SYST 542 Decision Support Systems Engineeringseor.vse.gmu.edu/~klaskey/SYST542/DSS_Unit9.pdf · –DSS may have multiple users single user •Enterprise support –Supports corporate-wide
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Unit 8 - 1 -
Department of Systems Engineering and Operations Research
• Easier to understand problem• More people accountable for decisions• Better at catching errors• Synergistic effects• More people committed to implementation• Reduces sources of resistance to
implementation• Balance risk propensity
– (risk takers vs. risk avoiders)
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Department of Systems Engineering and Operations Research
• Small groups• Open communications• Face to face interactions• Feelings of group solidarity• Strong shared social norms• Trust• Public actions• Penalties for defecting• Repeated play
How do we encouragethese factors viagroup support?
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Department of Systems Engineering and Operations Research
1. Omissions in surveying alternate courses of action2. Omissions in surveying objectives3. Failure to examine major costs and risks4. Poor information search5. Selective bias in processing available information6. Failure to reconsider alternatives initially rejected7. Failure to work out detailed implementation,
monitoring, and contingency plans
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Department of Systems Engineering and Operations Research
How Can GSS Help?• A GSS cannot solve the fundamental problems of:
- what are the group's objectives?- how can individuals be induced to act in service of those
objectives?• A GSS can facilitate discussion of these issues and
help the group reach consensus• A GSS can help a group make decisions
- in a more systematic manner- that are more acceptable to all participants- that are based on better information and greater expertise
• Objectives of GSS- Create shared understanding of the problem- Facilitate and direct discussion- Provide support for analysis and choice of option or plan- Create satisfaction among group members- Create buy-in and ownership of solution
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Department of Systems Engineering and Operations Research
• Level I: enhanced communication- sending & receiving information- access to data (personal or corporate) during meeting- display of ideas, data, tables to all participants- electronic message interchange- rating scales or ranking schemes- display / modification of agenda
• Level II: decision structuring- planning models (PERT, CPM, Gantt)- utility & probability assessment models- budget allocation models- statistical methods- Delphi, Nominal group, or other idea generation methods
• Level III: management & control of decision process- enforced communication patterns- automated Roberts Rules of Order
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Department of Systems Engineering and Operations Research
• Discussion, ranking of options by group members– Delphi - group members vote anonymously, view summary
of votes of group, repeat until consensus» Benefit - prevents strong individuals from dominating process» Problem - in standard Delphi group members do not discuss reasons for
ranking» Can GDSS help?
• Elicitation of group multiattribute utility function– The process:
» Defining attributes» Assessing weights» Viewing results and modifying as necessary
– A single group utility function may not a reasonableassumption
» Process helps to identify commonalities and differences» This understanding is often helpful in achieving consensus course of action
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Department of Systems Engineering and Operations Research
• More thorough exploration of values• Better sharing of information• More creative option generation• More systematic option evaluation• Increased communication• Increased participation• Increased group cohesion• Increased acceptance of group decision
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Department of Systems Engineering and Operations Research
1. Face to face meeting facilitation service (office automation + facilitator)2. Group decision support (video monitor under control of facilitator, large screen display)3. Computer-based extensions of telephone (conference call service)4. Presentation support software (vugraphs, etc.)5. Project management software6. Calendar management for groups7. Group authoring software8. Computer-supported face-to-face meetings (each group member has own workstation)9. Screen sharing software10. Computer conferencing systems (group email)11. Text-filtering software12. Computer supported audio or video conferences (each participant has computer)13. Conversational structuring14. Group memory management (between-meeting record)15. Computer-supported spontaneous interaction (support for informal exchange among people
widely separated)16. Comprehensive work team support17. Nonhuman participants in team meetings (unfacilitated DSS + expert system)
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Department of Systems Engineering and Operations Research
• Single PC– Screen projection– Single operator enters data
• Multiple networked PC’s– Connected by email or network– Voting mechanisms, email, shared files, shared workspace
• Decision room with e-meeting facility– U-shaped table with recessed networked client PC’s– Server system aggregates info from participants– Large screen projector
• Distributed DSS– Participants in different locations– Networked PC’s– Can be combined with video and/or audio teleconference
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Department of Systems Engineering and Operations Research
• GDSS groups performed better thanunsupported groups and as well as paper andpencil groups
• Other effects of GDSS use:- Reduced face-to-face communication- GDSS required effort & detracted from attention paid to problem- Groups using GDSS were more process-oriented and less
issue-oriented
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Department of Systems Engineering and Operations Research
Virtual Organization• Network of organizations and/or individuals
linked by information & communicationstechnology to exploit market opportunities– Operate continuously around the clock– Communicate instantaneously across large distances
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)• ERP systems integrate data from the entire
enterprise into a single enterprise-wide system– Major vendors: SAP, Oracle, PeopleSoft
• Benefits– Reduce duplication of functions– Improve quality and customer satisfaction through better
information to support decisions» “They charged me a late fee and dropped me from my class
because they sent my tuition bill to my mother’s address eventhough I told them I had moved to a new address. They said Imy address change was another department’s database”
• Problems– Traditional ERP systems are transaction based with limited
or no OLAP (online analytic processing) ability– “One size fits all” ERP system can be a poor fit to an
organization’s processes– Tailoring a vendor’s ERP solution to your organization may
be very expensive and the result may still be unsatisfactory
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Department of Systems Engineering and Operations Research
Aligning Information Systems &Organizational Structure
• Community - Collection of independent actorscollaborate to exploit business opportunities– GDSS supports coordination & information sharing among actors
• Federation - Limited central authority withsubdivisions that have significant autonomy– GDSS supports knowledge sharing, resource allocation,
administration of performance-based incentives• Mobile - Geographically mobile and organizationally
fluid structure– Portable communication & computing over networks enables
mobile structure• Hierarchical - Many levels of management
– DSS enables more efficient management and control by providingautomated support for many routine administrative tasks
Source: http://dssresources.com
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Department of Systems Engineering and Operations Research
– Usability– User buy-in and commitment to successful deployment– Dedicated support within organization for architecting access procedures,
user support, and maintenance• With greater market penetration will come opportunities for
decision support
An Enterprise Portal is a technology platform that allows knowledgeworkers to gain access to, collaborate with, make decisions and takeaction on a wide variety of business-related information regardless ofthe employee's virtual location, the location of the information, or the
format in which the information is stored presented through a browserand other digital formats. - Heidi Collins, KM Magazine, Jan 2004
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Department of Systems Engineering and Operations Research
OASIS Reference Model for Service Oriented Architecturehttp://www.oasis-open.org/committees/download.php/19679/soa-rm-cs.pdf
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)• Paradigm for information architecture design
– Organize and utilize distributed capabilities– Match capabilities of providers with needs of consumers– Capabilities required to meet a need may cross ownership
boundaries
• Viewed as foundational technology for net-centric vision– Expected to be more scalable than traditional integration
technologies– Expected to reduce cost of information integration within
enterprise and across organizational boundaries
• Integrate business processes without requiringeveryone to conform to monolithic formats andinterfaces (service does the transforming)
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Department of Systems Engineering and Operations Research
P-F-B Triangle• Web services implementation of SOA is based on triangle:
– Providers publish descriptions in global registry– Consumers search registry to find services that meet needs– Successful match binds consumer to provider, invoking service and
receiving response• Many people think single global registry as sole approach is
not workable– Security issues– Efficiency issues
• More likely evolution path: levelsof registry– Analogy: personal address book,
organization directory, city phonebook, national directory
Source: Ken Laskey
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Department of Systems Engineering and Operations Research