Syllables and Phonotactics Course Readings Introduction and IPA Practice The Basics of Syllables Syllables and Phonotactics Syllabification Rule Syllabic Consonants Onsets Over Codas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Syllables and Phonotactics
81
Embed
Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Syllables and Phonotactics
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Course Readings
The following readings have been posted to the Moodlecourse site:
▶ Contemporary Linguistics: Chapter 3 (pp. 77-84)▶ “Syllables” by Kyle Johnson
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A Review of Where We Are
The Fundamental Question (for Linguists):What is the system of rules and mental representationsthat underlies out ability to speak and understand ahuman language?
▶ Last Unit: IPANotation that unambiguously represents the phonesof all human languages.
▶ This Unit: PhonologyRules that operate over those representations, andthereby affect how words are pronounced.
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Some Quick IPA Practice
First, let’s practice reading some IPA:
[bôejs j1ôsElf wInt1ô Iz k2mIN]
(Brace yourself: Winter is coming!)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Some Quick IPA Practice
First, let’s practice reading some IPA:
[bôejs j1ôsElf wInt1ô Iz k2mIN]
(Brace yourself: Winter is coming!)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Some Quick IPA Practice
Here’s another one:
[aj downt wAnt tu lIv An DIs plæn1t EnimOô]
(I don’t want to live on this planet anymore)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Some Quick IPA Practice
Here’s another one:
[aj downt wAnt tu lIv An DIs plæn1t EnimOô]
(I don’t want to live on this planet anymore)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Towards ‘Phonology’
IPA transcription represents some of our knowledge ofhow a word is pronounced:
▶ Phones making up the word▶ Sequence in which those phones are produced
However, there is more to a word’s pronunciation thanjust this...
▶ There are also general rules governing Englishpronunciation.
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Introducing Syllables
Key ExampleWhen we pronounce ‘understanding’, we don’t pronounce(or perceive) it as a simple string of sounds...
▶ Rather, the phones are grouped together into ‘beats’
▶ These ‘beats’ making up the word give it a rhythm
▶ These ‘beats’ and rhythm come out naturally whenwe speak words slowly
▶ Why don’t we syllabify like this: *[b2l . own . i]▶ This syllabification is totally consistent with English
phonotactics.▶ [b2l] is a possible English syllable▶ [own] is a possible English syllable▶ [i] is a possible English syllable
▶ The answer will come from a concrete rule(algorithm) for syllabifying an English word...
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The Syllabification Algorithm
▶ There are four main steps to the ‘syllabification rule’(‘syllabification procedure’, ‘syllabification algorithm’)
▶ We will illustrate each step with our made-up words[bædAôtAgli] and [tægnIsp].
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Step 1: Label the Nuclei
▶ Every syllable has a nucleus.▶ Key Fact: All vowels serve as syllabic nuclei.▶ So, Step One of our syllabification procedure is:
▶ Identify all the vowels in the word, and...▶ Label those vowels as ‘nuclei’ (N)
b æ d A ô t A g l i t æ g n I s p
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Step 1: Label the Nuclei
▶ Every syllable has a nucleus.▶ Key Fact: All vowels serve as syllabic nuclei.▶ So, Step One of our syllabification procedure is:
▶ Identify all the vowels in the word, and...▶ Label those vowels as ‘nuclei’ (N)
b
N
æ d
N
A ô t
N
A g l
N
i t
N
æ g n
N
I s p
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Step 2: Label the Onsets
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
▶ Look at the consonants preceding each ‘N’
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be an onset.
▶ Write an ‘O’ above that sequence and connect eachphone to that ‘O’ with a line.
b
N
æ d
N
A ô t
N
A g l
N
i t
N
æ g n
N
I s p
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Step 2: Label the Onsets
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
▶ Look at the consonants preceding each ‘N’
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be an onset.
▶ Write an ‘O’ above that sequence and connect eachphone to that ‘O’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ d
N
A ô t
N
A g l
N
i t
N
æ g n
N
I s p
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Step 2: Label the Onsets
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
▶ Look at the consonants preceding each ‘N’
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be an onset.
▶ Write an ‘O’ above that sequence and connect eachphone to that ‘O’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A ô t
N
A g l
N
i t
N
æ g n
N
I s p
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Step 2: Label the Onsets
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
▶ Look at the consonants preceding each ‘N’
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be an onset.
▶ Write an ‘O’ above that sequence and connect eachphone to that ‘O’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A ô
O
t
N
A g l
N
i t
N
æ g n
N
I s p
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Step 2: Label the Onsets
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
▶ Look at the consonants preceding each ‘N’
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be an onset.
▶ Write an ‘O’ above that sequence and connect eachphone to that ‘O’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A ô
O
t
N
A g l
N
i t
N
æ g n
N
I s p
▶ [ôt] is not a possible onset of English (no word starts with [ôt])
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Step 2: Label the Onsets
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
▶ Look at the consonants preceding each ‘N’
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be an onset.
▶ Write an ‘O’ above that sequence and connect eachphone to that ‘O’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A ô
O
t
N
A g
O
l
N
i t
N
æ g n
N
I s p
▶ [ôt] is not a possible onset of English (no word starts with [ôt])
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Step 2: Label the Onsets
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
▶ Look at the consonants preceding each ‘N’
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be an onset.
▶ Write an ‘O’ above that sequence and connect eachphone to that ‘O’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A ô
O
t
N
A
O
g l
N
i t
N
æ g n
N
I s p
▶ [ôt] is not a possible onset of English (no word starts with [ôt])
▶ [gl] is a possible onset of English (e.g. [glow])
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Step 2: Label the Onsets
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
▶ Look at the consonants preceding each ‘N’
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be an onset.
▶ Write an ‘O’ above that sequence and connect eachphone to that ‘O’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A ô
O
t
N
A
O
g l
N
i
O
t
N
æ g n
N
I s p
▶ [ôt] is not a possible onset of English (no word starts with [ôt])
▶ [gl] is a possible onset of English (e.g. [glow])
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Step 2: Label the Onsets
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
▶ Look at the consonants preceding each ‘N’
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be an onset.
▶ Write an ‘O’ above that sequence and connect eachphone to that ‘O’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A ô
O
t
N
A
O
g l
N
i
O
t
N
æ g
O
n
N
I s p
▶ [ôt] is not a possible onset of English (no word starts with [ôt])
▶ [gl] is a possible onset of English (e.g. [glow])
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Step 2: Label the OnsetsStep 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
▶ Look at the consonants preceding each ‘N’
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be an onset.
▶ Write an ‘O’ above that sequence and connect eachphone to that ‘O’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A ô
O
t
N
A
O
g l
N
i
O
t
N
æ g
O
n
N
I s p
▶ [ôt] is not a possible onset of English (no word starts with [ôt])
▶ [gl] is a possible onset of English (e.g. [glow])
▶ [gn] is not a possible onset of English (no word starts with [gn])
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Finding the Onsets
▶ A major part of ‘Step 2’ is figuring out “Can thissequence of phones be an onset in English?”
▶ To answer this, either:▶ Use your own ‘intuitions’ as a native speaker
(if you are one)▶ Team up with a friend who is a native speaker
(if you aren’t one)
▶ Either way, you ask “can a word of English start withthis sequence of phones?”
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Step 3: Label the Codas
Step 3:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up theremaining unlabeled phones following a nucleus, and labelthem as a coda.
▶ Look at the consonants following each ‘N’ (that aren’talready labeled as ‘O’s)
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be a coda.
▶ Write a ‘C’ above that sequence and connect each phoneto that ‘C’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A ô
O
t
N
A
O
g l
N
i
O
t
N
æ g
O
n
N
I s p
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Step 3: Label the Codas
Step 3:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up theremaining unlabeled phones following a nucleus, and labelthem as a coda.
▶ Look at the consonants following each ‘N’ (that aren’talready labeled as ‘O’s)
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be a coda.
▶ Write a ‘C’ above that sequence and connect each phoneto that ‘C’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A
C
ô
O
t
N
A
O
g l
N
i
O
t
N
æ g
O
n
N
I s p
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Step 3: Label the Codas
Step 3:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up theremaining unlabeled phones following a nucleus, and labelthem as a coda.
▶ Look at the consonants following each ‘N’ (that aren’talready labeled as ‘O’s)
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be a coda.
▶ Write a ‘C’ above that sequence and connect each phoneto that ‘C’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A
C
ô
O
t
N
A
O
g l
N
i
O
t
N
æ
C
g
O
n
N
I s p
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Step 3: Label the Codas
Step 3:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up theremaining unlabeled phones following a nucleus, and labelthem as a coda.
▶ Look at the consonants following each ‘N’ (that aren’talready labeled as ‘O’s)
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be a coda.
▶ Write a ‘C’ above that sequence and connect each phoneto that ‘C’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A
C
ô
O
t
N
A
O
g l
N
i
O
t
N
æ
C
g
O
n
N
I
C
s p
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Step 3: Label the CodasStep 3:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up theremaining unlabeled phones following a nucleus, and labelthem as a coda.
▶ Look at the consonants following each ‘N’ (that aren’talready labeled as ‘O’s)
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be a coda.
▶ Write a ‘C’ above that sequence and connect each phoneto that ‘C’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A
C
ô
O
t
N
A
O
g l
N
i
O
t
N
æ
C
g
O
n
N
I
C
s p
▶ [sp] is a possible coda of English (e.g. [k2sp])
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Finding the Codas
▶ As with Step 2, a major part of ‘Step 3’ is thequestion “Can this sequence of phones be a coda inEnglish?”
▶ To answer this question, either:▶ Use your own intuitions as a native speaker
(if you are one)▶ Team up with a friend who is a native speaker
(if you aren’t one)
▶ Either way, you ask “can a word of English end withthis sequence of phones?”
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Step 4: Add the Syllable Lablels
Step 4:Group together the ‘O’s, ‘N’s and ‘C’s into syllables.
▶ Above each N, write a ‘σ ’ (for syllable), and draw a lineconnecting them.
▶ If there is an O preceding an N, connect that O to the σthat N is connected to.
▶ If there is a C following an N, connect that C to the σ thatthe N is connected to
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A
C
ô
O
t
N
A
O
g l
N
i
O
t
N
æ
C
g
O
n
N
I
C
s p
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Step 4: Add the Syllable Lablels
Step 4:Group together the ‘O’s, ‘N’s and ‘C’s into syllables.
▶ Above each N, write a ‘σ ’ (for syllable), and draw a lineconnecting them.
▶ If there is an O preceding an N, connect that O to the σthat N is connected to.
▶ If there is a C following an N, connect that C to the σ thatthe N is connected to
O
b
σ
N
æ
O
d
σ
N
A
C
ô
O
t
σ
N
A
O
g l
σ
N
i
O
t
σ
N
æ
C
g
O
n
σ
N
I
C
s p
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Step 4: Add the Syllable Lablels
Step 4:Group together the ‘O’s, ‘N’s and ‘C’s into syllables.
▶ Above each N, write a ‘σ ’ (for syllable), and draw a lineconnecting them.
▶ If there is an O preceding an N, connect that O to the σthat N is connected to.
▶ If there is a C following an N, connect that C to the σ thatthe N is connected to
σ
O
b
N
æ
σ
O
d
N
A
C
ô
σ
O
t
N
A
σ
O
g l
N
i
σ
O
t
N
æ
C
g
σ
O
n
N
I
C
s p
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Step 4: Add the Syllable Lablels
Step 4:Group together the ‘O’s, ‘N’s and ‘C’s into syllables.
▶ Above each N, write a ‘σ ’ (for syllable), and draw a lineconnecting them.
▶ If there is an O preceding an N, connect that O to the σthat N is connected to.
▶ If there is a C following an N, connect that C to the σ thatthe N is connected to
σ
O
b
N
æ
σ
O
d
N
A
C
ô
σ
O
t
N
A
σ
O
g l
N
i
σ
O
t
N
æ
C
g
σ
O
n
N
I
C
s p
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Study Exercise:
▶ At home, try running this procedure on the followingwords:
▶ Confirm that our rule will predict the correctsyllabification for these words.
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Summing Up
What We’ve Done So Far:
▶ We’ve laid out a rule that will correctly syllabifyEnglish words.
▶ This rule, then, is one (very small) part of an answerto our ‘fundamental question’.
The Fundamental Question (for Linguists):What is the system of rules and mental representationsthat underlies out ability to speak and understand ahuman language?
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Problem: Syllabic Consonants
But, there’s a problem for our syllabification rule...
▶ If we follow this rule, the only possible nuclei we willget will be vowels
▶ However, although every vowel is a nucleus...
▶ ...some nuclei are not vowels.
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Syllabic Consonants in EnglishKey Fact:The consonants [l], [n], and [ô], can be nuclei in English.
Words With Consonants as Syllabic Nuclei:
▶ “kitten” [kI . tn]
▶ “cuddle” [k2 . dl]
▶ “banner” [bæ . nô]
Question: Why do we say they are the nucleus of a syllable?
Answer: We hear these words as having two syllables, butthere is no ‘second vowel’ before the final consonant.
▶ “kitten” and “cuddle”: tongue never leaves alveolar ridgeafter [t]/[d].
▶ “banner”: you go immediately from [n] to [ô], with nointervening vowel
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Syllabic Consonants in EnglishKey Fact:The consonants [l], [n], and [ô], can be nuclei in English.
Words With Consonants as Syllabic Nuclei:
▶ “kitten” [kI . tn]
▶ “cuddle” [k2 . dl]
▶ “banner” [bæ . nô]
Question: Why do we say they are the nucleus of a syllable?
Answer: We hear these words as having two syllables, butthere is no ‘second vowel’ before the final consonant.
▶ “kitten” and “cuddle”: tongue never leaves alveolar ridgeafter [t]/[d].
▶ “banner”: you go immediately from [n] to [ô], with nointervening vowel
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Syllabic Consonants in English
Vocabulary:When a consonant serves as a syllabic nucleus, it is saidto be a syllabic consonant
IPA Representation:In IPA, syllabic consonants are indicated by putting a littlevertical line beneath them:
▶ “kitten” [ kI . tn"
]
▶ “cuddle” [ k2 . dl"
]
▶ “banner” [ bæ . nô"
]
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Syllabic Consonants in English
It seems, then, that the real syllabification rule for Englishoutputs representations like these:
σ
O
k
N
I
σ
O
t
N
n"
σ
O
k
N
2
σ
O
d
N
l"
σ
O
b
N
æ
σ
O
n
N
ô"
The Problem:
▶ Our current rule won’t make representations like this▶ so, we have to fix our rule...▶ ... but it goes beyond ‘201’ to explain how.
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
One Last Mystery
Question:Why don’t we syllabify “bologna” like this: *[b2l . own . i]
▶ This syllabification is totally consistent with Englishphonotactics.
▶ [b2l] is a possible English syllable▶ [own] is a possible English syllable▶ [i] is a possible English syllable
The answer comes from an important feature of our rule...
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Onsets Over CodasA Prediction of Our Rule:If phonotactics allow a consonant to be either an onset or acoda, then it will be an onset.
▶ [b2 . low . ni], not *[b2l . own . i]
Question: How, exactly, does our rule predict this?
Answer: Because our rule determines the onsets first.
▶ Step 2:Gather up all the consonants that can form an onset, andlabel them as such.
▶ Step 3:Of the remaining consonants, gather up all those that canform a coda, and label them as such.
Since our algorithm creates the onsets first......the codas are made out of only those consonantsthat couldn’t form onsets...
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Onsets Over CodasA Prediction of Our Rule:If phonotactics allow a consonant to be either an onset or acoda, then it will be an onset.
▶ [b2 . low . ni], not *[b2l . own . i]
Question: How, exactly, does our rule predict this?
Answer: Because our rule determines the onsets first.
▶ Step 2:Gather up all the consonants that can form an onset, andlabel them as such.
▶ Step 3:Of the remaining consonants, gather up all those that canform a coda, and label them as such.
Since our algorithm creates the onsets first......the codas are made out of only those consonantsthat couldn’t form onsets...
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Illustrative Derivation
Let’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 1:Label every vowel as a nucleus.
b 2 l ow n i
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Illustrative Derivation
Let’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 1:Label every vowel as a nucleus.
b 2 l ow n i
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Illustrative Derivation
Let’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 1:Label every vowel as a nucleus.
b 2 l ow n i
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Illustrative Derivation
Let’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 1:Label every vowel as a nucleus.
b
N
2 l
N
ow n
N
i
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Illustrative Derivation
Let’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
b
N
2 l
N
ow n
N
i
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Illustrative Derivation
Let’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
O
b
N
2
O
l
N
ow
O
n
N
i
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Illustrative DerivationLet’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
O
b
N
2
O
l
N
ow
O
n
N
i
▶ Notice that on this step, we are forced to group [l] and [n]
as onsets▶ The rule won’t let us “wait” to Step 3 to group them as
codas
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Illustrative DerivationLet’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 3:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up theremaining unlabeled phones following a nucleus, and labelthem as a coda.
O
b
N
2
O
l
N
ow
O
n
N
i
▶ Nothing happens at this step, since there are no‘remaining unlabeled phones’.
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Illustrative DerivationLet’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 3:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up theremaining unlabeled phones following a nucleus, and labelthem as a coda.
O
b
N
2
O
l
N
ow
O
n
N
i
▶ Nothing happens at this step, since there are no‘remaining unlabeled phones’.
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Illustrative Derivation
Let’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 4:Group together the ‘O’s, ‘N’s and ‘C’s into syllables.
O
b
N
2
O
l
N
ow
O
n
N
i
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Illustrative Derivation
Let’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 4:Group together the ‘O’s, ‘N’s and ‘C’s into syllables.
O
b
σ
N
2
O
l
σ
N
ow
O
n
σ
N
i
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Illustrative Derivation
Let’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 4:Group together the ‘O’s, ‘N’s and ‘C’s into syllables.
σ
O
b
N
2
σ
O
l
N
ow
σ
O
n
N
i
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Summing Up:
▶ There is a general ‘preference’ for consonants to beonsets, rather than codas.
▶ That is, if the phonotactics allow a particularconsonant to be either an onset or a coda, then it willbe an onset.
▶ [b2 . low . ni], not *[b2l . own . i]
▶ Our syllabification algorithm captures this fact, byordering the labeling of onsets before the codas.
▶ The codas will only be made out of those consonantsthat couldn’t be onsets.