Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr.

Sylvia S

. Mad

er

Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor

BIOLOGY10th Edition

1

A View of Life

Chapter 1: pp. 1 - 24

2

Outline

Defining Life - Emergent Properties

Materials and Energy

Reproduction and Development

Adaptations and Natural Selection

Classification

Organization and Diversity

Natural Selection

3

Outline

Biosphere Organization Human Population

Biodiversity

The Scientific Method Observation

Hypothesis

Data

Conclusion

Scientific Theory

4

Defining Life

Living things:

Same chemical elements

Obey the same physical and chemical laws

Living organisms consist of cells (Unicellular or Multi-cellular).

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things

Cells are produced from preexisting cellsCells are the smallest units that perform all vital

physiological functions

5

Defining Life

Living organisms can be Microscopic:

Bacteria

Paramecium

Living organisms can be Macroscopic (Multi-cellular):

Snow goose

HumansCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(Bacteria): © Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; (Paramecium): © M. Abbey/Visuals Unlimited; (Morel): © Royalty-Free Corbis; (Sunflower): © Photodisc Green/Getty Images; (Snow goose): © Charles Bush Photography

Bacteria Paramecium Morel Sunflower Snow goose

6

Defining Life

Each level of organization has Emergent Properties

Levels range from extreme micro (e.g. Atoms, Molecules and Cells) to global (e.g. Community, Ecosystem and Biosphere)

Each level of organization is more complex than the level preceding it

Emergent properties:

Interactions between the parts making up the whole

All emergent properties follow the laws of physics and chemistry

7

Levels of Biological Organization

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OrganComposed of tissues functioning

together for a specific task

TissueA group of cells with a common

structure and function

CellThe structural and functional

unit of all living things

MoleculeUnion of two or more atoms ofthe same or different elements

AtomSmallest unit of an element composed of

electrons, protons, and neutrons

BiosphereRegions of the Earth’s crust,

waters, and atmosphereinhabited by living things

Ecosystem A community plus

the physical environment

CommunityInteracting populations in a

particular area

PopulationOrganisms of the same

species in a particular area

OrganismAn individual; complex

individuals contain organ systems

Organ SystemComposed of several organs

working together

8

Characteristics of Living Things

What characteristics do all living things share?

• are made up of basic units called cells,• are based on a universal genetic code, [DNA]• obtain and use materials and energy, [metabolism]• grow and develop, • reproduce, [sexual reproduction, asexual

reproduction] • respond to their environment, [stimulus]• maintain a stable internal environment,

[homeostasis]• and change over time. [Evolutionary change]

9

Living Things: Acquire & Process Food

Energy – required to maintaining organization and conducting life-sustaining processes The sun:

Ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on Earth

Certain organisms, such as plants, capture solar energy to carry on photosynthesis

Photosynthesis transforms solar energy into chemical energy (Organic Molecules)

Chemical energy is used by other organisms e.g. animals

Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell or in an organism.

Homeostasis - Maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries

10

Acquiring Nutrients

b.

a.

c. f.

e.

d.

food

a: © Niebrugge Images; b: © Photodisc Blue/Getty Images; c: © Charles Bush Photography;d: © Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; e: © Pat Pendarvis; f: National Park Service Photo

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11

Living Things: Respond to Stimuli

Living things interact with the environment and respond to changes in the environment

Response ensures survival of the organism and it often results movement Vulture can detect and find carcass a mile away and soar

toward dinner

Monarch butterfly senses approach of fall and migrates south

Microroganisms can sense light or chemicals

Even leaves of plants follow sun

Activities as a result of Responses are termed behavior

12

Living Things: Reproduce and Develop

Organisms live and die

All living organisms must reproduce to ensure continued existence and maintain population

In most multicellular organisms reproduction:

Begins with union of sperm and egg (fertilization)

Followed by cell division and differentiation

Developmental instructions encoded in genes

Composed of DNA

Long spiral molecule in chromosomes

13

Rockhopper Penguins & Offspring

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

© Francisco Erize/Bruce Coleman, Inc.

14

Living Things: Adapt to Change

Adaptation

Any modification that makes an organism more suited to its way of life

Organisms become modified over long period time

Respond to environmental changes by developing new adaptations

However, organisms very similar at basic level

Suggests living things descended from same ancestor

Descent with modification - Evolution

Caused by natural selection

15

Evolution, the Unifying Concept of Biology

Despite diversity, organisms share the same basic characteristics Composed of cells organized in a similar manner

Their genes are composed of DNA

Carry out the same metabolic reactions to acquire energy

This suggests that they are descended from a common ancestor

16

Classification

Taxonomy: Discipline of identifying and classifying organisms

according to certain rules

Hierarchical levels (taxa) based on hypothesized evolutionary relationships

Levels are, from least inclusive to most inclusive: Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and

domain A level (e.g. phylum) includes more species than the level

below it (e.g. class), and fewer species than the one above it (e.g. kingdom)

17

Levels of Classification

18

Domains

Bacteria

Microscopic unicellular prokaryotes

Archaea

Bacteria-like unicellular prokaryotes

Extreme aquatic environments

Eukarya

Eukaryotes – Familiar organisms

19

Domains

20

Evolutionary Tree of LifeCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

BACTERIA

ARCHAEA

EUKARYA

Protists

commonancestor(first cells)

cell with nucleus

Past

Time

Present

Photosyntheticprotist

HeterotrophicProtist

Plants

Fungi

Animalscommon ancestor

21

Domains: The Archaea

Methanosarcina mazei, an archaeon 1.6 m

• Prokaryotic cells of various shapes• Adaptations to extreme environments• Absorb or chemosynthesize food• Unique chemical characteristics

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

© Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited

22

Domains: The Bacteria

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• Prokaryotic cells of various shapes• Adaptations to all environments• Absorb, photosynthesize, or chemosynthesize food• Unique chemical characteristics

Escherichia coli, a bacterium 1.5 m

© A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

23

Kingdoms

Archaea – Kingdoms still being worked out

Bacteria - Kingdoms still being worked out

Eukarya

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia

24

Domains: The Eukaryote Kingdoms

KINGDOM: Fungi

Coprinus, a shaggy mane mushroom

Protists

Paramecium, a unicellular protozoan

• Molds, mushrooms, yeasts, and ringworms• Mostly multicellular filaments with specialized, complex cells• Absorb food1

• Algae, protozoans, slime molds, and water molds• Complex single cell (sometimes filaments, colonies, or even multicellular)• Absorb, photosynthesize, or ingest food1 m

KINGDOM: Plants

r

Vulpes, a red fox

KINGDOM: Animals

• Certain algae, mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants• Multicellular, usually with specialized tissues, containing complex cells• Photosynthesize food

• Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, frogs, turtles, birds, and mammals• Multicellular with specialized tissues containing complex cells• Ingest food

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(Protist): © Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; (Plant): © Pat Pendarvis; (Fungi): © Rob Planck/Tom Stack; (Animal): © Royalty-Free/Corbis

25

Scientific Names

Binomial nomenclature (two-word names)- used to assign each organism with two part name e.g. Homo sapience

Universal Latin-based

First word represents genus of organism e.g. Homo Second word is specific epithet of a species within

the genus e.g. sapience Always italicized as a Genus species (Homo sapiens) Genus may be abbreviated e.g. Escherichia coli as E.

coli

26

Natural Selection

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Some plants within a population exhibit variation in leaf structure.

Deer prefer a diet of smooth leaves over hairy leaves. Plants withhairy leaves reproduce more than other plants in the population.

Generations later, most plants within the population have hairyleaves, as smooth leaves are selected against.

27

Organization of the Biosphere

Population - Members of a species within an area

Community - A local collection of interacting populations

Ecosystem – A community plus its physical environment

How chemicals are cycled and re-used by organisms

How energy flows, from photosynthetic plants to top predators

28

Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Grassland

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WASTE MATERIAL, DEATH,AND DECOMPOSITION

heat

heat

heat

heat

heat

solarenergy

Chemical cycling

Energy flow

heat

29

Marine Ecosystems: Coral Reef

1975 Minimal coral death

b.

a. Healthy coral reef

1985 Some coral death with no fish present

1995 Coral bleaching with limited chance of recovery

2004 Coral is black from sedimentation; bleaching still evident

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a: © Frank & Joyce Burek/Getty Images; b (All): © Dr. Phillip Dustan

30

Human Populations

Humans modify ecosystems Humans negative impact on ecosystems:

Destroy forest or grassland for agriculture, housing, industry, etc.

Produce waste and contaminate air, water, etc.

However, humans depend upon healthy ecosystems for Food

Medicines

Raw materials

Other ecosystem processes

31

Biodiversity

Biodiversity is the zone of air, land, and water where organisms exist

Abundance of species estimated about 15 million.

The variability of their genes, and

The ecosystems in which they live

Extinction is:

The death of the last member of a species

Estimates of 400 species/day lost worldwide

32

The Scientific Method

Scientific method is a standard series of steps in gaining new knowledge through research. Begins with observation

Scientists use their five senses e.g. use visual sense to observe animal behavior

Instruments can extend the range of senses e.g. use microscope to see microorganisms

Take advantage of prior studies

Hypothesis A tentative explanation for what was observed

Developed through inductively reasoning from specific to general

33

The Scientific Method: A Flow Diagram

Observation

New observationsare made, and previous

data are studied.

Hypothesis

Input from varioussources is used to formulate

a testable statement.

Conclusion

The results are analyzed,and the hypothesis issupported or rejected.

Scientific Theory

Many experiments andobservations support a

theory.

Experiment/Observations

The hypothesis istested by experiment

or further observations.

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Courtesy Leica Microsystems Inc.

34

The Scientific Method: Experimentation

ExperimentationPurpose is to challenge the hypothesisDesigned through deductively reasoning from

general to specificOften divides subjects into a control group

and an experimental groupPredicts how groups should differ if

hypothesis is valid If prediction happens, hypothesis is unchallenged If not, hypothesis is unsupportable

35

The Scientific Method

The results are analyzed and interpreted

Conclusions are what the scientist thinks caused the results

Findings must be reported in scientific journals

Peers review the findings and the conclusions

Other scientists then attempt to duplicate or dismiss the published findings

36

The Scientific Method: Results

Results or Data

Observable, objective results from an experiment

Qualitative Observation – observations identifying or describing components

Quantitative Observations – observations identifying the amounts or proportions of components

37

Scientific Theory

Scientific Theory:

Joins together two or more related hypotheses

Supported by broad range of observations, experiments, and data

Scientific Principle / Law:

Widely accepted set of theories

No serious challenges to validity

38

Controlled Experiments

Experimental (Independent) variable

Applied one way to experimental group

Applied a different way to control group

Response (Dependent) variable

Variable that is measured to generate data

Expected to yield different results in control versus experimental group

39

Controlled Experiments

Hypothesis- a tentative explanation a scientist proposes for a scientific phenomenon that has been observed

Variable - a factor that may be changed and affect the experiment

Independent Variable - a factor purposefully changed in an experiment

Dependent Variable – a factor measured for changes due to changes in the independent variable ( your results!)

Constant – all other variables Control – an experimental group that is the basis for

comparison, often with an I.V. value of zero. Trials – repeating experimental group conditions to improve

statistical reliability

40

Retrospective study – analysis of records and data collected in the past or recalling past events (hard to have a true control group)

Prospective study – the study is designed before the data is collected.

41

Review

Defining Life - Emergent Properties

Materials and Energy

Reproduction and Development

Adaptations and Natural Selection

Biosphere Organization

Human Population

Biodiversity

Classification

The Scientific Method

Sylvia S

. Mad

er

Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor

BIOLOGY10th Edition

42

A View of Life