CONTENTS Bibliography, supplementing the previous Bibliographies............xvii SYNTACTICAL UNITS WITH TWO VERBS CHAPTER TWELVE DIRECT CONSECUTION [B] THE SECOND VERB IS A FORM IN -ING Introduction...............................1861 1 . No Subordination of the First Verb to the Second..............1863 Type ‘He desires departing’ § 1772....................1863 Type ‘She detested shopping’ § 1773...................1864 Type ‘He did not fear wetting his feet’ § 1774...............1868 Type ‘I avoided introducing you’ § 1775..................1869 Type ‘He mimed speaking into a telephone’ § 1776.............1874 Type ‘He remembered wandering through dimly-lit streets’ § 1777......1875 Type ‘I never could abide being stared at’ § 1778..............1876 Type ‘We intend going to Rome’ § 1779..................1878 Type ‘She tried shopping in the Berwick Market’ § 1780...........1880 Type ‘He risked killing me’ § 1781....................1881 Type ‘I couldn’t help overhearing’ § 1782.................1881 Type ‘I confessed being not always attentive’ § 1783............1882 Type ‘He practised waltzing’ § 1784....................1883 Type ‘Do you hear singing?’ § 1785....................1884 Type ‘What are you doing talking about our problems in front of them?’ § 1786 1885 Type ‘He has somewhat to doing’ § 1787.................1885 Type ‘Things that simply will not bear talking of’ § 1788..........1886 2 . Slight Subordination §1789.......................1888 (a) Verbs of inchoation, e.g. ‘he began talking’ § 1790............1888 (b) Verbs of continuation, e.g. ‘he continued talking’ § 1791.........1897 (c) Verbs of termination, e.g. ‘he ceased talking’ § 1792...........1900 (d) Verbs of motion, e.g. ‘he came talking’ § 1793..............1906 (e) Verbs of rest, e.g. ‘he sat talking’ § 1794-5...............1912 (f) Verbs of modality, e.g. ‘he seemed moving’ § 1796............1916 3 . Distinct Subordination § 1797......................1918 Introduction § 1797...........................1918 WEORPAN + Form in -ing §§ 1798-1799.................1918 TO BE + Form in -ing: THE EXPANDED FORM §§ 1800-1889.......1920 Definition of expanded form §§ 1801-1812.................1920
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
CONTENTS
Bibliography, supplementing the previous Bibliographies............xvii
SYNTACTICAL UNITS WITH TWO VERBS
CHAPTER TWELVE
DIRECT CONSECUTION
[B] THE SECOND VERB IS A FORM IN -ING
Introduction...............................1861
1 . No Subordination of the First Verb to the Second..............1863
Type ‘He desires departing’ § 1772....................1863Type ‘She detested shopping’ § 1773...................1864Type ‘He did not fear wetting his feet’ § 1774...............1868Type ‘I avoided introducing you’ § 1775..................1869Type ‘He mimed speaking into a telephone’ § 1776.............1874Type ‘He remembered wandering through dimly-lit streets’ § 1777......1875Type ‘I never could abide being stared at’ § 1778..............1876Type ‘We intend going to Rome’ § 1779..................1878Type ‘She tried shopping in the Berwick Market’ § 1780...........1880Type ‘He risked killing me’ § 1781....................1881Type ‘I couldn’t help overhearing’ § 1782.................1881Type ‘I confessed being not always attentive’ § 1783............1882Type ‘He practised waltzing’ § 1784....................1883Type ‘Do you hear singing?’ § 1785....................1884Type ‘What are you doing talking about our problems in front of them?’ § 1786 1885Type ‘He has somewhat to doing’ § 1787.................1885Type ‘Things that simply will not bear talking of’ § 1788..........1886
(a) Verbs of inchoation, e.g. ‘he began talking’ § 1790............1888(b) Verbs of continuation, e.g. ‘he continued talking’ § 1791.........1897(c) Verbs of termination, e.g. ‘he ceased talking’ § 1792...........1900(d) Verbs of motion, e.g. ‘he came talking’ § 1793..............1906(e) Verbs of rest, e.g. ‘he sat talking’ § 1794-5...............1912(f) Verbs of modality, e.g. ‘he seemed moving’ § 1796............1916
Introduction § 1797...........................1918WEORPAN + Form in -ing §§ 1798-1799.................1918TO BE + Form in -ing: THE EXPANDED FORM §§ 1800-1889.......1920Definition of expanded form §§ 1801-1812.................1920
VI CONTENTS
The form in -ing is a noun §§ 1813-1814................ x 9 2 9The form in -ing is adjectival § 1815..................I93 1
The expanded form of ‘momentary’ verbs § 1816..............1934The expanded form expressing something happening at a point of time § 1817-8 . 1936
Type ‘What are you getting at?’ § 1819................ I 937Type ‘I was telling you the other day about acidity’ § 1820........1938Type ‘When he woke, the sun was streaming into the room’ § 1821 .... 1938Type ‘He was finishing breakfast, when he heard a knock’ § 1822.....*93°Type ‘While he was paying off his taxi, John suddenly appeared’ § 1823 . . 1939Type ‘While John was playing, Richard was writing’ § 1824.......194°
The expanded form in statements referring to customary events §§ 1825-1827 . 1940Type ‘Every evening we were organising meetings and debates’ § 1826 . . . 1940Type ‘You’re always spoiling company by leaving it’ § 1827.......1941
(Ibid, with non-expanded form § 1827)..............1941Type ‘She is at this time translating Chaucer into modern French’ § 1828 . 1945
No expanded form in units with inversion, e.g. ‘Hark, here goes the bugle’ § 1829 1946Expanded forms in units referring to the future..............1947
Type ‘I am leaving to-morrow’ § 1830.................1947Type ‘Can I take you anywhere, or are you lunching here?’ § 1831 .... 1950Type ‘You are coming to our party, aren’t you?’ § 1832-3........1951
Type ‘You are being naughty, (a bore)’.(a) With adjective § 1834....................... I 953(b) With noun § 1835.........................1957
Type ‘Be packing’; ‘Don’t be standing here prattling’ § 1836........ . 1958Inchoative function of the expanded form? § 1837-8.............1961The ‘modals’ [can, may, owe, will] in the expanded form § 1839........1963The copulas in the expanded form, e.g. ‘he is getting old’ § 1840.......1965The verb have in the expanded form § 1841................1966
Type (A) ‘I was having a good time’ § 1841..............1966Type (B) ‘I am having to fight’ § 1841.................1967Type (C) ‘I am having both poems set up at once’ § 1841........1967
Verbs often said to resist expansion, e.g. believe, forget, hope, think, etc. §§ 1842-51 1968(A) Verbs like live, dwell § 1845....................*97°(B) Verbs referring to mental processes or operations § 1846.......1973(C) Verbs of affection and disaffection, fearing, desiring § 1847......1978(D) Verbs of physical perception § 1848................1981(E) Verbs expressing automatical corporeal activities § 1849.......1982(F) The verbs hang, sit, lie and stand § 1850..............1983(G) The verb wear § 1851......................1986
Historical note on the expanded form §§ 1852-1864.............1988Type ‘He is on (a, in, at) hunting’ §§ 1865-1868...............*99°Types ‘He was (a, in) writing of a letter’; ‘What are you doing of?’ §§ 1869-71 . 2002Type ‘The house is building’ [Passival expanded form] §§ 1872-83.......2004
(Passival infinitives; passival quasi-infinitives in -ende {-ing ); passival presenttenses and preterites; passival forms in -ende and -ing not in colligation withto be\ passival forms in -ing as complements and adjuncts; passival forms in-ing after worth, worthy, etc.; passival parasynthetic formations in -ende and-ing opening with un- §§ 1873-4)....................2005
Instances of the pattern ‘the house is building’ §§ 1875-81..........2008
CONTENTS VU
in Old English § 1875-6; in Middle English § 1878; in Modem English §§ 1878-Si................................
Type ‘The house is on (a, at, in, under) building’ §§ 1883-7..........
Types (in Anglo-Irish) ‘Let you not be destroying yourself’; ‘Is it French you are
talking?’; ‘Be leaving that woman alone’ § 1888.............
Clipped expanded forms e.g. ‘A Enjoying yourself ?’; ‘A Be seeingyou to-morrow,’
§ 1889...............................
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
DIRECT CONSECUTION
[C] THE SECOND VERB IS A PAST PARTICIPLE
Method of classification § 1890.......................
The first verb is a ‘full’ or quasi-'full’ verb § 1891...............
Type ‘The two men sat fascinated’; ‘He felt let down’ § 1891.........
The first verb is a copula of aspect
(a) durative, e.g. ‘He continued excommunicated’ § 1892..........
(b) inchoative, e.g. ‘She became deceased during that period’ § 1893.....
(The past participle preceded by to, as in ‘Pompeius wished to had been borne a
poore mannes childe’ § 1893).....................
The first verb is a ‘copula’ of modality, e.g. ‘A light seemed switched on in the garden’
§1894.................................
The first verb is shall, should, will, would, may, might, can, could, must or ought to.
Types ‘Scip sceal gensegled’; ‘he sholde not escaped’ § 1895.........
The first verb is did. Types ‘pe two kyngis did made a grete cite’; ‘Hissed at me he
did’ § 1896...............................
The first verb is weorban, with the past participle of an intransitive verb. Type ‘he
wearS gefeallen’ § 1897.........................
The first verb is be(on), wesan (> have) with the past participle of an intransitive verb
§§ 1898-1904..............................
with p.p. of verbs of motion § 1899....................
with p.p. of verbs of becoming, appearing, originating, etc. § 1900......
‘Is geworden’, ‘is made’, ‘is done’ as translations of Latin fact-um, -us, -a est
§ 1900..............................
with p.p. of verbs of happening, befalling, chancing, etc. § 1907........
with p.p. of verbs of coming, going, arriving, etc. § 1902...........
with p.p. of verbs of altering, changing, etc., e.g. ‘it is/has frozen’; ‘it is/has melted’
§1903
................ ;••••••; ......with p.p. of verbs of finishing, disappearing, dying, ending, perishing § 1904 . .
The verbs be(on), wesan + the past participle of a transitive verb. (THE PASSIVE
Type ‘Ne hatte hys modor Maria?’ § 1914..................
Type ‘E»aer beop pa wanigendan welras gefylde’ (beop expressing futurity) § 1915. .
‘Wearp ofslaegen’ versus 'waes ofslsegen’ § 1916-1917..............
Type ‘To-morrow worp pe Mariage I-mad of Meede and of Fals’ [with reference
to the future] §1918.........................
2011
2020
2021
2025
2027
2027
2027
2029
2029
2030
2033
2034
2040
2041
2042
2044
2046
2051
2052
2054
2073
2075
2084
2084
2090
2091
2091
2093
viii CONTENTS
‘Wearp geworden’ as a translation of Latin fact-um, -us, -a est § 1919.....2094Type ‘A smell of floors being scrubbed’ § 1920................ 20 95Type ‘He wære worthy to be blamed’ § 1921.................2097Type ‘That never enough to be celebrated capture’ § 1922...........2099Type ‘Be ruled by me’ [Imperative] § 1923.................. 2100
Ibid, with weorpan, e.g. ‘Hanged worpe he on an hok’ § I9 2 4 .........2101Clipped Passive constructions, e.g. ‘Ho, Diomed, well met’ § 1925........2101Passive transforms of constructions with one or with two objects §§ 1926-81 . . . 2102Passive transforms of units with one direct object § 1927............2102
With to have, e.g. ‘Sleep could be had in the wash-house’ § 1928.......2104Type ‘Life, however, has to be lived’ § 1929................2107Type ‘It is said that John has had an accident’ § 1930............2108Type ‘There was quite a lot of fun poked at American scholars’ § 1931 .... 2109Type ‘Per was sobbing, siking and handwringing’ § 1932...........2111
Passive transforms of units with one sole indirect object §§ I933~35.......2112Types ‘Us bij> geborgen’, ‘Gode be pancod’ § 1933.............2112Types (Old English) ‘He wæs hrinen’, ‘hi wæron gederede’ § 1934.......2113Types (Middle & Mod. English) ‘he was helped’; ‘he was obeyed’ § 1935 .... 2113
Passive transforms of units with a direct object + objective complement/adjunct§1936.......................... ( ....... 2I1 5(A) Complement!adjunctis a noun, e.g. ‘he was dubbed a knyght’ § 1937 . . . .2115
Ibid, with to before complement/adjunct § 1938............2116Ibid, with for before complement/adjunct § 1939.......... . . 2117Ibid, with as before complement/adjunct § 1940...........2117Ibid, with as for before complement/adjunct § 1941..........2118
(B) Complement/adjunctis an adjective, e.g. ‘he is held wise’ § 1942......2118Ibid, with for before the adjective § 1943..............2119Ibid, with as before the adjective § 1944...............2119Ibid, with as for before the adjective § 1945.............2120
(C) Complement/adjunctis a prepositional phrase, e.g. ‘He was had in prise’ § 1946 2120Passive transform of units with one sole prepositional object §§ 1947-1958 .... 2120
Type ‘he was laughed at’ §§ 1947-1957...................2120Earliest occurrences of this type §§ 1950-1957 .............2122
Types ‘All the old machinery was done away with’; ‘His visit was looked forwardto with interest’ § 1958.......................2133
Passive transforms of units with an indirect object and a causative object § 1959 . 2135(Active type * ‘Mon him ofteah para clapa’) >
(1) ‘Him wæs oftohen para clapa’ § 1959................2136(2) * ‘He wæs oftohen para clapa’ § 1959................2136
Passive transform of units with a direct object and a causative object § i960 . . . 2137(Active type * ‘Mon geclænsap hine eallra synna’) >
* ‘He is (wyrp) eallra synna geclænsed’ § i960.............2137Passive transform of units with a direct object and an ablative object § 1961 . . . 2138
Types ‘I will be returned forthwith’; ‘I won’t be gone long’ § 2153......2420
Types ‘I can have finished this work before breakfast’; ‘I thought thy bride-bedto have deck’d ’; ‘I remember to have seen him’; ‘We were to have sailed the
next morning’ (With have) § 2154................2420
Types ‘A thefe could have slypped out here’; ‘Thrice he attempted headlong to
have fallen Full on his foes’ (idem with have) § 2155........2423
Type ‘Forget the could-have-beens’ § 2156...............2423
Types ‘If you’d have left your address, I could have forwarded it on’; ‘Cleantes
might well have failed, had not accident have helped him’ (with ‘redun¬
dant’ have) § 2157.......................2423
(b) The verb in the middle is a form in -ing
Type ‘The house is being built’ § 2158.................2426
Type ‘Idislike being asked
so many questions’ § 2159..........2430
Types ‘Hewas getting dressed
’; ‘hestarted getting dressed’
(withgetting
instead
of being) § 2160........................2430
CONTENTS XV
(c) The verb in the middle is a past participleTypes ‘Ic hcebbe been gefulled '; ‘Ne had he so ycome, J)e kyng had beon sleyn’
§2161............................2430Type ‘Her fellow has not been long enough arrived’ § 2162-3.......2431Type ‘. without a word having been spoken § 2164..........2432Type ‘I have herd told of your lyuynge’ § 2164.............2432Type ‘The hurting hadde mougt destroyed them’ § 2165..........2432Types ‘Martin was presumed lost ’; ‘The car was seen parked by the side of the
road’ § 2166.........................2432Type ‘The Duke is concluded gone over sea’ § 2167...........2434Type ‘]>ai wald him J>an had numen’ § 2168..............2435
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
INDIRECT CONSECUTION
[I] . The Last Verb is an Infinitive(a) With the nun-phrase after the second verb
Types ‘I shall see him do it’; ‘I hope to see him do it’; ‘I have seen him do it’;‘I am watching him do it’ § 2169-70................2436
(b) With the noun-phrase after the first verbTypes ‘I bad him (to) go try it’; ‘Let the law go whistle ’; ‘I saw him begin to
rise’ § 2171..........................2436
[II] . The Last Verb is a Form in -ing(a) With the noun-phrase after the first verb
Types ‘He believed us to be sleeping ’; ‘He supposed us to like doing it’; ‘He letus go hopping ’; ‘I saw him lying gaping’ § 2172..........2337
(b) With the noun-phrase after the second verbTypes ‘I will see him writing’) ‘I hope to see him writing ’; ‘I had seen him
writing ’; ‘I was watching him writing’ § 2173...........2437
[III] . The Last Verb is a Past Participle(a) With the noun-phrase after the first verb
Types ‘I saw it to be done ’; ‘I ordered it to be done ’; 'Do a kirc be raised’ § 2174 2438Type ‘I watched the hampers being unpacked’ § 2175...........2440Types ‘I suppose him to have done it’; ‘I suppose it to have happened here’
§ 2176............................2441(b) With the noun-phrase after the second verb
Types ‘All that she loves to hear read is good books’; ‘He would have themagician kept prisoner’ § 2177..................2441
Types ‘I had never heard my mamma spoken of') ‘The box which he had hadmade to emigrate withal’; ‘You have got me beaten ’; ‘I have done itexamined’ § 2178.......................2442
Type ‘What have you heard her toldV § 2179..............2443Type ‘They are making their influence felt' § 2180............2444
XVI CONTENTS
SYNTACTICAL UNITS WITH FOUR OR MORE VERBS
CHAPTER NINETEEN
Types of four-verb units § 2181.......................2445Type ‘I shall he being pushed away’ § 2182..................2446Type 'What has been being done to me?’ § 2182................2446Units with two passive constructions
Type ‘These books are not suffered to be read’ § 2183.............2447Type 'The king was attempted to be killed’ § 2184..............2448Type 'When the tour of Babel was begonnen to ben made’ § 2185.......2449Type ‘Tribute was woned {used, accustomed) to be paid’ § 2186.........2450
Types of five-verb and six-verb units § 2187.................2451Five-verb units with the verb have used twice § 2188.............2452