TODAY’S VETERINARY PRACTICE | November/December 2015 | tvpjournal.com SYMPTOMATIC MANAGEMENT OF PRIMARY ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS Peer Reviewed 46 TABLE 1. Selected Causes of Secondary Acute Gastroenteritis Algal • Prototheca species Bacterial • Campylobacter species • Clostridia species • Escherichia coli • Neorickettsia helminthoeca • Salmonella species Drugs • Antibiotics • Cyclosporine • Glucocorticoids • Mycophenolate • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Parasitic • Ancylostoma caninum • Ollulanus tricuspis • Physaloptera species • Strongyloides species • Toxoascaris leonina • Toxocara canis Protozoal • Cryptosporidium parvum • Giardia species • Isospora canis Systemic disease • Bacterial cholecystitis • Gallbladder mucocele • Gastric dilatation and volvulus • Hepatic disease • Hypoadrenocorticism • Pancreatitis • Pyometra • Renal disease • Sepsis • Septic peritonitis • Splenic torsion Toxins • Chocolate • Lead • Mushrooms • Organophosphates • Xylitol • Zinc Viral • Canine coronavirus • Canine parvovirus • Feline immunodeficiency virus • Feline leukemia virus • Feline parvovirus (panleucopenia virus) Acute gastroenteritis is a term used to describe a syndrome characterized by the sudden onset of vomiting and/or diarrhea caused by gastrointestinal mucosal inflammation. This diagnosis is seldom confirmed by histopathologic evaluation; instead, it is based on a consistent clinical presentation and exclusion of other potential causes for the patient’s clinical signs. Mucosal inflammation is assumed, but not proven to be present. Therefore, acute gastroenteropathy is perhaps a more appropriate name. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION Acute gastroenteritis is among many potential causes of acute vomiting and diarrhea (Table 1). However, in many cases, the cause of primary acute gastroenteritis is not determined. Rapid resolution of clinical signs often means that extensive diagnostic evaluation is unnecessary. Physical Examination No specific physical examination findings are pathognomonic for acute gastroenteritis, and some dogs do not have any significant abnormalities. Findings consistent with acute gastroenteritis include lethargy, pytalism, and abdominal discomfort. It is particularly important to assess the patient’s hydration status and palpate the abdomen carefully, checking for physical examination findings that would warrant further diagnostic evaluation (ie, abnormalities that suggest the problem is more significant than straightforward acute gastroenteritis) (Table 2). Findings that indicate dehydration include dry oral mucous membranes, prolonged capillary refill time, and prolonged skin tent. Tachycardia, weak pulses, and cool extremities are consistent with hypovolemia. Laboratory Analysis Patients with a normal physical examination and Symptomatic Management of Primary Acute Gastroenteritis Yuri Lawrence, DVM, MA, MS, Diplomate ACVIM (Small Animal Internal Medicine), and Jonathan Lidbury, BVMS, MRCVS, Diplomate ACVIM (Small Animal Internal Medicine) & ECVIM (Companion Animal) Texas A&M University
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Symptomatic Management of Primary Acute Gastroenteritis€¦ · causes of acute gastrointestinal signs, such as acute kidney injury, acute hepatitis, and pancreatitis, and metabolic
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Today’s VeTerinary PracTice | november/december 2015 | tvpjournal.com
symPTomaTic managemenT of Primary acuTe gasTroenTeriTisPeer reviewed
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Table 1. Selected Causes of Secondary Acute GastroenteritisAlgal • Prototheca species
Bacterial •Campylobacter species •Clostridia species•Escherichia coli •Neorickettsia helminthoeca • Salmonella species
FIGURE 1. Gastric nematode presumed to be Physaloptera rara visualized during gastroscopy. The hemorrhage observed is associated with gastric biopsy.
Table 2. Selected Clinical Findings That Indicate Further Diagnostic Evaluation in Dogs & Cats with Acute Vomiting and/or Diarrhea •Abdominal pain•Anorexia•Bradycardia•Chronic vomiting or diarrhea•Hematemesis•Hyperthermia or fever• Jaundice• Lack of current vaccinations• Lymphadenopathy•Masses or organomegaly on abdominal palpation•Melena • Polyuria/polydipsia• Tachycardia• Tachypnea, cough, or abnormal lung sounds•Weak pulses•Weakness•Weight loss
learn MoreTurn to page 77 to read the article,Endoscopic Foreign Body Retrieval.
FIGURE 2. Fabric gastric foreign body visualized during gastroscopy.
Today’s VeTerinary PracTice | november/december 2015 | tvpjournal.com
symPTomaTic managemenT of Primary acuTe gasTroenTeriTisPeer reviewed
YURI LAWRENCEYuri Lawrence, DVM, MA, MS, Diplomate ACVIM (Small Animal Internal Medicine), is enrolled in the Texas A&M University Gastrointestinal PhD program and also serves as a senior clinician at the institution’s small animal hospital. Dr. Lawrence received his DVM from Tufts University; then completed an MA in anatomy and neurobiology at Boston University, internship in small animal medicine and surgery at North Carolina State University, and residency in small animal internal medicine and MS in veterinary science at Oregon State University.
JONATHAN LIDBURY Jonathan Lidbury, BVMS, MRCVS, Diplomate ACVIM (Small Animal Inter-nal Medicine) & ECVIM (Companion Animal), is an assistant professor of vet-erinary small animal internal medicine at Texas A&M University. Dr. Lidbury received his BVMS from University of Glasgow in Scotland and completed his small animal internal medicine res-idency at Texas A&M University. His clinical and research interests include small animal hepatology and gastro-enterology.
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Yuri Lawrence, DVM, MA, MS, Diplomate
November/December2015|tvpjournal.com
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