The Changing Well- being of Older Status First Nations Adults An Application of the Registered Indian Human Development Index Symposium on Aboriginal Experiences in Aging Saskatoon, September 17-19, 2008 Martin Cooke, University of Waterloo Eric Guimond, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
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Symposium on Aboriginal Experiences in Aging Saskatoon, September 17-19, 2008
The Changing Well-being of Older Status First Nations Adults An Application of the Registered Indian Human Development Index. Symposium on Aboriginal Experiences in Aging Saskatoon, September 17-19, 2008 Martin Cooke, University of Waterloo Eric Guimond, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Changing Well-beingof Older Status First Nations AdultsAn Application of the Registered IndianHuman Development Index
Symposium on Aboriginal Experiences in AgingSaskatoon, September 17-19, 2008
Martin Cooke, University of WaterlooEric Guimond, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
Outline• Background: HDI and Methodology• The older Registered Indian Population• Mortality• Income• Educational attainment• Conclusions
Background• Concerned about the changing well-being of older
Registered Indians– Well-being of older people reflects the cumulative effects of life
experiences– Accumulation, depletion, or stability in health, human, social,
financial capitals• An aging population may present challenges for
communities, organizations, governments– Generally a focus on policies aimed at Aboriginal youth – Older people may not be well-served by policies aimed at the
older population in general, or at younger Aboriginal peoples• How has the well-being of older Registered Indians
changed 1981-2001? • Are improvements seen at the population level reflected
in the older population?
Background• Demographically younger than the general
Canadian population, but aging• Aboriginal Identity population
– 5.2% aged 60 and over in 1996– 8.6% in 2001 (80,000 people)
• Large cohort now in their 50s.
• True for Métis, Inuit, and non-status Indians and Registered Indians, on- and off-reserve
Absolute and Relative Size of the Registered Indian Population and Other Canadians Aged 50 and Older, Canada, 1981 and 2001
• Three indices (life expectancy, education, income) are combined to form the HDI
The Strategic Research and Analysis Directorate at INAC is engaged in ongoing analyses using the HDI to find out how Registered Indian well-being is changing over time.
Human Development Index (HDI) for Registered Indians and Other Canadians, Canada, 1981-2001
The HDI for Registered Indians is significantly lower than that observed for other Canadians.
The HDI gap between Registered Indians and other Canadians has been narrowing since 1981.
But improvements over the 1996-2001 period have not resulted in a significant ‘gap reduction’.
0.8060.823
0.852 0.8630.880
0.6270.644
0.7060.739
0.765
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1981 1986 1991 1996 2001
Year
HDI
Other Canadians Registered Indians
Gap = .179
Gap = .178
Gap = .146
Gap = .125
Gap = .115
Sources: Statistics Canada, 1981 to 2001 Censuses of Canada.
Measuring the Well-beingof Older Registered Indians (50+)• Life Expectancy at specific Ages
– From the Indian Register (Verma, Michalowski et al. 2003)& Statistics Canada life tables
– Max/min values from model life tables (Coale and Demeny, 1965;Coale and Guo, 1989)
• Educational attainment Index– Proportion with grade nine or higher (2/3 weight)– Proportion with high school or some post-secondary (1/3 weight)
• Income Index– Census average household income– Min $200, max $80,000
• Calculated for 5-year age groups 50-79, 80+
An age-specific HDI has also been developed for the monitoring of the well-being of the Registered Indian youth population (15-29).
Life Expectancy at Ages 60, 70, and 80, Registered Indian (RI) and Other Canadians (OC)Females, Canada, 1981-2001
Life expectancy for older Registered Indian and other Canadian women.has increased since 1981.
The life expectancy gap between Registered Indian and other Canadian women has narrowed slightly between 1981 and 2001.
Human Development Index (HDI) for Registered Indians (RI) and Other Canadians (OC) Aged 55-79 Canada, 1981-2001
There is a general improvement in Older Registered Indians HDI scores since 1981.
The HDI gap between Registered Indians and other Canadians aged 50-54, 55-59 has narrowed.
The HDI gap for those aged 70 and older has widened slightly.
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1981 1986 1991 1996 2001
HDI S
core
RI 55-59 RI 65-69 RI 75-79
OC 55-59 OC 65-59 OC 75-79
Sources: Statistics Canada, 1981 to 2001 Censuses of Canada.
Human Development Index (HDI) forRegistered Indians (RI) Aged 55-74 by GenderCanada, 1981-2001
According to the HDI, older Registered Indian women display a better quality of life than men, largely because of higher life expectancy.
Differences between women and men have widened between 1981 and 2001.
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
1981 1986 1991 1996 2001
HDI S
core
Men 55-59 Men 65-69 Men 75-79
Women 55-59 Women 65-59 Women 75-79
Sources: Statistics Canada, 1981 to 2001 Censuses of Canada.
Conclusion• Overall, HDI scores for older registered Indians
improved since 1981. However, – Life expectancy for older Registered Indian men did not improve
at the same pace as for other Canadian men ;
– Household incomes for cohorts recently reaching retirement ages were virtually the same as for previous cohorts ;
– The overall HDI gap between Registered Indians and other Canadians decreased for those still in working ages (50-65), were constant for those 65-69, and widened for those over 70.
Conclusion• Improvements meant increasing disparity between Older
Registered Indian men and women– Increasing heterogeneity in older Registered Indian population
– Importance of monitoring conditions of sub-populations, for whom general policies might not be appropriate
• It remains to be seen whether the higher incomes and education of the large cohort aged 50-59 in 2001 will be reflected in higher incomes and better health when they reach retirement ages.