Synchronization Synchronization made easy! made easy! February 2009 February 2009 Preferred Synchronization Preferred Synchronization methods methods
Synchronization Synchronization made easy!made easy!
February 2009February 2009
Preferred Synchronization Preferred Synchronization methodsmethods
УСПЕШНОЕУСПЕШНОЕ МОЛОЧНОЕ МОЛОЧНОЕСКОТОВОДСТВОСКОТОВОДСТВО
ГенетикаГенетика ВозпроизводствоВозпроизводство ЗдорвьеЗдорвье КомфортКомфорт КормлениеКормление ДоениеДоение
УПРАВЛЕНИЕ
УПРАВЛЕНИЕ
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000
Concentrate Usage
Mil
k Y
ield
An extra 1300 litres,for the same feed input.WHY?
(Data is from 1200 herds recorded by Promar FBA and MM services)
Average
Top 20%
УПРАВЛЕНИЕУПРАВЛЕНИЕ
Общая индентификация скотаОбщая индентификация скота Центральная база данныхЦентральная база данных Программное обеспечениеПрограммное обеспечение Регулярны трансфер информцииРегулярны трансфер информции Прописаная технологияПрописаная технология Стандартные операционные Стандартные операционные
процедурыпроцедуры Обучение кадровОбучение кадров Система оплата трудаСистема оплата труда
Структура организации потокаСтруктура организации потока
Цех сухостоя и отела
Цех производства
молока
Цех воспроизводства
Причины выбраковки коровПричины выбраковки коров
26.5%
5.1% 4.3%15.0%
26.7%
22.4%
Здорове вымя
воспроизводствоПлохое производство
Хромота Заболевание Другие
NAHMS, 1996. Dairy Report
Мониторинг стада Мониторинг стада
Воспроизводство Воспроизводство Сервис период Сервис период <110 дней <110 дней 1 осеменение 1 осеменение <75 дней <75 дней % оплодотворяемости % оплодотворяемости > >440% 0% Обнаружение охоты Обнаружение охоты >75% >75% СредняяСредняя лактация 155 днейлактация 155 дней Киста яичников Киста яичников <15% <15% Метриты Метриты <20% <20%
Схема успеха стельностиСхема успеха стельности
Стельность
Факторы коровыСперма
Внешнии факторыЧеловеческий фактор
Кормление
Цикличность
Болезни
Инфекциозные
Ветеринарная обстановка
Комфорт
Тепловой стресс
Фертильность быка
Хранение и транспорт Метаболические
Точность выявление охоты
Техника ИО
Место ввода
Обработка
Factors Affecting Factors Affecting Pregnancy RatePregnancy Rate
Estrous DetectionAre we detecting
heats?
Estrous Expression
Are cows showing heat?
.
Conception Rate
(Pregnancy Rate/AI)
Service Rate(Estrous Detection
Rate)
The #1 Cattle Breeding Company in the World!
Heat Detection Rate for 2561 Heat Detection Rate for 2561 Minnesota DHI HerdsMinnesota DHI Herds
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 11 21 31 41 51 61
Heat Detection Rate %
Far
m C
ou
nt
Ave ~ 35%
Stewart, Personal communication. 1999
Heat Detection RatesHeat Detection RatesHeat Detection Rate
California Data Set Jan 2000 BREDSUM \ EMean 55.2 Median 57.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72
Heat Detection Rate
Co
un
t o
f H
erd
s
Параметры которые влияют на Параметры которые влияют на конечный результатконечный результат
Здоровье коровыЗдоровье коровы Качество спермыКачество спермы Квалификация Квалификация
техникатехника Выявление коров в Выявление коров в
охотеохоте
Вариант Вариант 11
9090 % %
9090 % %
9090 % %
6060 % %
9090 x 90 x 90 x x 90 x 90 x 660 = 0 = 4444%%
Параметры которые влияют на Параметры которые влияют на конечный результатконечный результат
Здоровье коровыЗдоровье коровы Качество спермыКачество спермы Квалификация Квалификация
техникатехника Выявление коров в Выявление коров в
охотеохоте
Вариант 2Вариант 2
9090 % %
9090 % %
9090 % %
35 35 %%
9090 x 90 x 90 x x 90 x 90 x 880 = 0 = 2626%%
The #1 Cattle Breeding Company in the World!
ОПТИМАЛЬНЫ МОМЕНТОПТИМАЛЬНЫ МОМЕНТ
ЛучшееОплодотво-
рениеРефлекс неподвижности
Жизнь спермиев 18-24ч
Лучшее времядля осеменения
яйцеклетка
5-6ч
Cows
Heifers
Range
19.3 17.8 7.6
16.1 15.3 11.5
6 to 30 2.5 to 28 .5 to 42
Average Estrus Duration (hours) for Average Estrus Duration (hours) for Cows and HeifersCows and Heifers
Estrous expression Size of ovulatory follicle
Changes in Reproduction in High Producing Dairy Cows
Double ovulation Early embryonic development Pregnancy rate/AI Pregnancy loss
50 kg/day0 kg/day
Estradiol Progesterone
53 Mcal/d vs.
12.5 Mcal/d
2000 L/h vs.900 L/h
Liver
The relationship between the probability of estrous detection and the level of milk production
* Analysis included all ovulations (n=350) except first postpartum ovulations
0.0102030405060708090
100
25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Average milk production (kg/d)
Pro
bab
ilit
y o
f estr
ou
s d
ete
cti
on
% 6 h interval 12 h interval 24 h interval
Параметры которые влияют на Параметры которые влияют на конечный результатконечный результат
Здоровье коровыЗдоровье коровы Качество спермыКачество спермы Квалификация Квалификация
техникатехника Выявление коров в Выявление коров в
охотеохоте
9090 % %
9090 % %
9090 % %
100 %100 %
9090 x 90 x 90 x 100 = x 90 x 90 x 100 = 7373%%
Synchronization Synchronization SystemsSystems
Synchronization ProtocolsSynchronization Protocols
Ovsynch
Pre-synch
Estrogens
MGA Protocols
MSU Synch
CIDR
Resynch
Co-synch
Manipulation of Ovarian Manipulation of Ovarian FunctionFunction
Follicular Function GnRH Estrogen
Luteal Function PGF2 Progesterone
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Anterior PituitaryFSH LH
OvariesFollicle Growth Ovulation
Estradiol
Corpus luteum
Progesterone
InhibinInhibin
NFPF
Positive Feedback Negative Feedback
Estrus Estrus5 10 15
Hor
mon
e C
once
ntr
atio
n
Ovulation
Ovulation
Endometrium PGF2
Deviation
DominanceAtresia
Recruitment
PGF2
FSH
E2
LH
THE ESTROUS CYCLE
Courtesy of Pharmacia
CL Progesterone
ProgesteroneProgesterone
10Ovulation 21
Follic
ula
r siz
e,
mm
Days after ovulationTwo Follicular WavesTwo Follicular Waves
RecruitmentRecruitment
DeviationDeviation
DominanceDominance
AtresiaAtresia
8
9
ProgesteroneProgesterone
Three Follicular WavesThree Follicular WavesOvulation 21
Follic
ula
r siz
e
9 14 - 17
Days after ovulation
Estrous cycle characteristics in Estrous cycle characteristics in lactating Holstein cowslactating Holstein cows
Reference n2 waves
%3
waves %
4 waves
%
Estrous cycle length, d
Savio et al., 1990 13 46.2 53.8 0.0 2-w cows: 22.23-w cows: 24.0
Taylor and Rajamahendran, 1991
16 81.3 18.7 0.0 2-w cows: 20.83-w cows: 29.7
Wilson et al., 1998 11 90.9 9.1 0.0 -
Roth et al., 2000 7 71.4 28.6 0.0 All cows: 22.0
Inbar et al., 2001 19 78.9 21.1 0.0 -
Townson et al., 2002
106
67.9 30.2 1.9 2-w cows: 21.23-w cows: 24.5
Estrous cycle characteristics in Estrous cycle characteristics in nulliparous heifersnulliparous heifers
Reference n2
waves %
3 waves
%
4 waves
%
Estrous cycle length, d
Savio et al., 1988(Hereford x Holstein)
26 19.2 80.8 0.0 2-w heifers: 20.53-w heifers: 21.3
Sirois and Fortune, 1988(Holstein)
10 20.0 70.0 10.0 2-w heifers: 20.03-w heifers: 20.74-w heifers: 23.0
Gong et al., 1993(Hereford x Holstein)
12 25.0 75.0 0.0 2-w heifers: 20.83-w heifers: 21.1
Inbar et al., 2001(Holstein)
20 70.0 25.0 5.0 -
Kulick et al., 2001(Holstein)
23 56.5 43.5 0.0 -
Estrous Cycle ControlEstrous Cycle Control
Precise control of estrous cycle Precise control of estrous cycle requires:requires:
• Manipulation of follicular waves.Manipulation of follicular waves.
• Manipulation of Luteal Lifespan.Manipulation of Luteal Lifespan.
A closer look at prostaglandinA closer look at prostaglandin
What does prostaglandin do?What does prostaglandin do?• Causes the CL to regress (luteolysis)Causes the CL to regress (luteolysis)• Does not synchronize the growth of the Does not synchronize the growth of the
follicles!follicles!• Does a poor job of synchronizing estrus to a Does a poor job of synchronizing estrus to a
given day.given day. What is expected?What is expected?
• When we randomly inject a group of cows When we randomly inject a group of cows we expect 66% of the cows to show estrus we expect 66% of the cows to show estrus with in a 7 day period.with in a 7 day period.
Days from PGF
PGF
–14 0
PGF
Targeted Breeding™
“Setup”
PGF
“Breeding”
Day 0 = end of volunteer waiting period
+14
heat AI
TAI*
If no heat - TAI at 80 hr after PGF
heat AI
Synchronization of estrus Synchronization of estrus using PGF2using PGF2
Sun Wed
Thu Fri SatTueMon
Estrous detection + AI
PGF2PGF2
PGF2PGF2
PGF2PGF2
Timed AI at 80 h after 3rd PGF2PGF2treatmenttreatment
Estrous detection + AI
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Days from Days from PGF2PGF2 treatment treatment
Cow
s in
estr
us (
%)
Cow
s in
estr
us (
%)
Time to estrus after 1st PGF2Time to estrus after 1st PGF2 treatment treatment Pregnancy Rate / Artificial Insemination (PR/AI)Pregnancy Rate / Artificial Insemination (PR/AI)
49% Bred46% PR/AI
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Days from Days from PGF2PGF2 treatment treatment
Cow
s in
estr
us (
%)
Cow
s in
estr
us (
%)
Time to estrus after 2nd PGF2Time to estrus after 2nd PGF2 treatment treatment Pregnancy Rate / Artificial Insemination (PR/AI)Pregnancy Rate / Artificial Insemination (PR/AI)
33% Bred 46% PR/AI 3rd PGF23rd PGF2
treatment:treatment:Timed AI at 80 hTimed AI at 80 h
18% Bred18% Bred4% PR/AI4% PR/AI
10Ovulation 21Days after ovulation
Time to estrus after Time to estrus after PGF2PGF2 treatment treatment
Day 7Day 7 Day 10Day 10
HeifersHeifers
CowsCows
PGF2PGF2
7Momont and Seguin, 1984
48 48 4 4
63 63 8 8
78 78 19 19
100 100 35 35
PGF2PGF2
Synchronization of estrus Synchronization of estrus using PGF2using PGF2
AdvantagesAdvantages Concentrate labor associated with estrous detection and AI
DisadvantagesDisadvantages Poor conception rates with timed AI Must rely on estrous detection for AI
Synchronization GoalsSynchronization Goals
Optimize LaborOptimize Labor Consumer ConcernsConsumer Concerns Optimize CostOptimize Cost Maximize PregnanciesMaximize Pregnancies
Синхронизация полового Синхронизация полового циклацикла
Схема Схема OvsynchOvsynch Схема Схема Co-SynchCo-Synch Схема Схема Pre-SynchPre-Synch Схема Схема Re-SynchRe-Synch
Ovsynch ProtocolOvsynch Protocol
GnRH PGF2
7 days 48 hr
GnRH
CL(s)regresses
ovulates
Dominantfollicle
0-24 hr
TAI
LHsurge
ovulates
Dominantfollicle
Note: Majority of animals do NOT show heat
Injection Schedule forInjection Schedule forOvsynch™ ProtocolOvsynch™ Protocol
Week1
M T W Th F S S
2M T W Th F S S
PGF GnRH TAI
GnRH
48 hr
0-24 hr
OvsynchOvsynch AdvantagesAdvantages
Improves pregnancy rate by improving AI service rate
Conception rate to TAI is similar to that of AI to a standing estrus
Eliminates estrous detection for first postpartum breeding
Cost effective
DisadvantagesDisadvantages Most cows are not in estrus at TAI Poor conception rate in virgin dairy
heifers
Pregnancy Exam
Pregnant OtherCysticOpen
CLYes
CLNo
DONE!
Prostaglandin & HD
HeatNoHeat
YesBreed
Ovsynch DNB, infuse,Other as directed
Pregnancy exam decision tree
Co-synch ProtocolCo-synch Protocol
GnRH PGF2
7 days 48 hr
GnRH and %TAI
CL(s)regresses
LHsurge
ovulates
Dominantfollicle
Note: Majority of animals do NOT show heat
7 Days 36 - 48 hours
GnRHGnRH PGFPGF22
GnRGnRHH
+ TAI TAI
Conception and Calving Rates of Lactating Conception and Calving Rates of Lactating Cows Receiving a Timed AI at Various Cows Receiving a Timed AI at Various
Intervals from the Second GnRH InjectionIntervals from the Second GnRH Injection
23%
32%36%34%32%
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 8 16 24 32
Hours after 2nd GnRH injection
Calv
ing
Rate
(%
)
32%
41%45%
41%37%
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 8 16 24 32
Hours after 2nd GnRH injection
Con
cep
tion
Rate
(%
)
Conception RateConception Rate Calving RateCalving Rate
Co-SynchCo-Synch
AdvantagesAdvantages Reduces handling periods form four to three
DisadvantagesDisadvantages Does not optimize timing of AI for
maximum conception rate
MGA ProtocolsMGA ProtocolsMelengestrol AcetateMelengestrol Acetate
synthetic progestational steroidsynthetic progestational steroid
MGA-PG MGA-PG
MGA-Co-synchMGA-Co-synch
7-11 Synch7-11 Synch
MGA Short SynchMGA Short Synch
MGA 14 days
1 14 26 33 36
GnRH PGFGnRH & AI
MGA-CO-Synch
Fixed-Time AI Pregnancy RatesFixed-Time AI Pregnancy Rates
TreatmentTreatment Trial 1 Trial 1
(%)(%)Trial 2 Trial 2
(%)(%)Total Total
(%)(%)
MGA-CMGA-CO-O-SynchSynch 5858 6363 6161
CO-SynchCO-Synch 5151 4545 4747
Perry et al., 2001.
MGA Short Synch - Heifers
1 5 6 8
GnRH PGF GnRH
Start MGA
End MGA
Timed AI
For cows shift MGA to D6, PG on D7, GnRH/AI on D9.
What is a CIDR?What is a CIDR?
Intravaginal progesterone insert.Intravaginal progesterone insert. T-Shaped device.T-Shaped device. Nylon spine covered by a Nylon spine covered by a
progesterone impregnated silicone progesterone impregnated silicone skin.skin.
Blood progesterone levels rise Blood progesterone levels rise rapidly upon insertion of CIDR.rapidly upon insertion of CIDR.
IndicationsIndications Synchronization of estrus in Synchronization of estrus in
• beef cows beef cows • beef heifersbeef heifers• dairy cowsdairy cows• dairy heifersdairy heifers
Advances first postpartum estrus Advances first postpartum estrus in cows (Treatment of anestrous in cows (Treatment of anestrous {non-cycling} cows){non-cycling} cows)
Advance pubertal estrus in heifersAdvance pubertal estrus in heifers
CIDR InsertsCIDR Inserts
Blood progesterone levels reach Blood progesterone levels reach maximal concentrations within 1 hour maximal concentrations within 1 hour of insertion.of insertion.
P4 concentrations remain at a P4 concentrations remain at a relatively constant level during 7 days relatively constant level during 7 days in vagina.in vagina.
Upon removal, P4 concentrations are Upon removal, P4 concentrations are quickly eliminated.quickly eliminated.
Retention rate is high (97-98%).Retention rate is high (97-98%).
CIDR
Day 0
PGF
Day 6
RemoveCIDR
Day 7
AI ondetected estrus
Days 7-11
EAZI-BREED CIDREAZI-BREED CIDR™™ Insert ProgramInsert Program
14±1 21±1
Insert CIDR
Remove CIDR Observe Heat
& AI
CIDR – Re-Synch Protocol
Days after 1st Insemination
For Heifers, insert CIDR on D12, remove on D19.
GnRH
0 7
PGF
9
GnRH & AI
CIDR – CO-Synch - Cows
Insert CIDR
Remove CIDR
GnRH
0 6
PGF
8
GnRH & AI
CIDR – Co-Synch - Heifers
Insert CIDR
Remove CIDR
GnRH
Tuesday Monday
PGF
Wednesday
GnRH & AI
CIDR – CO-Synch
Insert CIDR
Remove CIDR
CIDR Co-Synch (4 Trials): CIDR Co-Synch (4 Trials): Beef CowsBeef Cows
TreatmentTreatment Preg Rates Preg Rates (%)(%)
CyclingCycling
Preg Rates Preg Rates (%)(%)
NoncyclingNoncycling
CIDR-CO-SynchCIDR-CO-Synch 5959 4545
CO-SynchCO-Synch 4848 3232
Lamb et al., 2001 & Lucy et al., 2001
CO-Synch with CIDRCO-Synch with CIDREffect of including a CIDR in the CO-Synch protocol for beef cows (Lamb et al. 2001).
CO-Synch CO-Synch+CIDR
Total Number 287 273
Location
Illinois 43% 52%
Kansas 54% 66%
Minnesota 38% 51%
Missouri 53% 71%
Combined 48% 59%
CIDR-Co-Synch - HeifersCIDR-Co-Synch - Heifers
TreatmentTreatment Preg Rate (%)Preg Rate (%)
CIDR-Co-SynchCIDR-Co-Synch 6868
Co-SynchCo-Synch 3939
7 Days 2 days
2 Days
GnRGnRHH(100 g)
Treatment Groups:Treatment Groups:
TAITAI(12-18 h)
PGFPGF22(25 mg)
GnRGnRHH(100 g)
± CIDR± CIDR
Blood samples collected to determine reproductive status
Ultrasound Ultrasound ExaminationsExaminations
Effect of a CIDR device during Effect of a CIDR device during Ovsynch on conception rate (%) at Ovsynch on conception rate (%) at
28 d post TAI28 d post TAI
n=225
n=95
n=320
n=313n=87
n=226
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Cycling Anovular Total
Con
cep
tion
Rate
(%
)
OvsynchOvsynch + CIDR
* Differs from Ovsynch (P<0.025)
*50.8
40.9
*55.2
34.7
49.143.5
Effect of a CIDR device during Ovsynch on Effect of a CIDR device during Ovsynch on pregnancy loss (%) from 28 to 56 d post TAIpregnancy loss (%) from 28 to 56 d post TAI
n=98
n=111n=209
n=81n=48
n=33
0
10
20
30
40
Ovsynch Ovsynch + CIDR Total
Pre
gn
an
cy L
oss (
%)
CyclingAnovular
* Differs from cycling (P<0.001)
18.3
30.3
11.7
33.3
14.8
*32.1
The #1 Cattle Breeding Company in the World!
(10.9% / 0.75%)
(6.3% / 0.45%)
(1.9% / 0.13%)(1.7% / 0.06%)
(5.5% / 0.03%)
n = 512 breedings; 480 calvingsTotal loss (d28 to calving) = 24.7%
(% loss / avg. % loss per day)
Day 28 - 56:Day 28 - 56:13.5%
Потери стельности у лактирующих коров
28 56 70 98 28242
Fricke et al., 1998
MGA/CIDR/GnRHMGA/CIDR/GnRH
MGA or the CIDR can be added to MGA or the CIDR can be added to any of the GnRH systemsany of the GnRH systems
Helps eliminate number of cattle Helps eliminate number of cattle showing heat prior to prostaglandinshowing heat prior to prostaglandin
Helps reduce short cyclesHelps reduce short cycles
PresynchPresynch
Basically the ovsynch program with Basically the ovsynch program with two doses of prostaglandin 14 days two doses of prostaglandin 14 days apart prior to starting ovsynch.apart prior to starting ovsynch.
Hypothesis was to synchronize the Hypothesis was to synchronize the cows prior to synchronizing the cowscows prior to synchronizing the cows
Results have been somewhat better Results have been somewhat better with pre-synch compared to ovsynch.with pre-synch compared to ovsynch.
2 Days 16 h
GnRHGnRHPGFPGF22 GnRHGnRH
TAITAI
7 Days
3737 73737722
707063635151
Days Days postpartumpostpartum
14 Days 12 Days
PGFPGF22 PGFPGF22
Injection Schedule forInjection Schedule forPresynchPresynch
Week 1
M
T W Th F S S
2
M T W Th F S S
3
M T W Th F S S
4
M T W Th F S S
5
M T W Th F S S
6
M T W Th F S S
PGF
PGF
PGF
GnRH
TAIGnRH
Florida – Thatcher, Kansas – Stevenson, North Dakota - Fricke
Conception Rates (%)Conception Rates (%)
293638
434848
0102030405060
Ovsynch Presynch
Florida Kansas N. Dakota
N= 262
N= 272
N= 134
N= 264
N= 278
N= 135
North Dakota Study done with 14 day interval, others with 12
Synchronization and Synchronization and
Conception RatesConception Rates
68
41
51
82
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Synchronization RateConception Rate
Perc
en
t (%
)Ovsynch
Pre-Synch
n=89n=89 n=95n=97
P=0.147
Navanukraw et al., unpublished
28
41 40
34 36
0
10
20
30
40
50
1-4 5-8 9-12 13-16 17-21
Day of estrous cycle
Con
cep
tion
rate
, %
Effect of Stage of Cycle at first GnRH Effect of Stage of Cycle at first GnRH injection of Ovsynch on Conception injection of Ovsynch on Conception RateRate
Pre-SynchPre-Synch
AdvantagesAdvantages Systematic approach for first AI
service Improves conception rate to TAI
DisadvantagesDisadvantages Requires two additional injections Not useful for re-synchronizing
cows that do not conceive to initial TAI
Injection Schedule forInjection Schedule forPresynchPresynch
Re-synchRe-synch
Putting cows that are found open Putting cows that are found open back on the synch program.back on the synch program.
Can be done at the time the animal Can be done at the time the animal is preg checked in the case of PGF2αis preg checked in the case of PGF2α
Can be done at the time of preg Can be done at the time of preg check or 1 week prior to if using check or 1 week prior to if using ovsynchovsynch• depends on timing of preg check??depends on timing of preg check??
Little data on this currentlyLittle data on this currently
Re Enrollment ChoicesRe Enrollment Choices
Wait….Wait…. Palpate and PgF2Palpate and PgF2 PgF2 allPgF2 all PgF2 CL’s and Ovsynch the restPgF2 CL’s and Ovsynch the rest Ovsynch 100%Ovsynch 100% Resynch 1 week prior to HCResynch 1 week prior to HC
Re-Synch Re-Synch GroupsGroups
-9 -2 0
GG
T T R
PP GG+TAITAI
GG
19T
26T
USUS+PP
28R
GG+TAITAI
USUS+GG
26T
33 35T R
PP GG+TAITAI
USUS+GG
33T
40 42T R
PP GG+TAITAI
Fricke et al., 2003
Ultrasound Pregnancy DetectionUltrasound Pregnancy Detection
Empty cow
Pregnant cow 28 days
Pregnant cow 37 days
Summary and ConsiderationsSummary and Considerations
Eliminate the interval from the VWP to first AI service
Identify non-pregnant cows early and return them to AI service
Efficient and accurate heat detection for the specified days is essential
Implementation of a good synchronization protocol cannot "fix"
bad management !
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