little arrows next to the linesshow the data that is passed between modules and represent the inputs andoutputs of each module. At the structure chart level, we are not concerned withwhat is happening inside the module yet. We only want to know that somehowit does the function indicated by its name using the input data and producing theoutput data. A program call is when one module invokes a lower-level moduleto perform a needed service or calculation. Program call: The transfer of controlfrom a module to a subordinate module to perform a requested service. The

arrows with the open circle, called data couples, represent data being passed into

and out of the module. A data couple can be an individual data item (e.g., a flagor a customer account number) or a higher-level data structure (e.g., an array,record, or other data structure). The arrow with the darkened circle is a “flag.” Aflag is purely internal information that is used between modules to indicate someresult. Data couples: The individual data items that are passed between modulesin a program call.A basic idea of structured programming is that each module only has to do avery specific function. The module at the very top of the tree is the “boss”module. Its functions will be to call the modules on the next tier, passinformation to them, and receive information back. The function of each middlelevelmodule is to control the processing of the modules below it. Each hascontrol logic and any error-handling logic that is not handled by the lower-levelmodule. The modules at the extremities, or the leaves, contain the actualalgorithms to carry out the functions of the program.Structure charts are developed to design a hierarchy of modules for a program.A structure chart is in the form of a tree with a root module and branches. Asubtree is simply a branch that has been separated from the overall tree. Whenthe subtree is placed back in the larger tree, the root of the subtree becomes justanother branch in the overall tree.

What is a HIPO Chart? Explain.Ans.: HIPO charts show relationships between modules. It describes the data input

and output from the processes and defines the data flow. It provides a structureby which the functions of a system can be understood. It also provides a visualdescription of input to be used and output to be produced for each level of thediagram. It makes the transformation from input to output data visible.

There are two parts to a HIPO chart, a hierarchy chart and an IPO chart.The hierarchy chart is useful for showing hierarchy of procedures within aprogram. Hierarchy charts are also called structure charts, top-down charts, orVTOC (Visual Table of Contents) charts. All these names refer to planningdiagrams that are similar to a company's organization chart. Hierarchy chartsdepict the organization of a program but omit the specific processing logic. Theydescribe what each part, or module, of the program does and how the modulesrelate to each other.The IPO chart describes the system in terms of its inputs, outputs and theprocesses that are performed on the inputs to transform them into outputs. Itprovides the following :(a) The Input section that contains the data items used by the process steps.(b) The Output section that contains the data items created by the processsteps.(c) Process section that contains numbered steps that describe the functions tobe performed. Arrows connect them to the output steps and theinput/output data items.

System Analysis and Design_Sample_Questions

Documents

dfd level

context dfd diagram

following abstract dfd

selling customer

theauction house

dfd data store s

banking accounts

customer requests details