This article was downloaded by: [Stony Brook University] On: 18 January 2012, At: 03:50 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Synchrotron Radiation News Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gsrn20 Synchrotron-based X-ray Tomographic Microscopy at the Swiss Light Source for Industrial Applications F. Marone a , R. Mokso a , J.L. Fife a , S. Irvine a b , P. Modregger a b , B.R. Pinzer a , K. Mader a c , A. Isenegger a , G. Mikuljan a & M. Stampanoni a c a Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland b University of Lausanne, Medical School, Lausanne, Switzerland c Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Available online: 03 Jan 2012 To cite this article: F. Marone, R. Mokso, J.L. Fife, S. Irvine, P. Modregger, B.R. Pinzer, K. Mader, A. Isenegger, G. Mikuljan & M. Stampanoni (2011): Synchrotron-based X-ray Tomographic Microscopy at the Swiss Light Source for Industrial Applications, Synchrotron Radiation News, 24:6, 24-29 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08940886.2011.634315 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
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This article was downloaded by: [Stony Brook University]On: 18 January 2012, At: 03:50Publisher: Taylor & FrancisInforma Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: MortimerHouse, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Synchrotron Radiation NewsPublication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gsrn20
Synchrotron-based X-ray Tomographic Microscopy atthe Swiss Light Source for Industrial ApplicationsF. Marone a , R. Mokso a , J.L. Fife a , S. Irvine a b , P. Modregger a b , B.R. Pinzer a , K.Mader a c , A. Isenegger a , G. Mikuljan a & M. Stampanoni a ca Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerlandb University of Lausanne, Medical School, Lausanne, Switzerlandc Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Available online: 03 Jan 2012
To cite this article: F. Marone, R. Mokso, J.L. Fife, S. Irvine, P. Modregger, B.R. Pinzer, K. Mader, A. Isenegger, G. Mikuljan& M. Stampanoni (2011): Synchrotron-based X-ray Tomographic Microscopy at the Swiss Light Source for IndustrialApplications, Synchrotron Radiation News, 24:6, 24-29
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08940886.2011.634315
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematicreproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form toanyone is expressly forbidden.
The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contentswill be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug dosesshould be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions,claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly orindirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
Synchrotron-based X-ray Tomographic Microscopy at theSwiss Light Source for Industrial Applications
F. MARONE,1 R. MOKSO,1 J.L. FIFE,1 S. IRVINE,1,2 P. MODREGGER,1,2 B.R. PINZER,1 K. MADER,1,3
A. ISENEGGER,1 G. MIKULJAN,1 AND M. STAMPANONI1,3
1Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland2University of Lausanne, Medical School, Lausanne, Switzerland3Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Introduction
The potential of X-rays for the non-invasive investigation of the
interior of bulky samples has long been recognized and their pene-
tration depth is presently widely exploited [1]. Although initially
third generation synchrotron sources were almost exclusively the
realm of academic scientific experiments, the use of synchrotron
light for industrial research is becoming increasingly important and
relevant for both technology development and non-destructive test-
ing, in particular when the requirements in terms of spatial, tem-
poral, and density resolution are exceptional.
We begin by introducing X-ray tomographic microscopy, one of
the most versatile techniques particularly suited to address impor-
tant industrial issues with emphasis on the tremendous advantages
of using synchrotron light. In the second part of this article, we
discuss a few cutting-edge examples relevant for the materials and
biomedical industry.
X-ray tomographic microscopy
Technique
X-ray tomographic microscopy is a powerful technique used to
visualize and study the three-dimensional (3D) internal structure and
material properties of a variety of optically opaque samples in a non-
destructive manner. It was introduced in 1973 by Houndsfield [1] and
initially mostly applied in the medical field, where it is now well
established. With time it became clear that X-ray tomographic micro-
scopy is an excellent tool for the investigation of a wider range of
specimens. Currently, most academic and industrial research depart-
ments in fields such as materials, food, pharmaceutical, environmen-
tal, and earth sciences are equipped with laboratory-based microCT
systems, which are routinely used for the non-destructive analysis of
the internal structure of the most diverse samples.
In absorption contrast tomographic microscopy, radiographic
projections are acquired, showing the selective attenuation of the X-
ray beam traveling through the sample. For a given beam energy, the
number of absorbed photons depends on the sample material (Z
number and electron density): the higher these parameters are, the
more photons will be absorbed. In phase contrast imaging, the dif-
fraction of the beam and the resulting interference phenomena are
instead exploited. Radiographic projections, however, only provide
2D cumulative information on the structure along the beam path. 3D
internal structural details can be ascertained by taking radiographies
at different sample orientations and combining those using sophisti-
cated algorithms for tomographic reconstructions based on Fourier
analysis (e.g. filtered back-projection) or iterative methods.
Knowledge provided by X-ray tomographic microscopy on the
interior of optically opaque objects is immense. In addition to the mere
visualization of internal structural details in 3D, extraction of quantita-
tive information is now possible thanks to the ever-increasing computa-
Dendrites are the general growth morphology during the solidi-
fication of metallic alloys. These topologically complex microstruc-
tures develop due to a morphological instability at the solid-liquid
interface. If the solid-liquid mixture is held above the eutectic tem-
perature for any length of time, the dendrites undergo coarsening.
During this process, the morphology, distribution of chemical com-
ponents, and length scale of the microstructure change considerably,
affecting many properties of the end material. Clear evidence also
shows that the initial solidification procedures have a significant
impact on the evolution of the microstructure [17]. Due to the fast
dynamics of early-stage coarsening and solidification in general, the
3D visualization and in-situ investigation of the microstructure evolu-
tion during these phenomena have been limited, hampering a deep
understanding of how small changes in processing affect the end
result. Ultrafast X-ray tomographic microscopy as offered at the
TOMCAT beamline [3], coupled to a newly developed laser-heated
furnace [10], provides an ideal environment for 3D, real-time exam-
ination of the dynamics of microstructure formation and evolution
(Figure 3). Furthermore, this approach is also extremely valuable for
the in-situ observation and investigation of defect formations
(e.g. porosity and hot tearing), which are important industrial issues
significantly affecting the properties and performanceof end products.
Use of a compression-tensile device is instead useful for in-situ
mechanical testing of a variety of materials (e.g. cement, wood,
bone) where structural deformation all the way to crack formation
can be captured in 3D as it happens [18–20].
Biomedical and pharmaceutical research
X-ray imaging in the biomedical field, in particular in the clinical
environment for the detection of different pathologies, is well
(a)
(b)
0 s
1 mm
1 mm
180 s 210 s
0 s 180 s 210 s
Figure 2: Evolving liquid foam (standard dishwasher) captured at 3 different time steps at the ultrafast TOMCAT endstation. Each single tomogram wasacquired in 0.5 s (X-ray energy: 20 keV, voxel size: 11 microns). (a) The individual bubbles are color-coded according to their diameter, illustrating foamcoarsening and providing understanding of the evolution of the bubble-size distribution. (b) Single bubble tracking through time thanks to their labeling,enabling a better characterization of foam flow and rheological behavior.
established. The peculiar advantages provided by synchrotron light
over clinical and laboratory instruments show a great potential for
the application of X-ray tomographic microscopy to address typical
issues encountered in the biomedical and pharmaceutical industry.
Synchrotron-based X-ray tomographic microscopy is routinely
used for the analysis of a wide variety of biopsies (e.g. bone, carti-
lage, teeth, lung, brain, skin, eye tissue). The investigation scope is
usually very diverse and ranges from functional and diagnostic 3D
microstructural studies (e.g. osteocyte lacunae morphology and dis-
tribution in bones) to the developmental aspects of early tumor
growth. High-resolution X-ray tomographic microscopy has also
proven extremely useful for optimizing tissue engineering; for exam-
ple, by closely monitoring porosity and mineralization in scaffolds
while simultaneously tracking the distribution and proliferation of
cells within these constructs.
Sub-micrometer structural details in mm-sized 3D volumes can
be visualized with synchrotron light withinminutes. Full automation
of data acquisition, thanks to a sample exchanger and a package of
automation tools as integrated at the TOMCAT beamline [9], facil-
itates the realization of high-throughput studies often necessary in
the pharmaceutical sector in early drug discovery research or during
initial clinical trials with small animals (e.g. mice). Automation is not
limited to data acquisition. Often data analysis and extraction of the
relevant information can also be performed in a fully automated
manner, making large-scale studies with hundreds, even thousands,
of samples feasible in a robust, repeatable manner in a reasonable
time frame (Figure 4).
An additional advantage of synchrotron light lies in its coher-
ence enabling phase contrast imaging, particularly suited for study-
ing biological soft tissues in their native state, without excessive
fixation or additional contrast agents. At the TOMCAT beamline,
several phase contrast techniques are available [21], optimized for
the required spatial and density resolution. These cutting-edge meth-
odologies provide comparable information to histological
approaches. Results for large volumes can be obtained in a fraction
of the time required for histological studies without requiring sec-
tioning and its accompanying artifacts (Figure 5).
Other applications
Although most applications of synchrotron-based tomographic
microscopy are so far focused on materials and biomedical research,
its versatility and flexibility make it an optimal technique for addres-
sing a much broader range of industrial issues.
In the energy industry, synchrotron-based tomographic micro-
scopy has proven extremely valuable for in-situ corrosion studies
pertinent to security issues for nuclear waste disposal [22, 23], for
improving the performance of lithium ion batteries [24], and for
gaining in-depth knowledge on the working mechanisms of fuel cells
to be used in future electric cars [25]. Although the oil industry has
been benefiting from X-ray tomographic microscopy for a while, the
use of synchrotron radiation in this field would enable shading light
on porosity unsolved questions at the sub-micrometer level as well as
gaining a deeper understanding of the dynamics of multi-phase flow
in porous media, extremely relevant issues for a better exploitation of
oil fields. Finally, a branch that is increasingly discovering the assets
of these synchrotron-based techniques is the food industry. The spa-
tial and size distribution of the different ingredients in the end product
(e.g. ice cream and chocolate) can contribute to manufacturing more
Figure 3: First 3D solidification and growth of dendrites in an Al-20wt%Cualloy obtained using the laser-heated furnace at the ultrafast TOMCATendstation. The solid-liquid interface, encompassing the Al-rich dendrites,is shown and colored by its velocity calculated using two subsequent experi-mentally determined 3D microstructures. The voxel size is 1.1 microns. Forthe experiment polychromatic X-ray radiation has been used. The samplewas manually cooled from above the eutectic temperature at approximately0.5o/s. For more details, please see [10].
Figure 4: Characterization example of the ultra-structure in a mouse femur(data acquired at the TOMCAT beamline, X-ray energy: 17.5 keV, voxelsize: 1.4 microns). (a) 3D rendering of the tomographic volume, showing inred the canals and in yellow the osteocyte lacunae. (b) Segmented datasetcolor-coded according to the distance to the nearest canal.
microscopy, in particular with its high temporal resolution, could
provide a more scientific understanding of the effects of the different
parameters involved in the preparation of the end product.
Conclusions
X-ray tomographic microscopy is an ideal tool for the non-
destructive, volumetric, quantitative characterization of a variety of
bulky materials in situ at the micrometer scale. The advantages of
synchrotron light make this technique even more powerful and parti-
cularly suited for addressing multiple industrial issues, ranging from
the deep understanding of dynamic processes in 3D to unraveling
micrometer details of biological samples in their native state. The
versatility and flexibility of the method coupled to the penetration
depth of X-rays provide nearly unlimited room for new developments
adapting to emerging customer needs and exploring previously
uncharted problems. For example, one of the current areas of research
in our group aims at making high-resolution in-vivo studies of small
animals a reality, enabling biological processes such as breathing and
vascular circulation to be studied for the first time on live animals on
the micron scale with sub-second time resolution.
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