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Page 1: Synchronous transmission .

• synchronous transmission

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-synchronous-transmission-toolkit.html

Page 2: Synchronous transmission .

C0 and C1 control codes C0 (ASCII and derivatives)

1 ^V 22 16 SYN ␖ Synchronous Idle Used in synchronous

transmission systems to provide a signal from which synchronous

correction may be achieved between data terminal equipment, particularly

when no other character is being transmitted.

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Page 3: Synchronous transmission .

Data transmission - Asynchronous and synchronous data transmission

1 Asynchronous transmission uses start and stop bits to signify the

beginning bit ASCII character would actually be transmitted using 10 bits

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Page 4: Synchronous transmission .

Data transmission - Asynchronous and synchronous data transmission

1 Synchronous transmission uses no start and stop bits, but instead

synchronizes transmission speeds at both the receiving and sending end

of the transmission using clock signal(s) built into each component.[vague] A continual stream of data is

then sent between the two nodes

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Page 5: Synchronous transmission .

ISO/IEC 7816 - 7816-10: Electronic signals and answer to reset for synchronous cards

1 This part specifies the power, signal structures, and the structure for the

answer to reset between an integrated circuit card(s) with

synchronous transmission and an interface device such as a terminal.

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Page 6: Synchronous transmission .

Network packet - Packet framing

1 Different communications protocols use different conventions for distinguishing between

the elements and for formatting the data. In Binary Synchronous Transmission, the packet is formatted in 8-bit bytes, and special characters

are used to delimit the different elements. Other protocols, like Ethernet, establish the

start of the header and data elements by their location relative to the start of the packet.

Some protocols format the information at a bit level instead of a byte level.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-synchronous-transmission-toolkit.html

Page 7: Synchronous transmission .

RS-232 - Standard details

1 Both synchronous and asynchronous transmissions are supported by the standard

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Page 8: Synchronous transmission .

Networking hardware - Specific devices

1 *Protocol converter: a hardware device that converts between two

different types of Transmission (telecommunications)|transmission,

such as asynchronous and synchronous transmissions.

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Page 9: Synchronous transmission .

Super grid - Mega grid

1 In more conventional conceptions such as the proposed unification of the European

UCTE and IPS/UPS system of the Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS,

such a mega grid is no different from typical Wide area synchronous grid|wide area

synchronous transmission systems where electricity takes an ad-hoc transit route

directly through local utility transmission lines or HVDC lines as required.

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Page 10: Synchronous transmission .

Data transfer - Asynchronous and synchronous data transmission

1 'Asynchronous transmission' uses start and stop bits to signify the

beginning bit ASCII character would actually be transmitted using 10 bits

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-synchronous-transmission-toolkit.html

Page 11: Synchronous transmission .

Data transfer - Asynchronous and synchronous data transmission

1 'Synchronous transmission' uses no start and stop bits, but instead

synchronizes transmission speeds at both the receiving and sending end

of the transmission using clock signal(s) built into each component

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Page 12: Synchronous transmission .

Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter - Synchronous transmission

1 An asynchronous transmission sends no characters over the

interconnection when the transmitting device has nothing to send; but a synchronous interface

must send pad characters to maintain synchronization between

the receiver and transmitter

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Page 13: Synchronous transmission .

Tractor-trailer - Transmission

1 On a semi-truck with non-synchronous transmission|constant

mesh transmission (non synchronized), such as by the Eaton

Corporation|Eaton Roadranger series, not only is double clutching required, but a clutch brake is required as well

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Page 14: Synchronous transmission .

Transmission (mechanics) - Non-synchronous

1 Also see Non-synchronous transmissions#Double clutch|Double-

clutching, and Non-synchronous transmissions#Clutch brake|Clutch-brake sections of the main article.

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Page 15: Synchronous transmission .

Manual transmission - Unsynchronized transmission

1 These transmissions are called sliding mesh transmissions or sometimes Non-synchronous

transmission|crash boxes, because of the difficulty in changing gears and the loud grinding sound that often

accompanied

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Page 16: Synchronous transmission .

Manual transmission - Unsynchronized transmission

1 Non-synchronous transmission|Non-synchronized transmission designs are used

for several reasons

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Page 17: Synchronous transmission .

Manual transmission - Unsynchronized transmission

1 Heavy duty trucks often use unsynchronized transmissions, though

military trucks usually have synchronized transmissions, allowing untrained

personnel to operate them in emergencies. In the United States, traffic safety rules

refer to non-synchronous transmissions in classes of larger commercial motor

vehicles. In Europe, heavy duty trucks use synchronized gearboxes as standard.

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Page 18: Synchronous transmission .

Manual transmission - Truck transmissions

1 Heavy-duty transmissions are almost always Non-synchronous transmission|non-

synchromesh

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Page 19: Synchronous transmission .

NRZI

1 NRZ-Level itself is not a synchronous system but rather an encoding that can be used in either a synchronous

or asynchronous transmission environment, that is, with or without

an explicit clock signal involved

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Page 20: Synchronous transmission .

Conversational Monitor System - Terminal support

1 'Historical note:' The 3270 approach differed from lower-cost dumb terminals of the period, which were Network_topology#Point-to-point|point-to-point and asynchronous transmission|asynchronous. Commercial time-sharing users, an important segment of early CP/CMS and VM

sites, relied on such devices because they could connect via 300- or 1200 bit/s modems over normal voice-grade telephone circuits. Installing a dedicated circuit for a 3270 was often not practical, economical, or timely.

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Page 21: Synchronous transmission .

Conversational Monitor System - Terminal support

1 These asynchronous transmission|asynchronous terminal controllers

assembled a line of characters, up to a fixed maximum length, until the

RETURN key was pressed

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Page 22: Synchronous transmission .

Comparison of synchronous and asynchronous signalling

1 'Synchronous' and 'asynchronous transmissions' are two different methods of data transmission|

transmission Synchronization#Communication|

synchronization. Synchronous transmissions are synchronized by an

external clock, while asynchronous transmissions are synchronized by

special signals along the transmission medium.

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Page 23: Synchronous transmission .

Comparison of synchronous and asynchronous signalling - Data/strobe synchronous transmission

1 In synchronous transmission, the stream of data to be transferred is encoded as fluctuating voltages in one wire, and a periodic pulse of

voltage is put on another wire (often called the clock or strobe) that tells

the receiver here's where one bit/byte ends and the next one

begins.

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Page 24: Synchronous transmission .

Comparison of synchronous and asynchronous signalling - Data/strobe synchronous transmission

1 Practically all parallel communications protocols use such

synchronous transmission. For example, in a computer, address

information is transmitted synchronously—the address bits over the address bus, and the read strobe

in the control bus.

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Page 25: Synchronous transmission .

Comparison of synchronous and asynchronous signalling - Asynchronous transmission

1 In one form of asynchronous transmission, there is only one

wire/signal carrying the transmission. The transmitter sends a stream of

data and periodically inserts a certain signal element into the stream which can be seen and

distinguished by the receiver as a sync signal.

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Page 26: Synchronous transmission .

Semi-trailer truck - Transmission

1 On a semi-truck with non-synchronous transmission|constant

mesh transmission (non synchronized), such as by the Eaton

Corporation|Eaton Roadranger series, not only is Double clutch (technique)|

double clutching required, but a clutch brake is required as well

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Page 27: Synchronous transmission .

Broadcast transmitter - Planning

1 Another system for extending coverage using multiple transmitters is quasi-synchronous transmission, but this is rarely used nowadays.

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Page 28: Synchronous transmission .

ZM (New Zealand) - 90-9 ZM Wellington (Originally 2ZM then ZMFM)

1 In March 2007, ZM altered its Hutt Valley frequency from 93.5 to 90.9, to form a synchronous transmission with the signal from Mt Kaukau, also

on 90.9

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Page 29: Synchronous transmission .

Radioteletype - Technical specification

1 The original (or Baudot) radioteletype system is based almost invariably on the Baudot code

or ITA-2 5 bit alphabet. The link is based on character asynchronous transmission with 1 start bit and 1, 1.5 or 2 stop bits. Transmitter

modulation is normally Frequency-shift keying|FSK (Types of radio emissions|F1B). Occasionally, an AFSK signal modulating an RF carrier (A2B, F2B) is used on VHF or UHF frequencies. Standard transmission speeds are 45.45, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 300 baud.

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Page 30: Synchronous transmission .

Thornycroft Antar - Antar Mark 1B

1 *Transmission: Four-speed full Non-synchronous transmission|crash

gearbox with three-speed transfer casing and power takeoff. Two live worm-drive rear axles with inboard

epicyclic reduction.

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