Viticultural Viticultural characteristics of Syrah characteristics of Syrah clones in the clones in the San Joaquin Valley San Joaquin Valley Matthew Fidelibus Matthew Fidelibus Department of Viticulture and Department of Viticulture and Enology Enology University of California, University of California, Davis Davis
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Viticultural characteristics of Viticultural characteristics of Syrah clones in the Syrah clones in the San Joaquin ValleySan Joaquin Valley
Matthew FidelibusMatthew FidelibusDepartment of Viticulture and EnologyDepartment of Viticulture and Enology
University of California, DavisUniversity of California, Davis
Genetic basis for clonal diversityGenetic basis for clonal diversity
• Clonal cClonal cultivars: all asexually propagated ultivars: all asexually propagated individuals from a single mother vineindividuals from a single mother vineAccumulation of somatic mutationsAccumulation of somatic mutations
• Polyclonal Polyclonal cultivars: several related cultivars: several related mother vines mother vines by definition genetically diverseby definition genetically diverse
Which clone to choose and why?Which clone to choose and why?
• Foundation Plant Services imports new Foundation Plant Services imports new varieties & clones but doesn’t evaluate varieties & clones but doesn’t evaluate their performance their performance
• Some FPS clones originated as different Some FPS clones originated as different cuttings from the same vine and perform cuttings from the same vine and perform identically (e.g. Barbera 3 & 5)identically (e.g. Barbera 3 & 5)
• No continuous formal evaluation programsNo continuous formal evaluation programs
• Olmo (V&E) & Goheen (FPS) Chardonnay Olmo (V&E) & Goheen (FPS) Chardonnay program (1950s &1960s): increased yields program (1950s &1960s): increased yields from 0.5 to five tons per acrefrom 0.5 to five tons per acre
• Bettiga, Christensen, Verdegaal, Wolpert, Bettiga, Christensen, Verdegaal, Wolpert, and others have evaluated selections of and others have evaluated selections of certain varieties in recent yearscertain varieties in recent years
Considerations in choosing a cloneConsiderations in choosing a clone
differ among clonesdiffer among clones• ““Favorable genotype x environment Favorable genotype x environment
interactions…have to be found by experience” interactions…have to be found by experience” Mullins, 1989Mullins, 1989
• ““France may be the worst place to make France may be the worst place to make selections for California” Walkerselections for California” Walker
• Wine quality obviously important, but data are Wine quality obviously important, but data are very limitedvery limited
“…“…The agency [TTB] is also requesting comment on The agency [TTB] is also requesting comment on the use and meaning of a variety of other terms that the use and meaning of a variety of other terms that lack regulatory definition, such as “Old Vine,” lack regulatory definition, such as “Old Vine,” ““Old Clone”Old Clone” and “Select Harvest.”” and “Select Harvest.””
The term ‘clone’ may also The term ‘clone’ may also have marketing valuehave marketing value
San Joaquin Valley perspectiveSan Joaquin Valley perspective
• Growers must produce high volume of low Growers must produce high volume of low cost grapescost grapes
• Increasing interest in improving fruit & Increasing interest in improving fruit & wine qualitywine quality
• Yield, yield components, susceptibility to Yield, yield components, susceptibility to rot, & vine vigor are key variablesrot, & vine vigor are key variables
Experimental detailsExperimental details
• 12 individual vines of ten different 12 individual vines of ten different selections planted in a randomized selections planted in a randomized complete block designcomplete block design
• Trained to bilateral cordons with 9 two-bud Trained to bilateral cordons with 9 two-bud spurs per meter cordonspurs per meter cordon
• Vertical two-wire trellis with California Vertical two-wire trellis with California sprawl canopy sprawl canopy
Experimental detailsExperimental details
• Day of budbreak, veraison, and harvest Day of budbreak, veraison, and harvest recorded each yearrecorded each year
• Fruit from all clones harvested at once Fruit from all clones harvested at once (except in 2010)(except in 2010)
Syrah ENTAV-INRA® Syrah ENTAV-INRA® 525525 ENTAV, FranceENTAV, France
Average Phenology DataAverage Phenology Data
• Bud break: March 21-23Bud break: March 21-23
• Bloom: May 9-11Bloom: May 9-11
• Veraison: July 9-10Veraison: July 9-10
• Harvest: September 9Harvest: September 9
• Australian (Shiraz) selections usually Australian (Shiraz) selections usually bloomed first, otherwise few differences bloomed first, otherwise few differences among selectionsamong selections
Yield:Pruning weight ratioYield:Pruning weight ratio
0303 2.62 de2.62 de 6.70 ab6.70 ab
9999 2.99 d2.99 d 5.34 c5.34 c
100100 2.42 ef2.42 ef 7.31 a7.31 a
174174 2.20 ef2.20 ef 6.13 bc6.13 bc
300300 2.15 f2.15 f 7.53 a7.53 a
525525 2.0 f2.0 f 7.68 a7.68 a
Shiraz 01Shiraz 01 4.0 c4.0 c 3.85 d3.85 d
Shiraz 02Shiraz 02 3.0 d3.0 d 5.26 c5.26 c
Shiraz 03Shiraz 03 5.3 b5.3 b 2.99 de2.99 de
Shiraz 07Shiraz 07 6.1 a6.1 a 2.72 e2.72 e
SummarySummary
• Shiraz selections 01, 03, and 07 are Shiraz selections 01, 03, and 07 are earlier ripening and more vigorous than earlier ripening and more vigorous than French selectionsFrench selections
• Shiraz clones had higher soluble solids Shiraz clones had higher soluble solids and pH, smaller berries, smaller clusters, and pH, smaller berries, smaller clusters, lower yields, and less sour rot than the lower yields, and less sour rot than the French selections.French selections.
Further readingFurther reading
• Reprints available for previous clonal Reprints available for previous clonal evaluations (Barbera, Cabernet evaluations (Barbera, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Merlot, Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Merlot, Zinfandel)Zinfandel)
• Wine Grape Varieties in California (book)Wine Grape Varieties in California (book)
• National Grape Registry Website:National Grape Registry Website:
• Funding from American Vineyard Foundation Funding from American Vineyard Foundation and Viticulture Consortium Westand Viticulture Consortium West
• L. Peter Christensen, Chik Brenneman, Linda L. Peter Christensen, Chik Brenneman, Linda Bisson, Kimberley Cathline, Deborah Golino, Bisson, Kimberley Cathline, Deborah Golino, Nancy Sweet, Jorge Aguilar Osorio, Don Nancy Sweet, Jorge Aguilar Osorio, Don Katayama, Karin Kawagoe, and many others.Katayama, Karin Kawagoe, and many others.