Symbols a-hydroxyisobutyric acid (HIBA) 344 1,2 ... - Springer

Index

Symbols

a-hydroxyisobutyric acid (HIBA) 344

1,2-diaminocyclohexanetetra­acetic acid (DCTA) 344

2-mercaptopyridine (HSPy) 236,240

2-mercaptopyrimidine (HSPym) 236,240

3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine-p,p'-disulfo-nic acid (ferrozine, FZ) 349

3,3'-bis[N,N-di(carboxyme­thyl)amino-methyllthymol­sulfone-phthalein (methylthymol blue) 347

3-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl­azo )-4,5-dihydroxy-naphtha­lene-2,7-disulfonic acid (plas­mocorinth B) 345,349

3,6,9,12,15,18-heneicosahexaene (HEH) 128

4-amino-3,6-disulfo-1,8-naph­thalic anhydride (lucifer yel­lowanhydride) 144,151

5-Br-2-pyridylazo-5-diethyl­aminophenol (5-Br-PADAP) 346,349

5-Br-PADAP see 5-Br-2-pyridyl­azo-5-diethylamino-phenol

8-Quinolinol (HQ) 343,348

A

AAS see atomic absorption spectroscopy

AAS-ETA see atomic absorp­tion spectroscopy with graphite furnace

abiotic matrix 205 absorbance 388-391,395-396 absorber

-, lyophilized 237 -,mylar 360

absorption 3,77-78,105,110, 161,205,272,274,276,303,

312,339,350-351,389,418 -, carbon dioxide 303 -, coefficient 77 -, metal 3 -, of sunlight by colored dis-

solved organic matter (eDOM) 77

-, spectrum 77 accumulation

-, antimony 265 -, carbon dioxide 22, 28 -, chromium 281 -, diarrhetic shellfish poison-

ing (DSP) toxin 322 -, dissolved organic matter

299 -, manganese 104 -, mercury 255 -, metal 3 -, methyl mercury 250, 253 -, natural organic matter 372 -, petroleum 43 -, pollutant 369,418 -, polychlorinated biphenyls

(PCBs) 420 -, potentially toxic element

245 -, suspended matter 409

acetate 46, 69, 205, 213, 349, 352 acetic acid 352 acetonitrile 345,352 acid

-, digestion 268 -, phytenic 54

acidification 302-305,362 acidity 3,215,371,375-376,400

-, constant 375-376 activation 288, 322, 331 additive 195,315,340 Adriatic Sea 408 adsorption 9, 150, 159, 162,

165-166,175,177,179,281,286, 299,303,340-342,365,373, 375, 405, 410 -, carbon dioxide 9 -, process 159, 162 -, protein 150

Aegean Sea 418 aerobic, zone 410 aerosol 159,161-162,165-168,

349,357-358,360-362,365, 407, 412-413 -, associated material 162 -, marine 162, 166, 349, 365 -, mineral 162 -, production 365 -, sampler 362 -, sea salt 162 -, urban 162, 165

aerosolization 366 AFS see atomic fluorescence

spectrometry aggregate 127, 369 aggregation 127,405 agrochemicals 201 air

-, sampler 358,361-362 -, viscosity 170

alanine 55,57-58,61,145-146, 153-154

Alaska 192 alcohol 54, 128, 134, 137, 419, 421 aldehyde 61, 66, 143 aldohexose 61 aldose 61 Alexandrium excavatum 332 Alfacs Bay 419 algae 47,61,63,75, 84, 175, 184,

190,193-194,368,417, 420-421 -,green 84,420 -, marine 63,75, 194, 418 -, production by 193

aliphatics 403 aliphatics, chlorinated 403 alkaline earth metal 342-344,

347,349, 363 alkalinity 2,16-18,26-28,33,

35, 98, 109, 409-410 -, seawater 2

alkane 54, 129, 408, 416 alkanesulfonate 342 alkenone 128, 133-135, 137 alkylammonium salt 341

426

alkylbenzene 419 alkylmercurial 245 alkylsulfate 341 alkylsulfonate 341 alkyltin 205, 214, 222, 226 alumina 306, 307, 327 aluminium 189, 361 aluminosilicate 372, 413-414 amalgam 176, 246 amide, bond 151 amino

-, acid 49, 53, 55, 56-61, 67, 69, 128, 131, 142-147, 149, 153,235, 238, 241, 334, 336

-, acid oxidase 144 -, sugar 61, 67

ammonia 94, 96-97, 99, 100-101,107, 110-112,363,366

ammonium -, acetate 205, 349, 352 -, pirrolydine-dithiocarba-

mate (APDC) 363-364 -, production 142 -, tetramethylenedithio-car-

bamate (ATDC) 342 amphipods 255, 420 analysis

-, chemometric 4 -, cluster 390 -, of the variance (AN OVA)

422 angiosperms 65-66

-, tissue 65 -,wood 65

animal, marine 421 anion -excilange 341 anodic stripping voltammetry

(ASV) 3,176-177 ANOVA see analysis of the vari­

ance Antarctic 28, 307

-, bottom water 28 -, intermediate water 28 -, sea water 307

anthropogenic -, carbon dioxide 33 -, emission 265 -,input 4 -, marine contaminant 321 -, pollution 409

antifouling -,agent 202 -, coating 230 -, paint 4, 201

antimony 4, 265, 267-268, 272-275, 277-278 -, accumulation 265 -, compounds 265, 267-268,

272, 275, 277 -, detoxification mechanism

276 -,metal 265

-,oxide 265 -, reduction 277-278 -, volatilisation 276

AOU see apparent oxygen utili­zation

APDC see ammonium-pirro­lydine-dithiocarbamate

apiezon 362 apparent oxygen utilization

(AOU) 18, 26, 33, 300 apparent total proton activity

coefficient (Ki ) 40 Arabian Sea 36, 129-133 aragonite 15,31-33,40,413

-, lysocline 32 -, production 33

Arno 252 Arrhenius relation 58 arsenate 351 arsenic 4, 255, 265, 268, 272,

274-276, 278, 351 -, reduction 278

arsenite 351 arsenobetaine 351 arsenocholine 351 arsenous acid 351 arthropods 61 artificial neural network 388 aspartic acid 55, 61 assay, immunocilemical 337 assimilation 281 ASV see anodic stripping

voltammetry ATDC see ammonium tetra­

methylenedithiocarbamate Atlantic Ocean 21-33,35-36,52,

69,192,252-254,259,300,408 -, deep water 28

atmosphere, marine 159 atmospheric

-, environment service 159 -, mercury 247

atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) 3-4,272,274,351-352, 364, 382, 383

atomic absorption spectroscopy with graphite furnace (AAS­ETA) 3

atomic fluorescence spectro-metry (AFS) 351

atrazine 315 autolysis 128 autosampler 421 azaarene 161, 164

B

BA see single salt BaA see benzo(a)anthracene b-alanine 61 backscattering 78 bacteria 43, 47, 61-62, 84, 87, 91,

Index

101, 106, 117, 121, 137, 144, 147, 149,184, 190, 193-194, 213, 248-249,277-278,299,301,413 -, anaerobic marine 62 -, fermentative 277 -, heterotrophic 43 -, marine 62,87,193 -, production by 137, 193 -,soil 277

bacterial -, biomass 144 -, demethylation 252 -, marker 135

bacterioplankton 87 Baja California 284 Baltic Sea 91, 249, 251, 267,

415-416 BaP see benzo(a)pyrene barium, separation 347 basin, anoxic 91-92, 94, 101, 103,

114,120 Belgium 250 benthic

-, crustaceans 257 -, macrofauna 127 -, marine food chain 420 -, microfauna 127 -, mollusks 257 -, organism 54, 372, 405

benzo(a)anthracene (BaA) 402 benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) 402 benzo(b )fluoranthene (BF) 402 benzo(g,h,i)perylene (BghiP)

402 benzo(k)fluoranthene (BF) 402 Bering Sea 249 BF see benzo(b )fluoranthene BghiP see benzo(g,h,i)perylene bicarbonate 12, 45, 86, 98, 106 bioaccumulation 201, 255

-, organometallic compounds 201

bioalkylation -, enzymatic 4 -, of inorganic tin 213

bioassay 324, 328, 333 -, method 328

bioavailability 3, 281 -, chromium 281 -,metals 3

biocide 201 biodiversity 86 biogeochemical

-, cycle 1, 2, 43, 62, 247, 300 -, phases 367 -, process 299 -, reaction 49, 53

biogeocilemistry 43 bioindication 209, 418 biological

-, monitor 418 -,pump 2

Index

biomagnification 255 biomarker 53, 79, 128, 132,

134-137,415 -, heterotrophic 137 -, planktonic 135

biomass 45-46, 55, 61, 144, 246, 276 -, bacterial 144 -, fungal 276 -,living 55 -,marine 45 -, plant 45

biomethylation 213, 248, 274-275 -, tin 213

biomonomers 68 biopolymer 66, 68 bioreduction 277

-, trimethyldibromoanti­mony 278

biosphere, marine 11 biosynthesis 43,49,58, 62, 64,

127-128 biota 213, 247, 252- 253, 260,

267,299 -, marine 253

biotic -, matrix 205 -, stability 86

biotope 418 biotransformation, microbial

274 bioturbation 368 biovolatilisation 276 bis(tributyltin)oxide 213 bisnorhopane 135 bivalves 418, 421 Black Sea 91, 110, 112, 114, 409 bloom, spring 22, 300 blue mussel 418 borate 286,288,304,351

-, buffer 286, 304, 351 borax 289 boric acid 39 boron 17, 289

-, natural level 289 Bothnian, Sea 419 bottom water 98,102-103,

105-108,112,141,293,367 brevetoxins 328-329 buffer capacity 2

-, seawater 2

butyltin 201, 205, 208-209, 219 Byfjorden 408

c C/N ratio 46, 49, 109, 111-112 CA see carbonate alkalinity cadmium 176-177 calcite 15,31-33,40, 413, 419 calcium 32-33,334,361

-, carbonate 32-33 -, carbonate compensation

depths (CCD) 32-33 California 284, 407 Camara de Lobos 259 Canada 159, 250, 257, 267 Canal Grande 409 cancer 265 capillary electrophoresis (CE)

322,331-332,336 carbamate 359,362-364

-, reduction 362 carbanion 57, 248 carbohydrate 61 carbon

-, assimilatory reduction -, cycle 1, 44 -, dioxide 2,9-26, 28-37,39,

43, 46, 75, 78, 81, 85, 87, 93-94, 98-99, 141, 285, 302-304,307-309, 312-315,421

-, dioxyde, reduction 308 -, fossil fuel 2, 11 -, inorganic 11, 19, 44-46,

106, 112, 302 -, monoxide 78 -, monoxide production 81 -, organic (OC) 18-19,22,

44-45, 49, 53, 63, 65, 67, 69, 75,79,81,86,95, 127-128, 130-132,149,163,299-302, 307,309,313, 415

-, reduction 1

carbon cycle -, global 10-11,44,75 -, organic 44

carbon dioxide -, absorption 303 -, adsorption 9 -, anthropogenic 33 -, partial pressure 11-12,

16-18,21-24,26,28-30, 109,307

-, solubility 15 carbonate 3,9, 12, 13, 15, 17-20,

30, 32-33, 85, 189, 202, 226, 274, 288, 313, 377 -, alkalinity (CA) 17-18 -, inorganic 44 -, ion 12, 288 -, system 9, 13, 15, 18-20,30,

85 carbonic

-, acid 14-16, 26 -, acid system 39

carbonyl sulfide 78, 290 carboxylic acid 63, 81, 84, 215,

290 carcinogen 281, 402 Cariaco Trench 91,94-101,

110-112,114-116,118,120

Caribbean Sea n, 101, 333 carrier gas 306 catagenesis 45

427

catalysis 178, 257, 303, 305-307, 309,311,313,315,395

catalysts 213,315 catalytic

-, cycle 114, 178 -, oxidation 300,304-305,

311 catechol 177 catecholates 84 cathodic stripping voltammetry

(CSV) 3,177-182,184-185 -, sensitivity 3

cation -, exchange 341 -, exchange column 349

CCD see calcium carbonate compensation depths

CDOM see colored dissolved organic matter

CE see capillary electrophore­sis

cell -,lysis 43 -, membrane 149, 328 -, surface 61,142-144,147 -, surface oxidation

143-144,147 Celtic Sea 413 cement 9, 413 central nervous systems 257 Ceratocystis ulmi 231 cetylpyridinium (CP) 345-346

-, chloride 345 cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA)

345-346,349 CPA see correspondence facto-

rial analysis Challenger mechanism 275, 278 chelant, complex 362 chelate 84,341,343,345-346,

349,352, 363 -, metal 343,345

chelating -, agent 342,344,346,351,

363 -, ligand 342

chelation 193, 236, 342, 347 -, tin 236

chelator 237 chemical

-, oxidation 301, 310 -, speciation 3 -, speciation model 223 -, speciation study 214, 222

chemiluminescence 85, 273, 344 Chesapeake Bay 91, 114 China 249 chitin 61

CHLs see chlordane-related compounds

chlordane-related compounds (CHLs) 415

chloride 3, 202, 218-220, 223, 226, 257, 305, 315, 345, 351, 377,380 -, complex 226

chlorin pigment, photosyn-thetic 54

chlorination 411 chloroform 236, 343 chlorophyll 21,419

-, a 54 chromate 281, 283, 290 chromatogram 129, 274,

325-326,329-330,332,335,418 chromatographic

-, method 268,328,351 -, separation 2, 204-205,

269,343-344,346,350, 352

chromatography -, dynamic chelating 342,

347 -, soap 341

chromic acid 291, 299 chromite 281 chromium 281-282, 284-285,

289,290,292-293,349,352 -, accumulation 281 -, bioavailability 281 -, oxidation 286-289, 293

chromosome damage 255 chrysene (CRY) 402 ciguatera 331, 333 ciguatoxin 331 cinnabar 246 cinnamyl 65 citric acid 344 clay 66,371-373 Claymore pipeline 408 cluster 389-391,398, 400, 410,

412,422 -, analysis 390,398

coal 9,45, 247, 402 coastal

-, area 257,358,365,418-419 -, sea water 77, 79, 205, 247,

249,418 -, sediment 54, 249 -, upwelling 95 -,zone 202

coating, epicuticular 66 cobalt 175, 178, 189 coccolith 413 coefficient of variation (CV)

146-147 coenzyme 275 collimator 364 collisional activation 322, 331 colloid 299, 301, 405

colored dissolved organic mat­ter (CDOM) 75-80, 87 -, oxidation 78, 80, 87 -, photo oxidation 78 -, terrestrial 79 -, terrestrial origin 77 -, UV absorption by 78

combustion, dry 299, 304 compaction 368 complex

-, chelant 362 -, cysteine 352 -, heavy metal 312 -, inorganic 226 -, metal 176,179,195, 235,

312,343, 345 -, metal anionic 348 -, natural 178-179 -, natural metal 179 -, negatively charged 344 -, organic 84,189-199,253 -, organotin(IV) 235 -, organotin(IV)-2-mercapto-

pyrimidine 236 -, soluble 189 -, stability 179-180,184-185

complexation 3,84,175-180, 182,184,189-193,195-199, 220,339-341,343-344,346, 348-349,374,379,381-382 -, metal 194-195,341 -, organic 175,189

Compton scattering 359 Cona Marsh 367-368 condensate 69, 229, 232-233,

235-239 condensation 68, 232, 236,

238-239 condition, anoxic 53-54, 95, 248 conditional stability constant

84,175,180,183-184, 195-196,198- 199

conductivity 308, 313, 344, 346, 350

congener 165-166,168,265,333, 408

conopeptide 336 conotoxin 334-336 contaminant 159, 170, 201, 205,

303, 313, 321, 329, 371, 412, 417,420 -, anthropogenic marine 321 -, marine 321 -, natural marine 321

continuum bremsstral1lung 359 convection 300, 413 copepods 128, 255

-, tissue 255 copolymer 342 copper 175-177, 184-185,

189-192,194,197-199,303, 379-383,398,400,408

Index

-, complex 192 -, oxide 303

coprecipitation 362, 371 -, agent 363

coral reef 331 correspondence factorial analy-

sis (CFA) 415 corrosion 304 Corsica 414 COS, production 81 CP see cetylpyridinium Crab Creek 65 Crassostrea gigas 202

Crete 418 crustaceans 128

-, benthic 257 CRY see chrysene CSV see cathodic stripping

voltammetry CTA see cetyltrimethylammo-

nium current velocity 369 cutin 66 CV see coefficient of variation cyanate 302 cyanuric acid 315 cycle, global mercury

247-248,260 cyclic polyether 328, 331, 334

-, toxins 328,331 cysteine 55, 194, 232, 239-241,

334-335,352 -, complex 352

cytoplasm 231

o Dabob Bay 64 DBA see dibenzo(a,h)anthra­

cene DCTA see 1,2-diaminocyclo-

hexanetetraacetic acid DDT 415 decarboxylation 61 decomposition

-, anaerobic 54, 109 -, microbial 58 -, protein 150

decontamination 313 DEDTC see diethyldithiocar­

bamate degradation

-, fungal 66 -, macromolecular 151 -, microbial 58 -, organic matter 53, 84,

142-143,149-151 -, organic nitrogen 49 -, photocatalytic 315 -, protein 59, 149

dehalogenation 315 dehydration 14, 129

Index

-, microbial 129 Delaware 77 demethylation 253

-, bacterial 252 -, mercury 248

denitrification 36, 46, 49, 93 density

-, stratification 91 -, surface 35

deoxy sugar 61, 301 deoxyribonucleic acid 232, 235 deposition

-, dry 166, 168, 247, 412-413 -, velocity 166

Dese River 367-369 desegregation 405 desorption 161-162,272,286,

405 detection

-, coulometric 308 -, fluorimetric 324 -, UV 322,328, 331, 347 -, voltammetric 84

detergent 419 determination, metal 177> 339,

347-348 detoxification 276 detritus 68 DFAA see dissolved free amino

acids diagenesis 45-46,67-68,134,

405 diarrhetic shellfish poisoning

(DSP) 322-325, 327 -, toxin 323-324, 327 -, toxin accumulate 322

diastereomers 56, 58 diatoms 94, 110, 131, 413, 420

-,bloom 131 -, production 94

dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (DBA) 402

DIC see dissolved inorganic carbon

dichromate 299 dicotyledons 66 dieldrin 415 diethyldithiocarbantate (DEDTC)

343, 348, 363 -, complex 343

diethylenetriaminopentaacetic acid (DTPA) 344

dihydrophytol 54 diluition 205 dimer 65-66, 151, 154

-, fluorogenic 151,154 dimethyl mercury (DMHg)

245, 248, 253 dimethyl stibonic acid 266 dimethylantimony, hydride

267,273 dimethylarsinate (DMA) 351

dimethylstibonic acid (DMSA) 266-267

dimethylsulfoxide 413 dimethyltin 213, 216, 220-221,

225-226 -, complex 225

DIN see direct injection nebuli­zation

DIN see dissolved inorganic nitrogen

dinitrogen 46, 49 dinoflagellates 128, 328-329,

331-332,420 dinophysistoxins (DTXs)

322-324, 327, 334 dipeptide 56,58,154, 155 diphenyltin 216 dipotassium salt 144 direct injection nebulization

(DIN) 47, 350-353 disaccltaride 61 dismutation 269 dispersion 205, 389, 413 dissolved free amino acids (DFAA)

60 dissolved inorganic carbon

(DIC) 45,302-303 dissolved inorganic nitrogen

(DIN) 47,350,352 dissolved organic carbon (DOC)

2, 45-46, 69, 75, 79, 86, 149, 299-304, 306, 310-312, 314-315 -, accumulate 300 -, measurement 299

dissolved organic matter (DOM) 69, 75, 81, 87, 149, 299-301, 310-311 -, accumulation 299 -, oceanic 75 -, high-molecular weight 301 -, low-molecular-weight 301 -, oxidation, photocatalytic

315 -, semilabile 300

dissolved oxygen 91, 95, 102, 286, 299, 409

distribution -, metal 368, 369 -,pattern 1

disulfide bond 334 dithiocarbamate 343 DMA see dimethylarsinate DMHg see dimethyl mercury DMSA see dimethylstibonic

acid DNA

-, condensate 229, 232-233, 236-238

-, monomer 232-233, 235, 237-239

-, toroidal 233, 235, 238

DOC see dissolved organic carbon

429

docosaltexaenoic acid 134-135 DOM see dissolved organic

matter drainage basin 1

DRUM sampler 362 dry

-, combustion 299, 304 -, deposition 166, 168, 247,

412,413 -, fallout 127

DSP see diarrhetic shellfish poisoning

DTPA see diethylenetriamino-pentaacetic acid

DTXs see dinophisystoxins Dutch coastal zone 202 dynamic chelating chromatog-

raphy 342, 347

E

earth metals, alkaline, separa-tion 342,347

earthquake 100 Ebre River 419 Ebro 252 ecosystem, marine 2, 147, 358,

405-406, 417 ecotoxicological effect 202 ED see electrocltemical detec­

tors EDTA see ethylenediammine­

tetraacetic acid eigenvector 391-393,400,

403-404 Ekman transport 300 Elbe Estuary 249 electrochemical detectors (ED)

339,350 electrode, glass 377 electrolyte ion separation 321 electrometer 309, 377 electron

-, acceptor 47, 93, 141, 277, 312

-,donor 46 -,gun 358 -, reduction 46

electron-probe X-ray micro­analysis (EPXMA) 412-414

electrospray ionization (ESI) 321-322, 324-327, 329-336

Emiliania huxleyi 184-185 emissions

-, anthropogenic 265 -, mercury 246

enantiomer 58 energy

-, of activation 288 -, storage 49, 128, 421

430

-, storage lipids 128 -, thermal 75

Englewood Cliffs 205 English Channel 413 environment

-, marine 1, 9, 63, 149, 201, 245, 283, 357

-, terrestrial 265 enzymatic

-, bioalkylation 4 -, hydrolysis 43, 62, 68 -, induction 146

enzyme 49, 56, 59-61, 128, 145-146, 151, 265

epimer 57 epimerization 58 EPXMA see electron-probe

X-ray microanalysis erosion 417 erythrocyte 231 ESI see electrospray ionization ESI mass spectra 327, 330-333,

335 ethanol 215, 232, 236, 239, 303,

363,395 ethylene, glycol 313, 315 ethylenediamminetetraacetic

acid (EDTA) 180, 191, 193, 195,197,199,344-345,349, 353,362

Euler approximation 154 euphotic zone 83 Europe 247 eutrophication 366 evaporation 246, 303, 307, 321,

366 extinction coefficient 78 extracellular, breakdown 58

F

FA see factor analysis factor analysis (FA) 382-383,

394, 407-409, 419 faecal

-, mercury 256 -, pellets 127, 141, 189

fallout -,dry 127 -, mercury 247

Faraday cup 360 Faroe Islands 259 fatty acid 52,128,137,414,419,

421 fatty alcohol 134 fauna, marine 407 FCA see fuzzy clustering

methods Fenton reaction 80, 87 fermentation 61 ferrozine (FZ) 349 fertilizer 91

Finland 419-420 fish 175, 253, 255-258, 328, 331,

333-334, 366, 417, 420-421 -,kills 328 -, population 366 -, tissue 257

flavonol 422 Flax Pond 147,154,156 flora, marine 407 Florida 77 FLT see fluoranthene flucofenuron 403 fluoranthene(FLT) 402 fluorescence 144,151,175,325,

329,351-352,408,422 fluorescent

-,lamp 314 -, peptide 151-152 -, substrate 151

fluoride 226 fluorimetric detection 324 fluorogenic dimer 151,154 foam production 213 food chain, pelagic marine 420 formaldehyde 78, 289 fossil

-,fuel 45 -, fuel carbon 2, 11 -, material 57-58

fourhorned sculpin 420 Fourier transform 351, 389 Framvaren Fjord 91,101-112,

114, 120, 122 France 414 freon 363 fresh water 64, 77, 84, 87, 101,

106, 108, 249, 253, 304, 314, 363,366

friction velocity 169 fugacity 36 fulvate radical 81 fulvic acid oxidation 80 Fundulus heteroc/itus 253 fungi 61,66, 194, 275

-, biomass 276 -, degradation 66

fungicide 213, 246 fuzzy clustering methods (FCA)

407,412 FZ see ferrozine

G

galactose 301 gamma (g) irradiation 213 gas 9,17,43,45,63,81,159-162,

166,168-171,267-269,272, 275-277, 299, 302-303, 306-309,315,321-324,326, 347, 351, 375 -, chromatography (GC) 17,63,

162, 267-269, 272-274 276,

Index

347, 408,410,414-419,421 -, separation 269

-, chromatography-electro-thermal-atomic absorption spectrometry 276

-, exchange process 166 gasteropod population 202 gastroenteritis 322 GC see gas chromatography Gdansk 416 Genoa 205-206,402 Genoa Oil Port 205 GEOSECS 33 German Bight 251 Germany 230, 267 GFAA see graphite furnace

atomic absorption Gibraltar 252 Giudecca Island 368 glass electrode 377 glucose 61, 310 glutamic acid 61 glutaric acid, carboxylation 334 glutathione 194 glycine 55-56 glycolysis 61 glycoside 61 gonad tissue 418 Gran plot method 379 granulometry 376 graphite furnace atomic ab-

sorption (GFAA) 339 Greece 418 green algae 84, 420 greenhouse effect 9 Greenland 35, 257 GRID technique 387 ground water 58, 363 Gulf

-, of Alaska 192 -, of Bothnia 420 -, of Mexico 266 -,of Trieste 408 -, Stream 113-114,120

Gutzeit test 275 Gymnodinium breve 328 gymnosperms 66

-, tissue 64 -,wood 65

H

half-saturation constant (K,) 59-60,145

halide 213,308,315 haloaromatic 313 halocarbon 313 halogenation 334 halohaliphatic 313 Hamburg Harbour 249 haptophytes 128, 133 harbour zone 213

Index

Hawaii 11, 284 HCA see hierarchical clustering HCBz see hexachlorobenzene HCHs see hexachlorocyclo-

hexanes heavy metal 2-3, 275, 312, 344,

346,348-349,366,367,371, 408,412-413,418-419 -, complex 312

HEH see 3,6,9,12,15,18-henei­cosahexaene

hemoglobin 229, 232, 239 Henry's law constant 15,161,

163-164 herbicide 313 herbivores, pelagic 54 herring 420 heterotrophic

-, bacteria 43 -, biomarker 137

hexachlorobenzene (HCBz) 415 hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs)

415 hexacosanoic acid 135 hexadecanol 134-135, 137 hexoses 61 HG see hydride generation HG-AAS see hydride genera-

tion atomic absorption spectrometry

HgT see total mercury HIBA see a-hydroxyisobutyric

acid hierarchical clustering (HCA)

407-408,412,415 high pressure liquid chroma­

tography (HPLC) 2-4, 60, 151,204-206,274,312,339, 343,345-346,348-349, 351-352,416-417

high production area 300 high temperature catalytic oxi­

dation (HTCO) 300,305, 309-311

hopanoids 128 HPLC see high pressure liquid

chromatography HQ see 8-Quinolinol HSPy see 2-mercaptopyridine HSPym see 2-mercaptopyri-

midine HTCO see high temperature

catalytic oxidation method human

-, carcinogen 281 -, exposure to mercury 257 -, mutagen 281 -, population 255 -, tissue 256

humic -, material 249,373 -, substances

-, oxidation 80, 87 -, refractory 80, 83-84

hydration 14, 281 hydride

-, generation (HG) 205, 266-270,272,350-352

-, generation atomic absorp­tion spectrometry (HG­AAS) 351

hydrocarbon 54, 128, 134, 137, 162, 201, 313, 315, 413, 418, 421

hydrochloric acid 421 hydrogen

-, peroxide 82, 87, 144 -, radical 272 -, sulfide 17,96,99, 103,

106-108,110,112,120, 122,410 -, oxidation 98, 103,

112-116,118,120,122 -, production 110

-, sulfide zone 410 hydrogenation 54 hydrolysis 4, 43, 59, 63, 66, 68,

150-152,154-156,214-217, 219-223, 226, 281, 283-284, 290-291,344 -, alkaline 63 -, enzymatic 43, 62, 68 -, rate of protein 151,154

hydrophilic 194,313 hydrophobic 194, 201, 218, 333,

340-341,347-349 hydrophyte 418 hydrothermal water 290 hydroxamate 84 hydroxide 57, 80, 83-84, 184,

189, 202, 213, 219, 266, 281, 363,373,376

hydroxyl radical 313 hydroxylamine 48, 49, 289, 304

-, production 49

Iceland 257 ICP see inductively-coupled

plasma ICP-MS see inductively-cou­

pled plasma mass spectro­metry

IIR see ion interaction chroma-tography

iminodiacetate 346, 349 immobilisation 3,315 immunochemical assay 328, 337 incineration 413 IND see indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IND)

402 induction, enzymatic 146

431

inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) 3,204-207,268,273-274, 276,312,339,350-353

inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) 3, 268, 273-274, 276,312,339, 350-353

industrial pollution 402 INFN see National Institute of

Nuclear Physics infrared (IR) 9, 17, 236, 302 inorganic

-, carbon 11, 19, 44-46, 106, 112,302

-, carbonate 44 -, complex 226 -, mercury 248, 255-257, 352 -, metal ion 4, 175 -, nutrient 43, 46, 147

input, anthropogenic 4 interface, anoxic 94, 96, 98, 103,

121-122 intermediate oxygenated layer

102 internal

-, scattering 78 -, wave 103

international cascade impactor (PCI) 362

International School on Marine Chemistry 1, 69, 156

intoxication 331, 333, 336 inversion layer 412 ion interaction chromatography

(IIR) 341,344 ionisation 189, 302 iron 79-84, 87, 94, 105, 120, 175,

178,180-184,189-190,192-194, 199,249,290,292,368,371-372, 376

iron(II) -, oxidation 84-86 -, production 84

iron(III) -, -carboxylate complex 81 -, -fulvate complex 80-81,83 -, -humate complex 87 -, -hydroxide, colloidal 84 -, reduction 83,93

irradiation -, proton 362

isocyanate 302 isoleucine 57-58,145-146 isopods 420 isoprenoid 128

-, alcohol 54 -, alkatriene 133 -, alkene 129, 133

isotope 101, 272, 350 Italy 360, 362, 366

432

J

Japan 255, 265, 410 Joint Global Ocean Flux Study

(JGOFS) 21,34,300

K

kerogen 45-46 ketohexose 61 ketones 54, 61, 63, 81 ketoses 61 K; see apparent total proton

activity coefficient Kinetics study 3 Krka 252 Ks see half-saturation constant Kyushu 257

L

L-amino acid 56 lactate 46 Lake Neusiedl 79 LAMMA see laser microprobe

mass analysis Langmuir isotherm 162 lanthanide 349 laser microprobe mass analysis

(LAMMA) 413 LC-MS see liquid chromatogra­

phy with mass spectrometry LDA see linear discriminant

analysis LDPE see low density poly­

ethylene lead 4, 61, 80, 87, 94, 121,

176-177,214,247,265,267,275, 305,313,376, 401, 412, 420

lepidocrocite 80-82 leucyl-f3-naphthylamide (LLf3N)

151,154 ligand

-, chelating 342 -, coating 346

light, UV 78, 87 lignin 62-66, 79

-,dimer 65 -, macromolecule 63 -, monomer 63, 65 -, polymer 65

Ligurian Sea 255 linear discriminant analysis

(LDA) 408 lipid 49,51-54,66-67,69,94,

l28, 130-131, 133-134, 136, 421 -, production 131 -, tracer l28

liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) 321

lithosphere 9

LLf3N see leucyl-f3-naphthyl­amide

Long Lake 65 low density polyethylene (LDPE)

206,361 low production area 300 lucifer yellow anhydride 144,

151 lyophilized

-, absorber 237 -, condensate 232-233 -, system 233

lysine 55,144-148 lysocline 32-33

M

macrofauna, benthic 127 macromolecular

-, degradation 151 -,matrix 67

macromolecule 62-63, 68, 149, 299,301 -, cellular synthesis 149

macrophytes 418 Madeira 259 magnesium 288 maitotoxin 331 Malamocco Port 368 Maldives 257 malt extract medium 276 mammals 281, 328 management

- coastal 1

manganese 94, 103, 114, 118, 121, 176,249,286,287,371-372 -, accumulation 104 -, cycle 121 -, hydroxide 94 -,oxide 94,286,371-372

Marano Lagoon 408 marine

-, aerosol 162, 166, 349, 365 -, algae 63, 75, 194, 418 -, animal 421 -, atmosphere 159 -, bacteria 62,87, 193 -, biogeochemical cycle 300 -, biomass 45 -, biosphere 11 -, biota 253 -, contaminant 321 -, ecosystem 2,147,358,

405-406,417 -, environment 1, 9, 63, 149,

201, 245, 283, 357 -,fauna 407 -, flora 407 -, food chain, benthic 420 -,snow 127 -, snow aggregate l27 -, spray 365

-, surface water 249 -, toxin 321-322, 336 -, vac 302

marker, bacterial 135 mass

Index

-, balance 115,146,183,196, 198,300,357,379

-,law 373 -, spectrometer 321, 329, 336 -, spectrometric methods 334 -, spectrometry (MS) 2, 267,

272,321-322,328,339,350 -, spectrum 272, 324, 327,

330-331,333,335 matrix 3, 52, 67, 137, 141, 205,

268,284,312,322,339,341-342, 344,348-350,358-359,364-365, 372,376,387-388,407,410-411, 416,420-422 -, abiotic 205 -, biotic 205 -, environmental 269, 284 -, macromolecular 67 -, separation 268

matter, colloidal 299 maturation, of ancient sediment

54 Mauna Loa Observatory 11 maximum velocity 60, 145 Mediterranean 182, 183, 191, 193,

252, 255, 257, 414, 417, 419 -, biota 252

melanoidin 69 membrane 149, 231, 328, 358, 361

-, erythrocyte 231 mercaptant 107 mercaptocarboxylic acid 241 mercuric 245, 248, 257, 275 mercurous 245 mercury 4, 176, 245-260, 275,

304, 352, 421 -, accumulation 255 -, atmospheric 247 -, biota 247 -, chloride 257 -, concentration 247, 252,

257-259 -, demethylation 248 -, detection 352 -, effect on human popUla-

tion 255 -, elemental 245, 247,

251-253 -, emission 246 -, faecal 256 -, fallout 247 -, human exposure 257 -, inorganic 248, 255-257,352 -, oxidation state 245 -, pollution 249 -, reduction 248, 253 -, resource 252

Index

-, sediment 249 -, sources 246 -, urinary 256 -, water 247

metabolism 276 metagenesis 45 metal 2-4,13,101,103-105,

114-115,118,120,122,175-176, 178,184,189-191,194,199, 248, 265,274,284,299,339, 342-346,348-349,362-363, 366-369,371,377, 408, 412-413,415, 418-419 -, absorption 3 -, accumulation 3 -, acidity hardness 3 -, anionic complex 348 -, anthropogenic input 4 -, availability 194 -, bioavailability 3 -, carrier of 367 -, chelate 343,345 -, complex 176, 179, 195, 312,

343 -, complexation 194-195,

341

-, concentration 3, 103, 178-180,182,184,189-190, 194-196,348,366,368-369, 412

-, determination 177,339,347 -, distribution 368-369 -, earth 342-343,347,349,363 -, ion 4, 175, 178, 180, 182, 189,

191,214, 220, 232,328-329, 342-344, 346-347, 349, 373-374,376,379,408 -, complex 235, 345 -, determination 348 -, inorganic 4, 175 -, separation 345

-, labile 176,178-180,182 -, natural complex 179 -, organic complex 176 -, precipitation 366,383 -, release 3 -, salt 343 -, separation 342 -, speciation 175,178-179,

183, 189, 191, 195, 197, 339 -, sulfide 101, 103 -, toxicity 3

metallochromic ligand 342 metalloid 265, 267, 273-274 metallurgy 265 meteorological

-, conditions 365 -, factors 408

methane 277, 302, 308 -, -producing bacteria 277 -, detection 308

methanogen 46, 248, 273

methanogenesis 46 methanol 205, 219,345,349,352,

421 -, concentration 421

methionine 55, 275 method

-, chromatographic 268, 328,351

-, Gran plot 379 -, ligand-exchange 84 -, SIMCA 394,419 -, UNEQ 394

methyl 149,151,154,213,216, 219, 245, 247, 249, 250, 255-257, 259, 266, 268, 274, 276,352, 421 -, -antimony 266-267, 269,

276 -, dilIydride 267 -, hydride 266

-, -cobalamin 275 -, mercury 247, 249-250,

255-256, 259, 421 -, accumulation 250, 253 -, production 249

-, stibonic acid 266 methylating agent 274 methylation 201, 213, 247-249,

253, 274, 276 methylator 249, 276 methylstibinic acid (MSA)

266-267 methylthymol blue (MTB) 342,

347 methyltin 201 mice 324, 328 micro orifice uniform deposit

impactor (MOUDI) 362 microbeam 364-365 microbes, denitrifying 49 microbial

-, biotransformation 274 -, decomposition 58 -, degradation 58 -, dehydration 129 -, oxidation 28 -, reduction 277

microbiology 101 microfauna, benthic 127 microlayer 413, 414 microorganisms 59-60, 142-143,

145,155,189-190,193- 194,247, 275-276, 278, 301, 321, 408

microwave 269, 352 Minamata Bay 257-258 Mindelo 408 mineral 1, 31-32, 98, 100, 122,

162, 281, 357, 365, 371-372, 413 -, aerosol 162

mineralization 58 -, photocatalytic 314

Mississippi 266

433

mitochondria 231 mixing 91,93-95, 102, 105, 141,

253, 369, 408, 412 MMA see monomethylarsonate MMHg see monomethyl mer­

cury mobilization 49, 128 model 1-2,11,26,36-37,53-54,

59-60, 68, 80, 82, 94, 100, 108-110,112,116,119-120,141, 154,156,159,168,190,193-194, 222-224,229,231-232,234-235, 237, 239,253,255-256, 284, 292, 340,357,362,365,369,374,376, 379,380-383,387-388, 394-398,404,406,408,422 -, chemical speciation 223 -, class-modelling 388 -, Gouy-Chapman 375 -, Redfield 26 -, regression 388,396-398

molecular mass 161, 163, 170, 301

mollusks 61, 175, 202, 257, 408 -, benthic 257

molybdenum 293 monitor 418

-, bio- 205 monitoring 182,205,313,322,

325-326,366-367, 401, 406, 419,422

monoalkyltin 4, 218 mono alkyl trichloride 219 monobutyltin 213 monocotyledons 65-66 monolayer 340 monomer 59, 63-66, 232-233,

235, 237-239 monomeric phenol 63-64, 66 mono methyl

-, -antimony 269 -, -arsonate (MMA) 351 -, -tin 219-221,224,226 -, -tin trichloride 219 -, mercury (MMHg) 249,

253 mononucleotide 235 Monoporeia affinis 420

monosaccharide 61-62 monounsaturated acid 134 monsoon 131-133 morphology 409 Miissbauer irradiation 235 MOUDI see micro orifice uni-

form deposit impactor mould 266, 275 MS see mass spectrometry MSA see methylstibinic acid MS-MS see tandem mass

spectrometry MTB see methylthymol blue

434

multidimensional, chromato­graphy 348

multivariate regression 395 muscle 258-259, 418

-, tissue 258, 418 mussel, tissue 205-206, 208-

210, 418

mutagen, human 281 Mytilus edulis 418

N

Na DDTC see sodium-diethyl­dithiocarbamate

National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) 360, 362, 366

natural -, complex 178-179 -, marine contaminant 321 -, organic matter (NOM)

81, 175, 372, 376 NDIR see non-dispersive infra-

red gas analyser nebulization 350-352 Nephros norvegicus 258 Neries diversicolor 250

nervous system, peripheral 257 NHCA see non-hierarclIicai

clustering nickel 175, 184, 189 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

334 Nile 252 NIPALS algorithm 392 nitrate 13, 35, 46-49, 93-94,

143,147,192, 213, 216, 220, 277, 366, 400-401, 406, 409 -, reduction 49, 406

nitric oxide 49 nitrification 48 nitrite 47-49,94,143,366 nitrogen 1, 17, 46-47, 49, 53, 55,

58, 69, 93-94, 109, 142- 144, 147,149, 151, 232, 239, 303, 307, 310, 373, 406 -, assimilatory reduction 1

-, cycle 2, 46 -, decomposition 47 -, degradation 49 -, loss 46 -, organic 46-47 -, reduction 1,47

Nitrosomonas spp. 48 nitrosonaphthol (NN) 180-182,

407,408 nitrous oxide 49 NLM see non linear mapping

method NMR 69,215-216, 218, 236, 329,

333,336

NN see nitrosonaphthol NOM see natural organic mat­

ter non-hierarclIicai clustering

(NHCA) 407,412 non-linear mapping method

(NLM) 417 non-dispersive infrared gas

analyser (NDIR) 302, 305, 308,313

nonylphenols (NoPHs) 410 NoPHs see nonylphenols normal phase chromatography

(NPC) 339-340, 342-343 normalized total alkalinity

(NTA) 26-28,98,107 North Adriatic Sea 408 North Sea 247,251-252,408,

412-414 North Tyrrhenian Sea 257 Norway 91,101,418 Norwegian

-, lobster 257-258 -, Sea 35

NPC see normal phase chro­matography

NTA see normalized total alka­linity

NTC02 see total normalized dissolved inorganic carbon dioxide

Nucella lapillus 202

nuclear quadrupole splitting 229-231, 235

nucleic acid 235 nutrient 21, 43, 46, 91, 103, 111,

141-143,147,191- 192,300, 366,406,408 -, inorganic 43, 46, 147 -, production 142

o OA see okadaic acid OAD see orthogonal array de­

sign OBM see Princeton ocean bio-

geochemistry model OC see organic carbon Ochlockonee Bay 267 o-cresolphthalein -3' ,3"-bis-

methyleneiminodiacetic acid (phthalein purple) 347

octanol 163 octyltin trichloride 219 okadaic acid (OA) 323-324,

326-327 oligopeptide 56,149-150 oligotrophic 77, 147 OLS see ordinary least squares

regression Oman 131

Index

ordinary least squares regres-sion (OLS) 396-397

ore 1,246 Oregon Graduate Institute 159 organic

-, acid 344, 413 -,carbon

-, oxidation 18, 22, 307 -, terrestrial 79

-, carbon (OC) 18-19,22, 44-45,49,53,63,65,6h 69, 75, 79, 81, 86, 95, 127-128, 130-132, 149, 163, 299-302,307,309,313, 415

-, complex 84,189-199,253 -, complexation 175, 189 -, derivate 4 -, matter 3, 43, 46, 49-54,

56, 62-63, 68-69, 75, 79, 81, 84, 87, 91, 94-96, 98, 106-107,109-110,112, 127-128,130-131, 137, 141-143,149,151,163,175, 184,189,191, 193, 199, 250, 290, 299-301, 305, 311,314, 372,376,405-406,417 -, accumulation 372 -, degradation 53, 84,

142- 143,149,151 -, oxidation 91, 93,

106-107 -, production 141, 406 -, refractory 75 -, respiration 98, 106, 109 -, transformation 372 -, unclIaracterized 67

-, metal complex 176 -, nitrogen 46, 47 -, pollutant 159 -, pollution 406

organism -, autotrophic 406 -, benthic 54, 372, 405

organoantimony 265 -, compounds 265

-, separation 271 -, derivatisation 268

organochlorine 163-164,166, 416,420 -, pesticide 163-164

organomercury 4 organotin 201-202,205,229,

236,238 -, -(IV) complex 235

Orinoco River 75 orthochlorine 165 orthogonal array design (OAD)

422 orthophosphate 366 oxalic acid 344, 353

Index

oxidation 2-3,18-19,22,26,28, 32-35, 47, 63-66, 78, 80, 84-87, 91-93,98,103,105-107,109-110, 112-120, 122, 143-148, 176, 245, 247-248,265,267-268,276, 278, 281, 286-290, 293, 299-307,310-315,329 -, bio- 277 -, catalytic 300,304-305,311 -, chemical 301, 310 -, chromium(III) 286-289,

293 -, colored dissolved organic

matter (CDOM) 77> 87 -, copper monoxide 63-66 -, fulvic acid 80 -, humic substance 80, 87 -, hydrogen sulfide 98, 103,

112-116, 118, 120, 122 -, iron(II) 84-86 -, LYA-lysine 145-147 -, microbial 28 -, organic carbon 18, 22, 307 -, organic matter 91, 93,

106-107 -, photocatalytic 313-314 -, photochemical 301 -, plant material 19, 22, 26,

28, 32-35, 93 -, rate 86, 114-115, 120, 122,

144,146-148,269,286, 307,314

-, sediment 98 -, state 2-3,47, 109, 115, 245,

265,268,276,281,293 -, state of mercury 245 -, sulfide 114-115,120 -, sulfite 118, 120 -, Suwannee River fulvic acid

(SRFA) 80 -,lTV 299,304,310

oxigenase 203 oxyanion 293 oxygen 18, 26, 33, 35, 49, 52-53,

55, 61, 63, 68, 80, 91, 93, 95-96, 102-103, 106, 112, 114, 118, 129, 192, 253, 268, 272, 276,284,286,299-300,304, 306-307,313,315,373, 406, 409 -, concentration 96, 102,

192,253, 299, 315 -, minimum zone 129, 284 -, molecular 112 -, radical 272 -, reduction 81

oyster 202, 418 -, Pacific 202

ozone 78,87 -, stratospheric 78, 87

p

Pacific Ocean 19,21-22, 24-33, 67, 69, 130, 132, 134, 190- 193,202,252-254, 300-301,333,406,410

Padova 360,362,366 PAHs see polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons paleothermometer 58 Palermo 1, 229 palladium 363 Panama Canal 253 PAPS see pyridylazosulfoami­

nophenol derivatives PAR see post-column deri­

vatization paraffin 362 paralytic shellfish poisoning

(PSP) 329 partial least squares (PLS)

397-398,407,415, 422 particulate matter 299 particulate organic carbon (POC)

46, 127, 130-133, 301 -,decay 130

particulate organic matter (POM) 43,131

particulate organic nitrogen (PON) 47

Patuxent Estuary 250 PC see polycarbonate PCA see principal component

analysis PCBs see polyciIlorinated bi­

phenyls PCI see international cascade

impactor PCR see principal component

regression PDC see pyrrolidine dithio­

carbamate PDCA see pyridine-2,6-dicarb­

oxylic acid PDMA see polybutadiene maleic

acid pectenotoxins (PTXs) 323,327 Penicillium notatum 275 Penicillium spp. 275 pentachlorobiphenyl 165 pentose 61 peptide 59, 61, 143, 149, 150-155,

194, 238, 334, 373 -, biochemically active 334 -, fluorescent 151-152 -, nucleic acid (PNA) 238

peptidoglycan 61 perch 420 perchlorate 220, 352 percolation 58 peroxide 82, 87, 144, 315 peroxydisulfate 315

persulfate 304-305,310-311 perylene 402

435

pesticide 161, 163-164, 201, 246, 407, 416, 422

petroleum 9,43,45,54,413,418 -, accumulation 43 -, alteration 43 -, hydrocarbon 413, 418 -, migration 43 -,origin 43

pH 3,9, 14-18, 25-26,32,40-41, 55, 80, 82, 85-86, 98, 106, 108, 113,115,118, 120, 176, 177, 182, 184, 195, 202, 213, 216-220, 224-226, 230, 238, 269, 274, 282-284,286-293,303-305, 313,340-342, 344, 347, 351, 353, 363,368-369,371,376-378, 382-383,399,408-410

phaeophorbide 419 pharmacokinetics 256 phenol 63-66,79,290 phenolic

-, acid 65 -, macromolecule 62

phenyltin 201, 208 Philadelphia 420 phosphate 3, 13, 17, 94, 96-97,

99-101, 105, 107, 109-112, 147,189,237,315,351,372, 406,408-409 -, concentration 105

phosphodiester 233-236, 238-239, 241

phosphoric acid 352 phosphorus 109 photic zone 46-47, 91, 141, 149 photo inductive X-ray emission

(PlXE) 3,357-368 -, International Cascade Im­

pactor (PCI) 362 -, intrinsic sensitivity 360 -, sensitivity 361

photocatalysis 312 photocorrosion 313 photolysis 80-81, 84, 269 photon 77-78,359

-, detector 359 photooxidation 78-81, 83-84,

87,290,304,315 -,UV 304

photoreduction 80 photosynthesis 9, 26, 28, 45, 47,

62, 75, 96, 102, 141 phthalate 310 phthalein 347 physicochemical modification

371 phytenic acid 54 phytociIelatin 194 phytol, decomposition 54 phytoplankton 13, 21, 47, 52, 61,

436

69,87,102,110,137,143-145, 147, 149, 192, 252, 255, 302,304, 324, 409, 413, 420 -, decay 52

picoplankton 46 pigment 54, 67, 275, 419 pike 255 Piper/Flotta oil line 408 PIXE see photo inductive X-ray

emission plankton 49, 127, 130

-, photo autotrophic 127 planktonic

-, biomarker 135 -, population 148 -, production 135

plant 9, 13, 19, 22, 26, 28, 32-35, 45,52,54,61-66,75,79,92-94, 128,130- 131,135,137,194, 249-250,313, 402, 418,421 -, alkaline 249 -, biomass 45 -, material 13, 19, 22, 26, 28,

32-35,64,66,92-94 -, oxidation 19, 22, 26, 28,

32-35,93 -, tissue 64, 66

plasmocorinth B 345,349 platinum 306-307 Pleurochrysis carterae 146 PLS see partial least squares PNA see peptide nucleic acid poe see particulate organic

carbon point-charge model 229,

231-232,235,237 poisoning 255, 257, 303, 315, 322,

324,329,348 polar

-, ice caps 9 -, region 27-28

polarity 321, 346, 395 polarizability 395 pollutant 159,365-366, 405

-, accumulation 369 -, organic 159

pollution 202, 249, 251, 314, 343, 396,398,400-403,405-406, 408-410, 413, 418-419 -, anthropogenic 409 -, industrial 402 -, measurement 251 -, organic 406 -, sources 396, 400, 419 -,urban 402

polybutadiene maleic acid (PDMA) 346

polycarbonate (PC) 361-362 polychaetes 421 polychlorinated biphenyls

(PCBs) 159,161- 168, 407, 410, 415,419-420

-, accumulation 420 polychlorobiphenyls 201 polycondensation 68 polycyclic alkane 408 polycyclic aromatic hydrocar-

bons (PAHs) 160-161, 163-164, 201, 402, 40h 416-417, 421, 423

polyether, toxin 323, 328, 331 polyhydroxy

-, aldehydes 61 -, ketones 61

polymer 58, 61, 65, 235, 269, 341-342,346,350,352

polymeric amino acid 57-58 polymericity 235 polypeptide 56, 334 polysaccharide 61-62, 65, 149,

372-373 polystyrene 182, 346 polysulfide 101, 109, 113, 116 poly topic vector analysis (PVA)

407 polytributyltin methacrilate

213 polyunsaturated acid (pufa)

134-135 polyvinylchloride 201 paM see particulate organic

matter Pomeranian Bay 416 paN see particulate organic

nitrogen pond

-, sediment 273,277 -, weed 267

population 101, 148, 202, 206, 255, 366, 406 -, autotrophic organisms 406 -, fish 366 -, gasteropod 202 -,human 255 -, photosynthetic bacteria 101 -, planktonic 148

porin 61 porphyrin 69 Portugal 267 post -column derivatization

(PAR) 349 Potamogeton pectinatus 267 potassium

-, antimony tartrate 273, 276-277

-, persulfate 304 potentiometric, model 382 potentiometry 4, 214-215 PP see principal properties precipitation 18,31,46, 288,

290,344,364,366,371-372, 383,405 -, calcium carbonate 18, 31 -, chromium(III) 288,290

-, metal 366, 383 precolumn 344-345,348

-, complexation 344 -, derivatization 345

Index

precomplexation 349 precursor 54, 265, 276, 331, 421 prediction 4,37, 119, 202, 284,

388,392,398,404 predictor, variable 394 pressure 15-17,22-24,26,29,

31-32,160,236,245,304, 306-30h 314,322, 324, 346, 349,352,395, 421

primary, production 9, 21, 46, 62,127,130-131,192,406

Princeton ocean biogeochemis­try model (OBM) 36

principal component analysis (PCA) 390-392,398,403-404, 407-410,413-417, 419-420

principal component regression (PCR) 397-398

principal properties (PP) 395-396,401

process -, leaching 405 -, redox 91, 281

production 9,21-22,33,43, 48-49,51, 59, 69, 78, 81, 84, 94, 107, 110, 120, 127, 130, 132, 135,137,141- 144,146-147,150, 152,155,192-193,201, 213, 249-250, 252, 265, 267, 276, 286,300,302,347,357,359,365, 405-406, 413 -, aerosol 365 -, ammonium 142 -, biogenic 302 -, by algae 193 -, by bacteria 137, 193 -, diatoms 94 -, dipeptides 155 -, hydrogen sulfide 110 -, hydroxylamine 49 -, inorganic nutrient 147 -, iron (II) 84 -, lipid 131 -, methyl mercury 249 -, nutrient 142 -, organic matter 141, 406 -, particulate organic carbon

(POe) 130 -, photochemical 78, 286 -, photosynthetic 141 -, planktonic 135 -, secondary 135, 142 -, sulfat ion 120 -, sulfide 406 -, sulfite ion 120

proline 310, 334 -, hydroxylation 334

propanol 351

Index

protein 55,58,149-151,154,229, 238, 277, 334, 406, 413 -, adsorption 150 -, decomposition 150 -, degradation 59, 149

proton 14, 40, 56-57, 214, 281, 357-365,373,376,380,382-383 -, accelerator 358 -,beam 358,360,362,365 -, energy 360 -, flux 357,359 -, irradiation 362 -, microbeam 364 -, scale 14 -, -/sediment

-, system 382 -, transfer 214

protonation 379-382 PS-DVB see polystyrene-divi­

nylbenzene Pseudomonas fluorescens 278 PSP see paralytic shellfish poi-

soning PTXs see pectenotoxins pufa see polyunsaturated acid pullulan 61 purification 303, 376 purine 69 PYA see polytopic vector analysis PVC 213,276 PY see pyrene pycnocline 95, 102 pyrene (PY) 402 pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid

(PDCA) 344,349 pyridylazosulfoaminophenol

derivatives (PAPS) 345 pyrimidine 69 pyrrolidine, dithiocarbamate

(PDC) 177 pyruvate 78

Q

quartz 272,307, 309, 315

R

R see Revelle factor racemization 57-58 radiation, UV 78,87 radical 81-82, 272, 313

-, fulvate 81 -, hydroxyl 313 -,oxygen 272

radio nuclide 418 radioactive tracer 2 radiocarbon decay 57 rain 127, 398 rat 231-232,239,324 receptor 334 red algal bloom 329

red tide 328, 330 Redfield

-,model 26 -, ratio 111 -, value 111-112

redox process 91, 281 reduction 1, 46-47, 49, 81, 83,

93-94,98,106-107,110,112, 121, 131, 147, 176-177, 182, 248, 252-253, 275, 277-278, 283-284,288-290,292-293, 308,313,327,334-335,352, 362,371, 405-406 -, antimony 277-278 -, arsenic 278 -, assimilatory 1 -, bio- 277 -, carbamate 362 -, carbon 1 -, carbon dioxide 308 -, chromium(VI) 284,

289-290, 292-293 -, current 176, 182 -, dissolved iron (III) 83 -, electron 46 -, inorganic antimony 277 -, inorganic mercury 248 -, intracellular 47 -, iron(III) 93 -, manganese dioxide 93,

121 -, mercury(lI) 253 -, microbial 277 -, nitrate 49, 406 -, nitrogen 1,47 -,oxygen 81 -, photocatalytic 252 -, potential 176-177, 275, 278 -, sulfate 98,106-107 -, thermal 83

regression 35, 145, 161, 183, 311, 388,391-392,395-398,404,415 -, model 388,396-398 -, technique 396-398, 404

relative standard deviation per-centual values (RSD%) 377

release, metal 3 remineralization 127 reservoir 3, 11, 43-44, 46, 69,

86, 250, 299, 366 respiration 26, 47, 59, 61, 87, 98,

106, 109, 141, 277-278 -, anaerobic 98, 106, 109,

277-278 -, organic matter 98,106,109

resuspension 369, 371, 412, 417 retention 269, 272-273, 334,

340-341,345-349,373 -, time 269, 272-273

Revelle factor (R) 28 reversed phase chromatogra­

phy (RPC) 340,343

437

Rhone 252, 417 ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate car­

boxylase (Rubisco) 149 River Kokemaenjoki 419 RPC see reversed phase chro­

matography RSD% see relative standard

deviation percentual values runoff 417

s Sacramento River 407 Saguenay Fjord 250, 251 salicylaldoxime 177 salinity 14, 21, 23, 27, 33, 35, 86,

91, 95,98, 102, 106, 112, 115, 120,219, 223,230, 249, 26h 281, 313, 369, 409, 416, 418 -, gradient 91, 102, 267, 369

salmon, trout 420 salt 144,162, 215, 219-226, 286,

289-290,303-304,307,309, 341-343,351,361,363,369, 400, 406, 415 -, biogenic 406 -, sea 162, 226, 400, 415

sampler -, aerosol 362 -, air 358,361-362 -,DRUM 362

San Francisco Estuary 407 San Joaquin River 407 sand 66 saponification 134 sardine 252 Sardinia 414 saturated steroidal alcohols

(stanols) 54 saturation 31-33,60,145,193

-, depth 32 -, horizon 32 -, level 31-32 -, state 31-33

saxitoxin 329,331-332 Scandinavia 416 scanning electron microscope­

energy dispersive X-ray ana­lyser (SEM-EDAX) 358

scavenger 315 SCE see secondary chemical

equilibria Scheele's green pigment 275 ScheIdt Estuary 250 Schmidt number 170 SCM see surface complexation

model Scopulariopsis brevicaulis

275-278 Scotland 252 SDI see small deposit area im­

pactor

sea -, salt 162,226,400,415 -, salt aerosol 162 -, tropical 331

Sea of Okhotsk 410 seafloor 127, 130, 132 seafood 255, 257, 259-260, 336,

351 -, tissue 257

sealed-tube combustion (STC) 303,310-311

seasonality 408-409 Seattle 310,398,400-401 seawater

-, alkalinity 2

-, buffer capacity 2

SEB see secondary electrons secondary

-, chemical equilibria (SCE) 341

-, electrons (SEB) 359-360 -, production 135, 142 -, structure 56

SED see sediment sample sediment 1, 3-4, 11, 31-32, 43,

45-46,49,51-54,63-68,98, 100,111,127-128,130-131, 134-137, 141-142, 149, 202, 213, 229-231, 247, 249-250, 257,290,357,367,371-372, 376-377, 381-384, 405, 407-408, 415-417, 420-422 -, coastal 54, 249 -, core 368 -, deep sea 417 -, grain size 367 -, natural organic matter

(NOM) 372 -, oxidation 98 -, particle 371-373,375,383 -, pond 273, 277 -, sample (SED) 65, 230,

273, 277, 358, 360, 364, 367-368, 415, 417

-,shelf 64 -, spiking 230 -, surface 46, 54, 372, 376, 379 -, surface bottom 367

sedimentary rock 44, 46, 141 sedimentation 32, 101, 357, 372,

410,416 -, rate 32

seismology 101 selected

-, ion monitoring (SIM) 322,325

-, reaction monitoring (SRM) 322,326,334

selectivity 204, 272, 324, 326, 328, 334, 336, 340-341, 343-344. 346, 349-350

-, inductively-coupled plas­ma mass spectro-metry (ICP-MS) 350

-, normal phase chromato-graphy (NPC) 340

selenate 352 selenite 352 selenium 274, 352 selenoadenosylmethionine 275 SEM-EDAX see scanning elec-

tron microscope-energy dis­persive X-ray analyser

semiconductor 265, 312 semivolatile organic compounds

(SaCs) 163,166,169 SEP see standard error of pre­

diction separation 2-3, 21, 103,204-205,

268-269, 271, 273-274, 321-322, 324, 327, 336, 340-353, 366, 408 -, chromatographic 2,

204-205,269,343-344,346, 350,352

-, metal 342, 345 serine 55 settling particulate matter (SPM)

415 sewage 267, 405 Seychelles 257 SFE see supercritical fluid ex­

traction shark 255 shelf 63-65

-, sediment 64 shellfish 322, 326, 328-329

-, contamination 328 siderophore 84,193,194 SIDS see sudden infant death

syndrome silica 101,307,315,326,340,342,

344-346,349,352,373,413 silicate 13,17,33,96-97,99-101,

106-107,110,372,406,408,413 -, solubilization 110

SIM see selected ion monitor­ing

SIMCA see soft independent modelling of class analogy

similarity 389 Singapore 257 single salt (BA) 222-225

-, approximation 222-223 sinking flux 141 Siribesi Trough 410-411 Skagerrak 252 skimmer voltage 321, 324, 331,

333 skin 328 small deposit area impactor

(SDI) 362 snail 202, 334

-, tropical marine 334

Index

snow, marine 127 soap chromatography 341 sacs see semivolatile organic

compounds sodium 268,328-329,331,334,

343, 345, 348, 352, 363 -, -diethyldithiocarbamate

(Na DDTC) 363-364 -, channel 328 -, dodecylsulfate 345 -, perchlorate 352 -, tetraborohydride 268

soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) 394, 407,419-420

soil 45-46,75,277, 286,364 -, bacteria 277

solar -,energy 75 -,heating 9 -, radiation 75 -, UV radiation 87

solubility -, carbon dioxide 15 -, of iron(III) 84 -, product 15,31,189,371 -, product of calcium carbon-

ate 15 -,pump 2,12

solubilization 3, 110, 405 -, of silicate 110

South China Sea 249 Southern Ocean 192 Spain 414 speciation, metal 175,178-179,

183, 189, 191, 195, 197, 339 spectral photon flux 77-78 spectrometry 3, 204, 272, 321

-, emission 205 spectroscopy 3, 229, 364

_,119Sn_NMR 215 -, atomic 3, 4, 272, 274,

350-352,364,382-383 SPM see settling particulate

matter sponge 413 spring bloom 22, 300 squalene 135, 137 SRFA see Suwannee River ful­

vic acid SRM see selected reaction mo­

nitoring SSWE see synthetic sea water stability 84, 86, 95, 131, 137, 175,

178-180,183-185,189,192-193, 195-196,198-199,236-23h 266,281-282,307,322,351,363, 379 -, biotic 86 -, constants 84, 180, 189-199,

236-237, 282, 379 stabilizer 201, 213

Index

stakeholder 1

standard error of prediction (SEP) 398

stanol 54 stanones 54 STC see sealed-tube combus-

tion stenols 54 stenones 54 steranes 54 sterenes 54, 128 steroidal

-, alcohols (stenols) 54 -,diols 54 -, hydrocarbons (sterenes)

54,128 -, ketones 54

steroids 53 sterols 54, 129, 134, 421

-, algal 129 steryl ester 421 stibinic acid 266 Stibiobacter senarmontii 278 stibnolipid 269 stibonic acid 266, 276 storage 302 storm 398-399,401 stratification 91 sublimation 303 substrate, fluorescent 151 sudden infant death syndrome

(SIDS) 276 sugar 61, 67, 69, 301 sulfate 3,46,93-94,98,106-107,

110,112-113,115,162, 213, 219, 220, 223, 226, 248-249, 281, 315,368, 371, 398-399, 406 -, aerosol 162 -, complex 226 -, concentration 281

-, reduction 46, 93-94, 98, 106-107,110,112

sulfathiazole 305 sulfide 17,78,94,96,98-101,

103,105-110,112,114-115,120, 122, 219, 246, 249-250, 290, 292,368,371-372,406,410 -, oxidation 114-115,120 -, production 406

sulfite 96-97,99, 113, 115, 118, 120 -, oxidation 118, 120

sulfonate 345,348 sulfur 55,99,107,109,112-113,

115, 236, 239, 249, 290, 293, 343,373 -, budget 107 -, elemental 109, 113

sulfuric acid 303 sunlight 77-78 supercritical fluid extraction

(SFE) 421

supernatant 238 surface

-, bottom sediment 367 -, complexation model (SCM)

374 -, microlayer 413 -, water production 52 -, water productivity 130

surface layer, low salinity 102 surface/weight rate 377 surfactant 313,346-365,375 suspended matter, accumula-

tion 409 sustainable development 1

Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) 80- 82 -, oxidation 80

Sweden 420 Switzerland 85 swordfish 255 synthetic sea water (SSWE)

219, 222, 223-225 syringyl phenol 63 system, proton/sediment 382

T

TA see total alkalinity (see also temperature,adiabatic)

Tacoma 398,400-401 tandem mass spectrometry

(MS-MS) 322,328 tartaric acid 341, 344 TBA see tetrabutylammonium TBT see tributyltin TBTO see tributyltin oxide TCA see trichloroacetic acid TC02 see total carbon dioxide TEA see tetraethylammonium technique, electro analytical 189 tectonic uplift 46 tellurium 275 temperature 2,9,11,13-14,16,

21, 23, 25, 33, 35, 41, 57-58, 95,99-100,102,113,115,118, 120,146,148,159,161-162, 165,168-169,221,230,232, 237-238,240,245,273,286, 290-291,300,305,307-309, 311,353,375,377, 388, 395, 409, 418, 421 -, adiabatic (TA) 16-19,22,

26, 28, 33, 35, 36, 40, 94, 98,103,106-109,111-112, 272,276

tertiary structure 56 tetraalkylammonium 343 tetraborohydride 268 tetrabutylammonium (TBA)

345-346,349,352 tetraethylammonium (TEA)

345

439

tetramer 232 tetramethylarsonium ions (TMAs)

273,351 tetrapropylammonium (TPA)

345 tetrose 61 TGM see total gaseous mercury Thalassiosira weissflogii 255 thermal

-, energy 75 -, reduction 83

thermocline 11, 13, 22, 91 Thessaloniki Bay 418 thiocyanate 302 thiol 107, 194, 232, 239, 265 thionucleoside 236 thiosulfate 97-99,113,115,117 Thira 418 threonine 57 Tiber 252 tin 4, 205, 213-214, 216, 218, 229,

231-232,234,236-239 -, abiotic methylation of 213 -, bioalkylation 213 -, biomethylation 213

Tinicum National Environmen­tal Center 420

tissue 58,62-66,205-206, 208-210,255-258,292,408, 418-419 -, copepods 255 -, gymnosperms 64 -,human 256 -, muscle 258, 418 -, mussel 205-206, 208-210,

418 -, plant 64, 66 -, seafood 257 -, vascular plant 63

titanium 189,312, 315, 419 -, dioxide 312,315 -, oxide 419

titration 16-17,56,180,182-185, 376-380,382

TMAs see tetramethylarsonium ions

tobacco smoke 162 TOC see total organic carbon total

-, alkalinity (TA) 16-19,22, 26-28,33,35-36,40,94, 98, 103, 106-109, 111-112, 272,276

-, carbon dioxide (TC02)

16-18,21-22,24,28-30, 33-36, 40, 94, 98-99, 103, 106-109,111-112 -, measurement 98

-, gaseous mercury (TGM) 247

-, mercury (HgT) 247, 249-251, 255-257

440

-, nitrogen 149 -, normalized dissolved inor-

ganic carbon dioxide (NTC02) 28-30, 107

-, organic carbon (TOC) 302,

304,309, 311, 313-315 -, measurement photo­

catalytic 315 -, sulfur 99 -, measurement 98

toxicity 3-4,201-203,213-214, 218, 245-246, 253, 265, 275, 281,324, 328, 403 -, antimony compounds 265 -, chromium(VI) 281 -, mercury 246 -, metal 3 -, organotin 214 -, tributyltin (TBT) 202

toxin 322-325,327-328,331,334, 336 -, cigua- 331 -, diarrhetic shellfish poison-

ing (DSP) 323-325, 327

-, marine 321-322,336 -, polyether 323, 328, 331 -, polypeptidic 334

TPA see tetrapropylammonium TPhT see triphenyltin trace

-, element 3-4, 229, 358, 362, 365,367,369,406, 415

-, metal 3,101,120, 175, 194, 199, 299, 342-343, 362, 367-369,408,418 -, accumulation 367 -, separation 342

tracer 35, 128, 281 -, conservative 35 -, lipid 128 -, radioactive 2

transalkylation 266 transfer, velocity 12, 168-170 transformation, natural organic

matter 372 transition metal 344-346 triacylglycerol 128 trialkylamine 419 trialkylated organotin 201 trialkyltin 4, 215-216 tributyltin (TBT) 201-205,

208-209, 213, 215, 230-231 -, bioaccumulation 203

tributyltin oxide (TBTO) 202-203

tricarboxylic acid 344 trichloroacetic acid (TCA) 150 triethylantimony 273 triglycerol 421 trimethylantimony 266-267,

273,277

-, production 277 trimethylarsine 275 trimethyldibromoantimony

278 -, bioreduction 278

trimethyltin 215-216, 219-221 triorganotin 229-230, 232-233 trioses 61 triphenylmethane 347 triphenyltin (TPhT) 201,

230-231, 422 triptophane 336 trisaccharide 61 tritium 98 trophic level 255 tropolone 205 tryptophan, halogenation 334 tuna 255 turbulence 367 turtle 417, 420 Tyrrhenian Sea 257-258,366

u UDOM see ultrafiltered dis­

solved organic matter ultrafiltered dissolved organic

matter (UDOM) 69, 301 ultrafiltration 150,301,311,315 ultrasonic nebulizer 350,352 ultraviolet, post-column oxida-

tion, cold vapour atomic ab­sorption spectrometry (UV­PCO-CVAAS) 352

UNEQ method 394 United Kingdom 202, 257 univariate least squares regres-

sion 396 upwelling, coastal 95 urban 162, 165, 167-168, 400,

402,408, 419 -, aerosol 162, 165 -, pollution 402

urea 310,315 uronic acid 67 USA 63,159, 205, 250, 398 Ustica 1 UV

-, -B radiation 78,87 -, absorption by CDOM 78 -, adsorber 327 -, detection 322,328,331,347 -, irradiation 213 -, light 78, 87 -, oxidation 299, 304, 310 -, photooxidation 304 -, radiation 78,87

UV-PCO-CVAAS see ultravio­let, post -column oxidation, cold vapour atomic absorp­tion spectrometry

Index

v vacuum distillation 303 Van de Graaff machine 360 vanillic acid 65-66 vanillin 65-66 vanillyl 63, 65 vaporization 162 vapour 159-160,205,236,245,

251,304,350,352 -,phase 159 -, pressure 159

-, osmometry 236 Varana 409 variance 363,391-392,394,398,

403,409, 413, 416, 419-420, 422

varimax rotation 394 variscore 400 varivector 394, 400-401 vascular plant tissue 63 vegetation 75, 246, 365 Venezuela 91 Venice 349, 366, 368-369, 409

-,Lagoon 349,366,369 venom 334 Vila do Condo 408 viscosity 170 vitamin B12 248, 275 VOC see volatile organic car­

bon volatile organic carbon (VOC),

marine 302 volatilisation, antimony 276 volcanoe 246 voltage 321, 324, 331, 333

w walleye 255 Washington 63-65 waste incinerator 247 water

-, anoxic 17, 99, 100, 108-112,115,121-122

-, coastal sea 247, 249 -, coastal, shallow 410 -, contaminant 313 -, deep 9, 13, 18, 22, 26, 28,

31,33-35,91,95,98-103, 108,114,116,191-192,292, 300-301, 410

-, estuarine 184, 281, 284 -, hydrothermal 290 -, marine surface 249 -, microlayer 413 -, polar 27

wave 103,365,405 -, -length 77-78, 205,

387-391,422 -, rolling motion 365

Index

wax 128, 130, 421 -, esters 128, 421

WCO see wet chemical oxida­tion

West Neck Bay 147 wet

-, -land 245-246 -, chemical oxidation (WCO)

304,309-311 -, deposition 166, 167, 247

whitefish 420 Willapa Bay 65 wind speed 12, 169 wood 62, 65, 213, 417 worms 250

x X-ray, spectrometry 357 xenobiotic 406 xylenol orange 347

y

yessotoxins (YTXs) 323

z zinc 175-176,184,189-192,199 zone 46-47, 67, 83-84, 87, 91,

96, 104, 106, 129, 131, 141, 149,

202, 213, 235, 284, 307, 369, 377,410 -, aerobic 410 -, bathypelagic 67 -, coastal 202 -, epipelagic 131 -, euphotic 83 -, harbour 213

441

-, photic 46-47, 91, 141, 149 zooplankton 13, 43, 54, 128, 131,

137 -, crustacean 128 -, herbivorous 54

zwitterion 56