SWOT FINAL Slovakia - ChemLog · PDF fileManufacture of soap and detergents, ... monthly reports. SWOT‐Analysis Slovakia/ ... SWOT‐Analysis Project

Chemical Logistics Cooperation in Central and Eastern Europe

SWOT‐Analysis

Slovakia

Weaknesses

Strengths

Opportunities

Threats

SWOT‐Analysis Project [ChemLog]

Project Partner:Slovakia Page 2/55

TABLE OF CONTENT 1 STRUCTURE .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4

2 INTRODUCTION TO REGION / COUNTRY ....................................................................................................................................... 5

3 DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY ........................................................................................................................................ 7

3.1 CHEMICAL SALES .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 3.2 COMPANY STRUCTURE – SIZE OF ENTERPRISES AND EMPLOYEES ............................................................................................ 11 3.3 INTERNATIONAL TRADE ................................................................................................................................................ 12 3.4 REGIONAL STRUCTURE OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY ................................................................................................................. 17

4 DESCRIPTION OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUTURE ............................................................................................................................ 18

4.1 3.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................................... 18 4.2 INTERMODAL TRANSPORT ............................................................................................................................................. 20

4.2.1 ACTUAL AND PLANNED FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ 20 4.2.2 MAIN CORRIDORS AND MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................... 22 4.2.3 GOVERNMENT PLANS AND POLITICAL PROGRAMS ...................................................................................................... 23

4.3 ROAD TRANSPORT ...................................................................................................................................................... 24 4.3.1 ACTUAL AND PLANNED FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ 24 4.3.2 MAIN CORRIDORS AND MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................... 25 4.3.3 GOVERNMENT PLANS AND POLITICAL PROGRAMS ...................................................................................................... 26

4.4 RAILWAY TRANSPORT .................................................................................................................................................. 28 4.4.1 ACTUAL AND PLANNED FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ 28 4.4.2 MAIN CORRIDORS AND MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................... 29 4.4.3 GOVERNMENT PLANS AND POLITICAL PROGRAMS ...................................................................................................... 30

4.5 WATERWAY TRANSPORT .............................................................................................................................................. 30 4.5.1 ACTUAL AND PLANNED FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ 30 4.5.2 MAIN CORRIDORS AND MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................... 32 4.5.3 GOVERNMENT PLANS AND POLITICAL PROGRAMS ...................................................................................................... 32

4.6 PIPELINE TRANSPORT .................................................................................................................................................. 32 4.6.1 ACTUAL AND PLANNED FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ 33 4.6.2 MAIN CORRIDORS AND MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................... 33 4.6.3 GOVERNMENT PLANS AND POLITICAL PROGRAMS ...................................................................................................... 35

5 DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL LOGISTICS IN THE REGION / COUNTRY ................................................................................................... 36

6 INTERNAL STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL COMPANIES AND LOGISTIC PROVIDERS ....................................................................................... 38

6.1 STRENGTHS IN PROCUREMENT ....................................................................................................................................... 38 6.2 STRENGTHS IN WAREHOUSING OF RAW MATERIALS, SEMI‐FINISHED AND FINISHED PRODUCTS ....................................................... 38 6.3 STRENGTHS IN PRODUCTION LOGISTICS ............................................................................................................................ 38 6.4 STRENGTHS IN DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORT ................................................................................................................... 38 6.5 STRENGTHS IN PLANNING AND CONTROLLING .................................................................................................................... 39 6.6 STRENGTHS IN ORDER PROCESSING ................................................................................................................................. 39 6.7 STRENGTHS IN INFORMATION LOGISTICS ........................................................................................................................... 39

7 INTERNAL WEAKNESSES OF CHEMICAL COMPANIES AND LOGISTIC PROVIDERS ..................................................................................... 40

7.1 WEAKNESSES IN PROCUREMENT ..................................................................................................................................... 40 7.2 WEAKNESSES IN WAREHOUSING OF RAW MATERIALS, SEMI‐FINISHED AND FINISHED PRODUCTS ..................................................... 40 7.3 WEAKNESSES IN PRODUCTION LOGISTICS .......................................................................................................................... 40 7.4 WEAKNESSES IN DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORT ................................................................................................................ 40 7.5 WEAKNESSES IN PLANNING AND CONTROLLING .................................................................................................................. 41 7.6 WEAKNESSES IN ORDER PROCESSING ............................................................................................................................... 41 7.7 WEAKNESSES IN INFORMATION LOGISTICS ........................................................................................................................ 41



8 EXTERNAL OPPORTUNITIES AND CHANCES FOR CHEMICAL LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE ................................................... 42

8.1 ECONOMIC TRENDS ..................................................................................................................................................... 42 8.2 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS .............................................................................................................................................. 42 8.3 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS .............................................................................................................................................. 42 8.4 ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY ......................................................................................................................................... 42 8.5 POLITICS AND INNOVATION ........................................................................................................................................... 43 8.6 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ....................................................................................................................................... 43

8.6.1 RAILWAY ........................................................................................................................................................ 43 8.6.2 WATERWAY ..................................................................................................................................................... 43 8.6.3 ROAD ............................................................................................................................................................. 43 8.6.4 INTERMODAL ................................................................................................................................................... 43 8.6.5 PIPELINE ......................................................................................................................................................... 43

8.7 SAFETY AND SECURITY ................................................................................................................................................. 44 8.8 INDUSTRY SECTOR AND COMPETITION .............................................................................................................................. 44

8.8.1 CUSTOMERS .................................................................................................................................................... 44 8.8.2 SUPPLIERS ....................................................................................................................................................... 44 8.8.3 ACCESS TO THE MARKET ..................................................................................................................................... 44 8.8.4 SUBSTITUTES ................................................................................................................................................... 44

9 EXTERNAL THREATS, PROBLEMS AND BARRIERS FOR CHEMICAL LOGISTICS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE ............................................ 45

9.1 ECONOMIC TRENDS ..................................................................................................................................................... 45 9.2 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS .............................................................................................................................................. 45 9.3 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS .............................................................................................................................................. 45 9.4 ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY ......................................................................................................................................... 45 9.5 POLITICS AND INNOVATION ........................................................................................................................................... 46 9.6 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ....................................................................................................................................... 46

9.6.1 RAILWAY ........................................................................................................................................................ 46 9.6.2 WATERWAY ..................................................................................................................................................... 47 9.6.3 ROAD ............................................................................................................................................................. 47 9.6.4 INTERMODAL ................................................................................................................................................... 47 9.6.5 PIPELINE ......................................................................................................................................................... 48

9.7 SAFETY AND SECURITY ................................................................................................................................................. 48 9.8 INDUSTRY SECTOR AND COMPETITION .............................................................................................................................. 48

9.8.1 CUSTOMERS .................................................................................................................................................... 48 9.8.2 SUPPLIERS ....................................................................................................................................................... 48 9.8.3 ACCESS TO THE MARKET ..................................................................................................................................... 48 9.8.4 SUBSTITUTES ................................................................................................................................................... 49

10 NEEDS FOR FUTURE ACTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS – CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................ 50

11 LITERATURE ....................................................................................................................................................................... 51

11.1 STUDIES ............................................................................................................................................................... 51 11.2 INTERNET SOURCES ................................................................................................................................................ 52 11.3 LIST OF EXPERTS IN RSM ......................................................................................................................................... 52

12 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................................... 54

13 LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................................. 55



1 STRUCTURE

Introduction to Region / Country

Description of Chemical Industry

Description of transport infrastructure

Description of chemical logistics in the region /country

Internal Strengths of Chemical Companies and Logistic Providers

Internal Weaknesses of Chemical Companies and Logistic Providers

External opportunities and chances for chemical logistics in Central and Eastern Europe

External Threats,

Problems and Barriers for chemical logistics in Central and Eastern Europe

Needs for future actions and improvements ‐ Conclusions

Literature



2 INTRODUCTION TO REGION / COUNTRY

Official name: Slovak Republic (SR) State formation date: 1 January 1993 State system: Republic Political system: parliamentary democracy (150 members of Parliament elected for 4 years) President: Ivan Gašparovič (since 2004), elected for 5 years Prime Minister: Robert Fico (since 2006) State symbols: national coat of arms/ emblem, national flag, state seal and national anthem „Nad Tatrou sa blýska“ Membership in inter. organisations: EU (since 1 May 2004), NATO, UN, UNESCO, OECD, OBSE, CERN, WHO, INTERPOL, etc. International codes: SK, SVK, bar code 858

The Middle and the North of the country is mountainous (Carpathian curve), lowlands (important agricultural areas) are typical of the South and the East. The most important Slovak river the Danube connects the capital city of the SR Bratislava with two capital cities of the neighbour countries ‐ Vienna and Budapest.

Border countries: Hungary (679 km), Poland (597.5 km), the Czech Republic (265 km), Austria (127.2 km), Ukraine (98 km)

Administrative divisions: 8 self‐governing regions (Bratislava, Trnava, Trenčín, Nitra, Žilina, Banská Bystrica, Prešov, Košice region), 79 districts, 138 towns, 2891 municipalities (including towns).

Tab. 1 Inhabitants

2007

Inhabitants in mil. 5,4

Area in km2 49035

Tab. 2 Gross Domestic Product at current prices in billions EUR

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

22 23,5 26 29,5 34 38,5 44,5 54,8 64,8



Tab. 3 Gross Domestic Product / capita at current prices in thousands EUR

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

4,1 4,4 4,8 5,5 6,3 7,1 8,3 10,2 12,0

SLOVAKIA

203040506070

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Bill

ion

EUR

4681012

Thou

sand

s EU

R

Gross Domestic Product Gross Domestic Product/Capita

Fig. 1 Gross domestic product Slovakia



3 DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

Chemical industry is mainly located in western Slovakia around Bratislava. This industry was built as a part of eastern chemical industry based on Russian supplies. Big chemical companies use supplies carried via pipeline network of crude petroleum (Družba) and natural gas. Small companies usually use supplies from central and Western Europe.

The area of basic chemicals is represented by the companies as Slovnaft Bratislava, Duslo Šaľa, Novácke chemické závody and Chemko Strážske. In Bratislava as a business centre of Slovakia there are several chemical companies as refinery Slovnaft and Duslo – Istrochem.

Several companies e.g. Duslo a.s. Šaľa, Chemolak Smolenice, Zentiva Hlohovec, Slovkord Senica are located in western Slovakia.

Middle part of Slovakia is represented by NCHZ Nováky, Petrochema Dubová, Chemosvit Fólie Svit, Matador Continental Púchov and eastern part by Chemko Strážske, Chemes Humené, Diakol Stážske, Duslo Hnojivá Strážske.

The area of waste processing is represented by Detox Banská Bystrica, MACH trade Sereď and Sita Slovensko.

Paints, varnishes and similar coatings are produced in Chemolak Smolenice, SlovZink Košeca, Primalex Slovakia, Novochema Levice.

The biggest chemical company in Slovakia is refinery SLOVNAFT, a.s. located in Bratislava. SLOVNAFT Plc., based in Bratislava is refinery with annual processing capacity of 5,5 – 6 mil ton. The company core business is production, warehousing, wholesale and retail sales and distribution. SLOVNAFT Plc. disposes with the largest retail network in SK offering top quality motor fuels and lubricants as well as related customer services including shop, gastro service, car wash and some others. After intensive modernisation is these refinery one of the tree most modern refineries in Europe.

Duslo a.s. Šaľa is oriented on processing of natural gas to ammonia, urea, fertilizers and other organic and inorganic chemistry. Within organic chemistry there are rubber industry chemicals, glues, agrochemicals, glues, dispersions, polypropylene fibres. Duslo as a part of AGROFERT Holding is a part of the second biggest producer and distributor of fertilizers.

NCHZ Nováky are divided into 3 plants where manufacture of electrolysis products, basis organic chemicals, vinyl chloride and products of its further processing, as well as calcium carbide and technical gases takes place.

In Strážske the site of Chemko and several companies e.g. Chemza, Diakol, Duslo Hnojivá are located.



The area of distribution of chemicals is represented by Brenttag Slovakia, BASF Slovensko, Messer Tatragas, SIAD Slovensko, Safina Slovensko.

Chemical industry tries to keep its position in strong international competition, strict chemical legislation and general opposition of people to chemical industry nowadays. Present crisis endanger chemical industry by lower sales and product prices. Chemical industry is developing as a supplier of plastics and rubber products for automotive industry and building industry.

Fig. 2 Big chemical companies in Slovakia



3.1 CHEMICAL SALES

Tab. 4 Sales of chemical industry in Mio EUR

Sales of chemical industry in Mio EUR

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Refined crude oil products 2,385 2,390 2,103 2,084 2,558 3,000 3,514 3,567 3,646

Manufacture of basic chemicals* 0,672 0,779 0,686 0,571 0,614 0,726 1,247 1,535 1,497

Manufacture of pesticides and other agro‐chemical products

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, printing ink and mastics

0,047 0,046 0,046 0,039 0,035 0,033 0,037 0,042 0,039

Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals and botanical products**

0,264 0,310 0,264 0,247 0,202 0,225 0,227 0,237 0,255

Manufacture of soap and detergents, cleaning and polishing preparations, perfumes and toilet preparations

0,071 0,075 0,070 0,065 0,037 0,035 0,032 0,028 0,094

Manufacture of other chemical products*** 0,016 0,087 0,098 0,103 0,080 0,086 0,036 0,041 0,049

Manufacture of man‐made fibres 0,248 0,278 0,284 0,271 0,271 0,245 0,274 0,208 0,178

Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products

1,319 1,574 1,447 1,297 1,240 1,349 1,853 2,091 2,112

Manufacture of rubber products**** 0,368 0,459 0,552 0,626 0,686 0,715 0,799 0,675 0,898

Manufacture of plastic products***** 0,377 0,421 0,534 0,645 0,690 0,833 1,013 1,241 1,423

Manufacture of plastic and rubber products

0,736 0,880 1,086 1,270 1,376 1,547 1,813 1,917 2,321

Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic for companies with 20 and more employees. The data for years 2000 – 2007 are final data. The data for year 2008 are from preliminary monthly reports.

The data for years 2000 – 2007 are final data. The data for year 2008 are from preliminary monthly reports.

The biggest sales has traditionally petroleum industry (company SLOVNAFT) followed by manufacture of chemicals and chemical products and manufacture of plastic and rubber products.



Chemical industry sales in mil. EUR - 2008

3,646

2,112

2,321Refined crude oilproducts

Manufacture ofchemicals andchemical productsManufacture ofplastic and rubberproducts

Fig. 3 Chemical industry sales – 2008


0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Mil.

EU

R

Man-made fibres

Other chemical products

Soap and detergents,cleaning and polishingpreparations, perfumesand toilet preparationsPharmaceuticals,medicinal chemicals andbotanical products

Paints, v arnishes andsimilar coatings, printingink and mastics

Pesticides and other agro-chemical products

Basic chemicals

Fig. 4 Sales – manufacture of chemicals and chemical products

From the accession of Slovakia into EU (2004) the sales within manufacture of chemicals and chemical products are still increasing.



Manufacture of plastic and rubber products

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Mil.

EU

R

Manufacture of rubber products Manufacture of plastic products

Fig. 5 Sales – manufacture of plastic and rubber products

Sales within manufacture of plastic and rubber products notice constant increase since 2000.

Tab. 5 Share of chemical sales in processing industry

Share of chemical sales in processing industry

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008


6,47% 7,00% 6,00% 4,47% 3,91% 3,92% 4,49% 4,35% 4,23%

Manufacture of plastic and rubber product 3,61% 3,91% 4,50% 4,37% 4,34% 4,49% 4,39% 3,98% 4,65%

Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic for companies with 20 and more employees The data for years 2000 – 2007 are final data. The data for year 2008 are from preliminary monthly reports.

During the last 6 years the sales within chemical industry (exclude refined crude oil products) have about 4.5 % share of processing industry.

3.2 COMPANY STRUCTURE – SIZE OF ENTERPRISES AND EMPLOYEES

Tab. 6 Number of enterprises

Number of enterprises 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008


51 55 58 55 56 55 56 57 70

1‐19 employees N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

20‐49 employees 15 16 21 18 24 24 22 22 32

50‐249 employees 19 21 20 21 19 18 22 24 24

250 ‐ … employees 17 18 17 16 13 13 12 11 14

Manufacture of plastic and rubber product 92 89 94 99 101 112 118 129 166

1‐19 employees N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

20‐49 employees 47 40 39 39 37 35 44 43 63

50‐249 employees 38 42 46 50 53 65 60 72 86

250 ‐ … employees 7 7 9 10 11 12 14 14 17

Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic for companies with 20 and more employees



Tab. 7 Number of employees

Number of employees 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008


18971 19039 17362 15121 12329 11742 11684 11569 12218

Manufacture of plastic and rubber product 12967 13162 14283 15725 15735 16466 18324 20438 24363

Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic for companies with 20 and more employees

The highest number of companies manufacturing chemicals and chemical products has from 20 to 49 employees. These companies mainly produce basic chemicals. The highest number of companies manufacturing plastic and rubber products has from 50 – 249 employees with main production of plastic products.

3.3 INTERNATIONAL TRADE

The data for international trade are available in Slovakia only according to TARIC. Following TARIC chapters are presented for export and import of chemicals.

Chapter Name

27 MINERAL FUELS, MINERAL OILS AND PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION; BITUMINOUS SUBSTANCES; MINERAL WAXES

28 INORGANIC CHEMICALS; ORGANIC OR INORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF PRECIOUS METALS, OF RARE‐EARTH METALS, OF RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS OR OF ISOTOPES

29 ORGANIC CHEMICALS

30 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS

31 FERTILISERS

32 TANNING OR DYEING EXTRACTS; TANNINS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES; DYES, PIGMENTS AND OTHER COLOURING MATTER; PAINTS AND VARNISHES; PUTTY AND OTHER MASTICS; INKS

33 ESSENTIAL OILS AND RESINOIDS; PERFUMERY, COSMETIC OR TOILET PREPARATIONS

34 SOAP, ORGANIC SURFACE‐ACTIVE AGENTS, WASHING PREPARATIONS, LUBRICATING PREPARATIONS, ARTIFICIAL WAXES, PREPARED WAXES, POLISHING OR SCOURING PREPARATIONS, CANDLES AND SIMILAR ARTICLES, MODELLING PASTES, ‘DENTAL WAXES’ AND DENTAL PREPARATIONS WITH A BASIS OF PLASTER

35 ALBUMINOIDAL SUBSTANCES; MODIFIED STARCHES; GLUES; ENZYMES

36 EXPLOSIVES; PYROTECHNIC PRODUCTS; MATCHES; PYROPHORIC ALLOYS; CERTAIN COMBUSTIBLE PREPARATIONS

37 PHOTOGRAPHIC OR CINEMATOGRAPHIC GOODS

38 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

39 PLASTICS AND ARTICLES THEREOF

40 RUBBER AND ARTICLES THEREOF

54 MAN‐MADE FILAMENTS; STRIP AND THE LIKE OF MAN‐MADE TEXTILE MATERIALS

55 MAN‐MADE STAPLE FIBRES

Tab. 8 Share of chemicals export from GDP

Export quota in % 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products 5,49 5,53 5,15 4,07 3,98 3,93 3,93 2,93 2,65

Manufacture of plastic and rubber products 4,46 4,59 4,83 4,68 4,72 4,99 5,20 4,50 3,66



Tab. 9 Import of chemicals in Mio EUR ‐ SLOVAKIA

Import of chemicals in Mio EUR TARIC 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Manufacture of basic chemicals* 28,29 601,6 608,1 583,1 552,7 623,8Manufacture of pesticides and other agro‐chemical products 31 28,2 33,4 32,1 26,3 39,5Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, printing ink and mastics 32 176,1 194,5 208,8 222,8 249,9Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals and botanical products** 30 532,5 627,2 709,4 709,3 895,4Manufacture of soap and detergents, cleaning and polishing preparations, perfumes and toilet preparations 33,34 190,7 231,2 250,4 250,8 291,5Manufacture of other chemical products*** 35,36,37,38 292,5 356,0 395,3 362,1 386,4Manufacture of man‐made fibres 54,55 223,1 265,8 270,0 262,6 255,8

Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products 28‐38,54,55 2044,6 2316,1 2449,1 2386,6 2742,1

Manufacture of rubber products**** 40 283,0 331,8 417,8 557,3 585,8Manufacture of plastic products***** 39 734,8 897,6 1094,1 1335,0 1403,0Manufacture of plastic and rubber products 39,40 1017,8 1229,3 1511,9 1892,3 1988,8

Import of chemicals in Mio EUR TARIC 2005 2006 2007 2008 Manufacture of basic chemicals* 28,29 715,4 809,7 773,7 742,4Manufacture of pesticides and other agro‐chemical products 31 39,3 54,6 78,9 140,6Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, printing ink and mastics 32 269,9 330,8 330,5 316,3Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals and botanical products** 30 985,9 1074,1 1147,7 1236,0Manufacture of soap and detergents, cleaning and polishing preparations, perfumes and toilet preparations 33,34 319,3 335,2 362,5 370,6Manufacture of other chemical products*** 35,36,37,38 422,9 462,0 532,8 530,2Manufacture of man‐made fibres 54,55 248,6 260,0 241,0 195,6

Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products 28‐38,54,55 3001,3 3326,4 3467,1 3531,7

Manufacture of rubber products**** 40 615,5 744,8 837,4 847,0Manufacture of plastic products***** 39 1498,4 1814,3 1942,9 2005,0

Manufacture of plastic and rubber products 39,40 2113,9 2559,2 2780,4 2852,1

Source: Statistical office of the Slovak Republic – Data for 2007, 2008 are preliminary data



IMPORT - Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Mio

EU

RManufacture of man-made fibres

Manufacture of other chemicalproducts***

Manufacture of soap and detergents,cleaning and polishing preparations,perfumes and toilet preparations

Manufacture of pharmaceuticals,medicinal chemicals and botanicalproducts**

Manufacture of paints, varnishes andsimilar coatings, printing ink and mastics

Manufacture of pesticides and otheragro-chemical products

Manufacture of basic chemicals*

Fig. 6 IMPORT – Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products

The continuous increase of import of chemical to Slovakia from 2000 is notable. The development of the industry requires more chemical imports. Basic chemicals and pharmaceuticals have the highest share.

IMPORT - Manufacture of plastic and rubber products

0,0

500,0

1 000,0

1 500,0

2 000,0

2 500,0

3 000,0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Mil.

EU

R

Manufacture of rubber products**** Manufacture of plastic products*****

Fig. 7 IMPORT – Manufacture of plastic and rubber products

There is a continuous increase from 2000 within plastic and rubber products. The development of the automotive industry has required more imports of plastics.



Tab. 10 Geographic breakdown of chemicals export in %

Geographic breakdown of chemicals export in %

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

EU 27 87,42 88,10 88,95 89,70 88,36 86,94 87,65 88,68 88,62

EU 15 40,10 42,73 47,29 49,02 48,56 46,05 47,26 48,42 46,58

Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Cyprus 44,81 42,81 38,96 37,97 37,06 37,88 37,68 37,37 39,19

Bulgaria, Romania 2,51 2,56 2,70 2,70 2,74 3,01 2,72 2,89 2,86

Rest of Europe 5,37 5,30 5,08 4,92 5,93 6,75 7,12 7,44 7,51

NAFTA 2,92 2,31 1,92 1,83 2,10 1,97 1,24 0,87 0,66

Latin America and the Caribbean 0,38 0,32 0,25 0,20 0,29 0,34 0,33 0,33 0,42

Asia 3,40 3,48 3,09 2,79 2,74 3,39 3,10 2,08 2,11

Africa 0,29 0,35 0,56 0,38 0,45 0,48 0,52 0,56 0,63

Australia / Oceania 0,22 0,15 0,15 0,19 0,14 0,13 0,05 0,05 0,05 Source: Statistical office of the Slovak Republic – Data for 2007, 2008 are preliminary data. Geographic

breakdown of chemicals export is for TARIC codes – 28‐40, 54‐55

Geografic breakdown of chemicals export for TARIC codes – 28-40, 54-55

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Australia / Oceania

Africa

Asia

Latin America and the Caribbean

NAFTA

Rest of Europe

Bulgaria, Romania

Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia,Slovenia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Cyprus

EU 15

Fig. 8 Geographic breakdown of chemicals export for TARIC codes – 28‐40. 54,55

More than 90 % of all export of chemicals is to European countries with more than 40 % to EU 15.



Tab. 11 Geographic breakdown of chemicals import in %

Geographic breakdown of chemicals import in %

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

EU 27 85,04 84,81 84,49 85,03 84,16 85,17 83,35 82,46 81,93

EU 15 59,22 61,04 62,30 62,92 60,83 58,40 55,07 55,05 55,01

Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Cyprus 25,50 23,56 21,91 21,85 22,93 26,45 27,96 27,04 26,52

Bulgaria, Romania 0,32 0,21 0,27 0,25 0,40 0,32 0,31 0,37 0,40

Rest of Europe 7,04 7,01 6,42 5,82 5,67 5,56 6,22 6,37 6,35

NAFTA 2,79 2,80 3,00 2,63 2,47 2,09 1,97 1,86 1,99

Latin America and the Caribbean 0,22 0,17 0,17 0,52 0,94 0,98 1,05 1,01 1,03

Asia 4,81 5,10 5,76 5,82 6,56 5,98 7,16 8,12 8,48

Africa 0,08 0,09 0,11 0,11 0,13 0,15 0,17 0,11 0,16

Australia / Oceania 0,02 0,02 0,05 0,08 0,07 0,05 0,09 0,07 0,06

Source: Statistical office of the Slovak Republic – Data for 2007, 2008 are preliminary data. Geographic breakdown of chemicals export is for TARIC codes – 28‐40, 54‐55

Geografic breakdown of chemicals import for TARIC codes – 28-40, 54-55

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Australia / Oceania

Africa

Asia

Latin America and the Caribbean

NAFTA

Rest of Europe

Bulgaria, Romania

Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia,Slovenia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Cyprus

EU 15

Fig. 9 Geographic breakdown of chemicals import for TARIC codes – 28‐40. 54,55

About 90 % of all imported chemicals are from European countries with about 60 % from EU 15.



3.4 REGIONAL STRUCTURE OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

Tab. 12 Major Companies and chemical sites

Major Companies and chemical sites (web site)

Turnover 2007 in Mio EUR

Location / chemical site Number of employees

SLOVNAFT PETROCHEM s.r.o. (slovnaft.sk) 3804,42 Bratislava 3671

DUSLO a.s. (duslo.sk) 413,264 Šaľa, Strážske, Bratislava 2329

CONTINENTAL MATADOR TRUCK TIRES s.r.o. (conti‐online.com)

N/A Púchov

N/A

NOVACKE CHEMICKÉ ZÁVODY a.s. (nchz.sk) 211,512 Nováky 1620

CONTINENTAL MATADOR RUBBER s.r.o. (conti‐online.com)

190,367 Púchov 1903

ZENTIVA a.s. (zentiva.sk) 190,5 Hlohovec 1300

CHEMOSVIT FOLIE a.s. (chemosvit.sk) N/A Svit N/A

NEXIS FIBERS a.s. (nexisfibers.com) 89,69 Humenné 424

INERGY ASS s.r.o. (inergyautomotive.com) N/A Lozorno N/A

VISTEON SLOVAKIA s.r.o. (visteon.com) N/A Nitra N/A

Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic for companies with 20 and more employees and TREND analysis

The biggest company is, in the long term, refinery SLOVNAFT own by MOL group. Within the area of basic chemicals the most important companies are DUSLO a.s. followed by Novácke chemické závody (NCHZ) a.s. The most of these companies have sites in western Slovakia.

Fig. 10 TOP 10 companies of chemical industry in 2007 and pipeline network in Slovakia



4 DESCRIPTION OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

4.1 3.1 INTRODUCTION

Slovakia, besides access to sea, is connected to all transport corridors. Rail and road infrastructure is sufficiently built in term of surface coverage. Domain road infrastructure, highways and expressways, do not sufficiently cover the whole territory. The connection west‐east and north‐south is being built nowadays. Inland navigation has the lowest use in regard of eccentrically location of the one navigable waterway Danube. Following issues in regard to the transport infrastructure can be mentioned:

o mountainous terrain – high infrastructure costs – bridges, tunnels o congested road network, traffic jams o not sufficient network of highways, expressways, rail corridors and modern

multimodal terminals o inland navigation possible on Danube only with local and seasonal restrictions o inland state – no direct access to the sea

Tab. 13 Goods transport according to transport modes ‐ quantity

Goods transport in Mio tons 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Road 188,9 187,6 164,4 174,1 178,1 195,4 181,4 179,3

Railway 54,17 53,59 49,86 50,52 50,45 49,31 52,45 51,81

Inland waterway 1,607 1,551 1,699 1,451 1,636 1,526 1,713 1,806

Pipeline – crude oil ‐ Transpetrol 9,273 9,551 9,446 9,929 10,37 10,66 11,14 N/A

Pipeline – natural gas – EUSTREAM in Mio m3 79210 71524 70409 72692 79881 81300 73765 71762

Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak republic, Transpetrol, EUSTREAM

The highest share of transport from conventional transports has the road transport with the continuous increase during last years. The transport of natural gas and crude petroleum is significant in regard of east‐west transit.

Tab. 14 Goods transport – performance in 1000 tkm (quantity * km)

Goods transport in 1000 tkm 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Road 14340 13799 14929 16859 18517 22550 22114 27050

Railway 11234 10929 10383 10113 9702 9463 9988 9647

Inland waterway 1383 1015 594 488 721 680 936 843

The railway transport performance has a slight decrease. However, there is a significant increase of transport performance in road transport since 2004.



The following table defines priority axes of transport infrastructure development for goods transport in Slovakia according to the Operational Programme Transport 2007‐2013 (OPT 2007‐2013).

Tab. 15 Division of priority axes of OPT 2007 – 2013

Priority axes of OP at the level of the Cohesion Fund

Core activities within the priority axis

Priority axis 1 Railway infrastructure

Modernisation and development of railway tracks (TEN‐T + other routes in accordance with the regulation for the Cohesion Fund)

Priority axis 2 Road infrastructure (TEN‐T)

Construction of motorways (TEN‐T)

Priority axis 3 Intermodal transport infrastructure

Construction of a network of core public intermodal transport terminals

Priority axes of OP at the level of the ERDF Core activities within the priority axis Priority axis 5 Road infrastructure (expressways and first‐class roads)

Construction of expresswaysModernisation and construction of first‐class roads

Priority axis 7 Technical assistance

Support of management, monitoring, evaluation and publicity of OPT

Tab. 16 Financial plan of OPT structured by priority axes and financial resources (in EUR in current prices)

Priority axes Community funding

National counterpa

rt

Indicative breakdown of the national counterpart Total

funding

Co‐financing rate

For informatio

n National public funding

National private funding

EIB Other

a b=c+d c d e=a+b f=a/e

COHESION FUND

Priority axis 1 Railway Infrastructure

782 746 878 138 131 802 138 131 802 0 920 878 680 0,85

Priority axis 2 Road Infrastructure (TEN‐T)

972 333 473 171 588 260 171 588 260 0 1 143 921 733 0,85



Priority axis 3 Intermodal transport infrastructure

102 620 947 18 109 579 18 109 579 0 120 730 526 0,85

ERDF

Priority axis 5 Road Infrastructure (expressways and first‐class roads)

740 794 961 130 728 523 130 728 523 0 871 523 484 0,85

Priority axis 7 Technical assistance

48 103 569 8 488 865 8 488 865 0 56 592 434 0,85

OPT TOTAL 3 206 904 595 638 815 396 638 815 396 0 3 845 719 991

Source: OPT 2007 – 2010

4.2 INTERMODAL TRANSPORT

There is only a transport of maritime containers within intermodal transport in Slovakia as a part of sea transport. This segment notices an increase with the arrival of investors from automotive and electronics industry. It is supposed to start also the continental lines after finalization of terminals.

4.2.1 ACTUAL AND PLANNED FIGURES p g p

0200 000400 000600 000800 000

1 000 0001 200 0001 400 0001 600 0001 800 0002 000 000

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

inland

export

import

transit

total

trends

Fig. 11 Volume of transported goods – combine transport –tonnes



Source: DIOMIS 2 conference – 10th February 2009 ‐ DIOMIS Module 3 ‐ New EU Member States ‐ Slovakia

Fig. 12 Combine transport (CT) operators in Slovakia – block trains per week

The majority of combine transport is a transport of maritime containers by block trains from /to Slovak terminals to the Port of Hamburg, Port of Bremerhaven (tank containers), Port of Rotterdam and Port of Koper.

MetransERSKombiverkehrCSKD IntransAdriakombiSKD IntransARGO

National CT: 100 % - single wagon shipment International CT: 90% block trains

100 % ISO Container 40% - 20‘ 60% - 40‘

Žilina – Chernyakhovsk KIA demounted cars 40‘ containers

Veľká Ida – Kaluga - VW demounted cars 40‘ high cube containers



4.2.2 MAIN CORRIDORS AND MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE

Fig. 13 AGTC rail corridors

AGTC corridors in Slovakia – C 30/1, C‐E 40, C‐E 52, C‐E 61, C‐E 63

The length of AGTC corridors is 1216 km. Absolute length of AGTC corridors without joint tracks is 1033 km.

The parameters of existing AGTC rail tracks correspond to loading gauge UIC‐B. All AGTC corridors have 22,5 tons wagon axle load.

Tab. 17 Main combine transport terminals in Slovakia

Terminal Handled goods ‐ net tonnes ‐2008 Dunajská streda 662655Bratislava Palenisko 258515Žilina 139491Sládkovičovo 120053Dobrá 21677Bratislava UNS 17944Košice – Veľká Ida 1587Total 1221922

Source: DIOMIS 2 conference – 10th February 2009 ‐ DIOMIS Module 3 ‐ New EU Member States ‐ Slovakia



4.2.3 GOVERNMENT PLANS AND POLITICAL PROGRAMS

A priority in the area of the development of intermodal transport infrastructure from resources of the Cohesion Fund is to build the basic network of intermodal transport terminals meeting parameters of the Agreement AGTC.

Tab. 18 Indicators of Priority axis 3

Code Name of indicator Description and unit of

indicator Initial value

Target value*

Source

INDICATORS OF OUTPUT

Number of intermodal transport terminals

Number of completed intermodal transport terminals

3 7 MTPT SR

INDICATORS OF RESULT

Increase of the quantity of goods transported by intermodal transport

Quantity of goods transported by intermodal transport (thous. tonnes/year)

650 6 200* MTPT SR

Number of integrated intermodal transport trains

Number of integrated intermodal transport trains per year

960 7 000* MTPT SR

INDICATORS OF CONTEXT

Share of railway transport on the freight transport performance

Represents the share of railway transport on total performance of freight transport of SR

28,7 30 MTPT SR

NB: * ‐ target value, providing the realisation of mentioned number of terminals and planned development of Slovak economy.

Fig. 14 Planned intermodal transport terminals in regard to planned industrial parks and other transport infrastructure



4.3 ROAD TRANSPORT

Domain road infrastructure, highways and expressways, do not sufficiently cover the whole territory. The connection west‐east and north‐south is being built nowadays. With the increase of volume of road freight transport the condition of transport infrastructure of I. class roads and international roads “E” is becoming worse.

4.3.1 ACTUAL AND PLANNED FIGURES

Tab. 19 Actual and planned road network in km

Actual and planned road network in km in operation in progress planned total

Highways 365 105 294 764

Expressways and roads of I., II. and III. class 17510 N/A N/A N/A

Source: www.ssc.sk , www.ndsas.sk

The infrastructure of highways “D” and expressways “R” are built nowadays. The construction of new roads of I., II. and III. class is minimal. Mostly the reconstruction of mentioned roads is performed. Time schedules of infrastructure finalization are not fulfilled.

Tab. 20 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ road

Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ road

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Domestic traffic 90,09 90,76 92,91 92,11 91,11 88,93 87,72 83,56

Cross‐border entrance 1,69 1,68 2,21 2,64 2,93 3,32 3,28 4,59

Cross‐border dispatch 2,61 2,45 3,37 3,70 3,74 4,46 4,30 5,63

Transit 0,20 0,21 0,25 0,25 0,32 0,65 1,40 1,50

Other transportation abroad 5,41 4,91 1,26 1,30 1,90 2,64 3,30 4,73

The highest share of road traffic presents domestic traffic. The share of domestic traffic in regard to the increase of cross‐border traffic is slightly decreasing.

Base on surveys, after the start of electronic toll collection system, the decrease of transit transport is supposed. The slight increase of domestic transport is supposed in regard to the construction of new factories of suppliers for automotive industry.



Goods traffic in % according to traffic area - road

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

%

788082848688909294

% d

omes

tic tr

affic

Cross-border entrance Cross-border dispatch Transit

Other transportation abroad Domestic traffic

Fig. 15 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ road


Fig. 16 TEN‐T corridors in Slovakia



TEN‐T corridors – 3 multimodal corridors – IV. corridor (80,792 km), V. corridor (547,848 km) a VI. corridor (49,810 km)

TEM corridors – 7 TEM routes

European road network „E“

E50 441,107 km E371 73,219 km E65 80,792 km E442 44,535 km E75 253,263 km E571 392,834 km E58 497,963 km E572 101,581 km E71 22,640 km E575 72,681 km E77 208,137 km


A priority of the Slovakia in the area of the development of road infrastructure in the programme period of years 2007 – 2013 is the construction of transport infrastructure included in the TEN‐T network passing through the Slovak territory, by means of the construction of new motorway sections. These new motorway sections will replace the existing sections of the Slovak road network that ceased to fulfil the requirements for the capacity and safety.




Target value*

Source


Core 14 km of new roads Length of new motorways (km)

7,9 67,9 MTPT SR

Core 15 ‐ of which TEN‐T Length of new motorways built in the TENT‐T network (km)

7,9 67,9 MTPT SR


Core 20 Time saving (road transport)

Time saving in passenger/goods transport (mil. EURO)

0 30,2 MTPT SR

INDICATORS OF IMPACT

Core 13 Number of the projects Number of the road infrastructure projects

2 9 MTPT SR



Density of the motorway network

Expresses the share of length of the motorways in operation to the area of SR (km/thousand.km2)

6,8 8,0 MTPT SR

Number of killed persons by road accidents in road transport

Number of killed persons by road accidents in road transport

10,7 9,4 MTPT SR

NB: * ‐ It is an estimated value of indicator. The real target value will be known upon the completion of the implementation of OPT.

Tab. 22 Planned PPP projects for road infrastructure

PPP projects Segments Total length State

1. package

Highway Dubná Skala – Turany, Turany – Hubová, Hubová – Ivachnová, Jánovce – Jablonov, Fričovce – Svinia

75,04 km in

preparation

2. package

Expressway R1 Nitra západ – Selenec, Selenec – Beladice, Beladice – Tekovské Nemce, Banská Bystrica severný obchvat

51,53 km in progress

04/09

3. package

Highway D1 Hričovské Podhradie – Lietavská Lúčka, Lietavská Lúčka – Višňové, Višňové – Dubná Skala, diaľničný privádzač Lietavská Lúčka – Žilina

29,08 km in

preparation

Slovakia uses also PPP projects to quickly finalize connection west – east (Tab. 22).



4.4 RAILWAY TRANSPORT


Tab. 23 Actual and planned railway network in km

Actual and planned railway network in km in operation in progress planned total

Main railroads ‐ public 3658 N/A N/A 3658

Standard gauge ‐ public 3480 N/A N/A 3480

Narrow gauge – public 50 N/A N/A 50

Broad gauge 99 N/A 400 499

Tab. 24 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ railway

Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ railway

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Domestic traffic 21,92 21,12 20,93 16,06 14,12 14,45 14,50 13,96



Transit 19,99 20,54 23,01 21,42 23,19 25,70 27,05 26,33

Goods traffic in % according to traffic area - railway

0

10

20

30

40

50

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

%

Domestic traffic Cross-border entrance Cross-border dispatch Transit

Fig. 17 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ railway

The share of domestic traffic and cross‐border traffic is decreasing. However the share of transit is slightly increasing.

At present (4/2009) there is noticed a 40% decrease of performance of rail cargo operators compared to 2008. Slovakia is in regard to railway mainly transiting country. The future mostly depends on transport west – east via Ukraine.




From the technical aspect the main weakness of the railway infrastructure is the low level of the speed limit over a track that only exceptionally achieves the standard level of developed European railways providing the establishment of competitiveness conditions giving an advantage to railway transport over less ecological transport modalities. The decisive tasks for the upgrading of railway tracks are: the modernisation of railway transport route, the modernisation of selected border crossing stations and the modernisation of information network (notably in regard to the requirements associated to the implementation of the EU regulation on Telematics Application for Freight) and railway junctions.

AGTC corridors in Slovakia – C 30/1, C‐E 40, C‐E 52, C‐E 61, C‐E 63

The length of AGTC corridors is 1216 km. Absolute length of AGTC corridors without joint tracks is 1033 km.

The parameters of existing AGTC rail tracks correspond to loading gauge UIC‐B. All AGTC corridors have 22,5 tons wagon axle load.

Source: MDPT SR

Fig. 18 Multimodal transport corridors – railways – TEN‐T

TEN‐T corridors : IV, V, VI, IX




The development of railway transport infrastructure in the Slovak territory can be achieved mainly through the modernisation of international corridors defined by the Pan‐European Conference of Ministers of Transport – TEN‐T.




Target value*

Source


Core 19 km of reconstructed railroads

Length of modernised railway tracks in km

92 257 MTPT SR

‐ of which TEN‐T Length of new railway tracks of the TEN‐T network in km

71 236 MTPT SR


Core 21 Time saving (railway transport)

Time saving in passenger/goods transport (min.)

0 35/295 MTPT SR

INDICATORS OF IMPACT

Core 13 Number of projects Number of railway infrastructure projects

7 18 MTPT SR

Share of railway transport on freight transport performances

Expresses the share of railway transport on total freight transport performances of SR (%)

28,7 30 MTPT SR

Share of railway transport on passenger transport performances

Expresses the share of railway transport on total passenger transport performances of SR (%)

5,6 5,9 MTPT SR

NB: * ‐ It is an estimated value of indicator. The real target value will be known upon the completion of the implementation of OPT.

4.5 WATERWAY TRANSPORT

Waterway transport is mainly used on Danube waterway and its canals. The river Váh, as the longest Danube inlet, is partly navigable.


Length of navigate inland waterways in 2007 is 250,85 km (Danube 172 km, Váh 78,85 km and canals 38,45 km) with two main harbours Bratislava and Komárno.



Tab. 26 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ waterway

Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ waterway

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Domestic traffic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



Transit and other transportation abroad 25,01 17,73 17,46 15,56 26,19 24,14 22,62 19,49

Goods traffic in % according to traffic area - waterway

0102030405060708090

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

%

Cross-border entrance Cross-border dispatch Transit and other transportation abroad

Fig. 19 Goods traffic in % according to traffic area ‐ waterway

The highest share of waterway traffic presents export. Domestic transport in regard to the short length of national waterways (mainly Danube) is not used. About 20% of all waterway traffic presents export traffic of chemicals (fuels and fertilizers).

In regard to infrastructure the potential of future use of domestic transport is limited. There are plans to canalize the river Váh to Žilina. The construction of navigable waterways is not the priority in Slovakia nowadays.




Fig. 20 Danube waterway – TEN‐T corridor VII.

The company OMV is transporting fuels to Port of Komarno which is used as a distribution point to Slovakia.


The crucial position within future plans has international waterway Danube as a part of European transport corridors as the corridor VII. – Danube and according to the AGN agreement the Danube is the artery waterway E80. Waterway Váh is part of the multimodal transport corridors V and VI. According to the AGN agreement the Váh is the national waterway E81.

4.6 PIPELINE TRANSPORT

The crucial is transit network for natural gas and crude petroleum east – west. The refinery SLOVNAFT has built pipelines for fuels in length of 476 km.

Šaľa

Danube waterway – TEN-T corridor VII. – AGN E80

Váh waterway – TEN-T corridor V., VI. – AGN E81




Tab. 27 Pipeline transport

Pipeline transport 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Crude oil transported by TRANSPETROL a.s.– in thousands tons

9273 9551 9446 9929 10371 10662 11145 N/A

Gas transported by EUSTREAM a.s. in mil. m3 79210 71524 70409 72692 79881 81300 73765 72762

Source: TRANSPETROL, Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic

With regard to the gas crisis at the beginning of 2009 Slovakia wants to diversify gas suppliers. Therefore connection with the Hungary is also planned.


The major pipeline infrastructure in Slovakia is for transport of crude oil and natural gas.

Fig. 21 Crude oil transmission lines Družba and Adria

Pipeline systems Družba and Adria are for transport of crude oil. Družba (with the length of 566,6 km in Slovakia) transmit supplies of crude oil to Slovnaft refinery in Bratislava and serves also as a transit line to Czech Republic. The technical capacity of Družba is 20 million tons per year. The Adria line (8,5 km in Slovakia) connects Družba near Šahy from Croatian port of Omišaľj. The port of Omišaľj has a technology to transfer the crude oil from tankers. The crude oil is transported in Slovakia by the company TRANSPETROL.



Pipeline transport - Crude petroleum

5323 5341 5463 5522 5720 5569 5660

3638 3785 3883 4193 4308 5036 5218312 425

26757343214100

02000400060008000

1000012000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

1000

tonn

es

SLOVNAFT Refineries in Czech Republic Other customers

Technical capacity - 20 mil. tonnes

Source: www.eustream.sk

Fig. 22 Natural gas transmission line EUSTREAM

The natural gas is transported through Slovakia by the company EUSTREAM. The capacity of gas transmission system Eustream is more than 90 billion cubic meters of natural gas, its size extends over 2270 km. In 2006 the company transported 73.8 billion cubic meters of natural gas, which represents 20 % of the EU annual consumption and it is the largest transmission company within the EU. The main contract partners of the company are foreign customers from Russia, the Czech Republic, Croatia, France, Germany, Austria, Italy and Slovenia.




Slovakia wants to obtain higher support from EU anti crisis package to connect gas lines with the Hungary, operates reverse flows with Austria and Czech Republic and connect also electricity net with Hungary. There are also considerations to import LNG and build a refinery for processing. The government made negotiations with Norway about gas supplies.



5 DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL LOGISTICS IN THE REGION / COUNTRY

Deliveries of basic gross volume supplies are carried via pipeline network for crude petroleum and natural gas and by block trains and vessels on Danube. Deliveries of smaller size are carried usually by rail, road and Intermodal transport.

Larger companies are able on own rail sidings to form block trains. Block trains achieve high speed of carriage and capacity. Smaller companies if they have rail sidings their operation is not efficient (high maintenance costs) so they stop. Then they become the users of road and sometimes intermodal transport only.

Inland navigation on river Danube is used for carriage of fuels, fertilizers and their supplies. Inland navigation is not used for carriages of packed cargo and containers.

Intermodal transport is mainly used to carry the supplies and products from/to sea ports. Main container trains begin and end in Bratislava, Dunajska Streda and Žilina. It is planned to finalize public intermodal terminals and start also continental lines.

To transport gasoline and diesel oil to distribution centres pipeline and block trains with tank rail cars are used.

The market of rail transport is liberalized. Private operators mainly operate direct block trains. The market of road transport is fully liberalized. Whereas toll‐collection system is being launch from 1st of January 2010 the market is not harmonized and supports a shift from rail to cheaper road transport. The fees for use of rail infrastructure are 2 or 3 times higher than in neighbouring countries which also influence intermodal transport.

Large chemical companies have from the past own tank fleet and part of the fleet is rented. Own truck tank fleet is not own by these companies. However, Slovnaft through its subsidiary company has own distribution network for fuels (pipeline, rail cars, truck fleet).

Several private companies with truck tank fleet offer services for chemical companies and also several foreign transporters are on the market with tank vehicles, rail tank cars and tank containers.

There are few tank cleaning stations in Slovakia (Bratislava, Strážske). This causes long distance route of tank vehicles for cleaning.

Transport is organized by the domestic and foreign freight forwarders. Cooperation with these companies is more efficient because of payload optimisation and lower prices than own vehicle fleet.



Tab. 28 Transported chemical goods – share of transportation modes

Transported chemical goods – thousands of tons

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Road 31135 31288 21977 20202 18104 15554 13376 15888

Railway 5757 6143 6209 7095 6342 5536 5704 6428

Waterway 271,9 288,8 244,4 225,8 290,7 261,6 295,2 247,6

Pipeline crude petroleum 9273 9551 9446 9929 10371 10662 11145 N/A

Pipeline natural gas* 55447 50067 49286 50884 55917 56910 51636 50933 *The data for transport of natural gas are originally in cubic meters. The value in tonnes was calculated with a

density of 0,7 kg/m3. The density is valid at a standard reference condition, that is temperature of 15 °C , pressure 101, 325 kPa and relative humidity RH = 0 %. Source: SPP – Distribucia a.s.



6 INTERNAL STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL COMPANIES AND LOGISTIC PROVIDERS Summarised by project partners on the basis of individual interviews with companies

6.1 STRENGTHS IN PROCUREMENT 1. Quality of product and packaging 2. Suppliers' availability, reliability and flexibility 3. Supplier assessment and management

The time schedule of the supplies from third countries is problematic. Quality of packaging from third countries (mainly China) is very poor. The handling of goods is problematic. Unloading of goods is often manual with a big risk to work safety and environmental requirements. The use of pallets is often unknown.

6.2 STRENGTHS IN WAREHOUSING OF RAW MATERIALS, SEMI‐FINISHED AND FINISHED PRODUCTS

1. Inventory strategy 2. Range of inventory 3. Inventory level

Usually the companies have own quality systems according to ISO 9001:2000(ISO 9001:2008) with inventory planning.

6.3 STRENGTHS IN PRODUCTION LOGISTICS 1. Utilization of machines and production lines 2. Stability within production processes 3. Susceptance of damage within production processes

The utilization of machines is very important – continuous production. The start and the end of the production units create high risk and costs with possible damage of the product.

6.4 STRENGTHS IN DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORT 1. Payload optimization 2. Delivery time and performance 3. Mode of transport

These parameters are comparable to western countries. High flexibility in packing, distribution and transport is the standard. The competitiveness is comparable to western countries. The new road traffic regulations permit the transport of dangerous goods also during Saturdays, Sundays and national holidays. Our freight forwarders use very efficiently information systems for supply chain management (e.g. DAKOSY, SAP, ORACLE).



6.5 STRENGTHS IN PLANNING AND CONTROLLING 1. Accuracy and Flexibility in Demand Planning 2. Accuracy and Flexibility in Supply Planning ‐ Forecasting with customers 3. Accuracy and Flexibility in Delivery Planning

The competitiveness of the production and supply companies is very high after the entry of Slovakia into EU.

6.6 STRENGTHS IN ORDER PROCESSING 1. Order fulfilment cycle time 2. Available‐to‐promise 3. Coordinated order processing

The competitive environment of the EU is highly demanding. Therefore the companies are forced to fulfil costumers’ requirements.

6.7 STRENGTHS IN INFORMATION LOGISTICS 1. PPS‐System in production planning 2. ERP‐ and MRP systems in procurement 3. Supply Chain Event Management

The IS systems must be comparable to companies from other countries (e.g. DAKOSY, SAP, ORACLE). This is the condition to stay in the market.



7 INTERNAL WEAKNESSES OF CHEMICAL COMPANIES AND LOGISTIC PROVIDERS Summarised by project partners on the basis of individual interviews with companies

7.1 WEAKNESSES IN PROCUREMENT 1. Collaboration demand planning 2. Sourcing strategies (global versus single) 3. Research and Development of sourcing markets

The supplies of natural gas and crude petroleum are dependent on Russian federation and transit via Ukraine. Big companies use transport of supplies by pipeline and railway. Small commodities are usually transported by road. The import of supplies by rail from Ukraine and Russian Federation is influenced by broad‐gauge track with a necessity of reloading or boogie shifting.

7.2 WEAKNESSES IN WAREHOUSING OF RAW MATERIALS, SEMI‐FINISHED AND FINISHED PRODUCTS

1. Outsourcing of warehousing 2. Inventory costs

Sufficient experiences with functional warehouse outsourcing are missing. There is not also sufficient number of suppliers of these services within the area of chemicals. The network of chemical companies has not such density to have profitable outsourcing of warehousing. The warehousing of semi‐finished products is usually part of the production process with no interest for outsourcing.

7.3 WEAKNESSES IN PRODUCTION LOGISTICS 1. Flexibility within production processes 2. Duration production change‐over / set‐up 3. Production costs

The production lines are usually specifically oriented (basic chemicals) to one product. There is no possibility to product more chemicals in one production line. The production of chemicals for final customers is more flexible (paints, fertilizers). However there is a flexibility of packing required from customers.

7.4 WEAKNESSES IN DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORT 1. Freight costs 2. Distance to customers 3. Outsourcing of Distribution and Transport



In connection with the start of electronic toll collection system (1.1.2010) the companies are aware of further increase of actually high freight costs. Present Intermodal network is oriented for sea transports mainly (maritime containers). To protect water sources in Bratislava there is no possibility to transport dangerous goods by trucks (40 tons) directly from Slovakia to Austria. There is only one border crossing point to Austria for trucks (40 tons). The length of the border with the Austria is however 127 km. There are only 2 border crossing points for trucks (40 tons) with Poland on 597,5 km long border.

7.5 WEAKNESSES IN PLANNING AND CONTROLLING 1. Accuracy and Flexibility in Planning of inventory levels 2. Accuracy and Flexibility in Production planning

The planning of inventory levels and production is highly dependent on suppliers (distance, density). The supplies from Germany are in Slovakia within two days but from Ukraine it takes two weeks. The railways do not guarantee such delivery times as road transport, therefore the planning (just‐in‐time) is problematic.

7.6 WEAKNESSES IN ORDER PROCESSING

NO WEAKNESSES evaluated from individual interviews

The competitive environment of the EU is highly demanding. Therefore the companies are forced to fulfil costumers’ requirements.

7.7 WEAKNESSES IN INFORMATION LOGISTICS

NO WEAKNESSES evaluated from individual interviews

The LSP’s are mainly connected to western companies and use their information systems. There is no initiative in Slovakia to build a general information system in transport.



8 EXTERNAL OPPORTUNITIES AND CHANCES FOR CHEMICAL LOGISTICS IN

CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE Summarised by project partners on the basis of discussion in Regional Stakeholder Meetings.

8.1 ECONOMIC TRENDS 1. Eastern European expansion of the EU 2. Access to international selling markets / Access to international sourcing markets 3. Internationalization of selling markets / Internationalization of sourcing markets

After the entry of Slovakia into EU the conditions for business are different. The 80 % of all Slovakia export and import are EU countries. Therefore the access to markets is easier.

8.2 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS 1. Present skills of employees in the field of logistics (professional, social and

intercultural) 2. Educational standards 3. Cooperation with education, research and development institutes

Present skills of employees in the field of logistics, mainly on executive level, are relatively good considering low fluctuations of workers and quality of secondary vocational schools.

8.3 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS 1. Information and Communication Technologies 2. Innovations in transports 3. Innovations in warehousing / storage / Acceptance of railway and waterway

IT’s are also available in Slovakia. The new solutions are dependent from financial resources and practical use. After the construction of public intermodal terminals and operation of regular block trains the share of railways is expected to increase.

8.4 ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY 1. Availability of renewable energy sources 2. Accessibility to renewable energy sources

The trains of intermodal transport can be powered by the energy from renewable sources.



8.5 POLITICS AND INNOVATION 1. International harmonization of transport and traffic related laws and regulations

Simplified procedures to perform international transport lead to development of chemical logistics.

8.6 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

8.6.1 RAILWAY 1. Location and structure of the railway system 2. Interoperability – international standards 3. Location of terminals / Availability and capacity of railway wagons

Low utilization of railway network has an opportunity for increased use. Parameters of rail corridors (22,5 tons axle load) offers to transport in single wagon a load of 3 trucks.

8.6.2 WATERWAY 1. Capacity and efficiency of waterway 2. Availability and capacity of water vessels

Waterway offers a possibility of cheaper transport for bulk cargo. The waterways have sufficient capacities.

8.6.3 ROAD 1. Interoperability – international standards

The truck fleet of Slovak haulers fulfils EU standards. Harmonized social legislation, maximum allowed dimensions and weights of vehicles for international transport, transport of dangerous goods makes the operation of transport easier.

8.6.4 INTERMODAL 1. Interoperability – international standards

Present intermodal network is mainly oriented on sea transports as pre‐carriages and on‐carriages from maritime harbours of Hamburg, Bremerhaven, Rotterdam and Koper – hinterland service. It is planned to finalize public intermodal terminals and start also continental lines.

8.6.5 PIPELINE 1. Capacity and efficiency of pipeline network

The pipeline network is not currently used to its technical capacity.



8.7 SAFETY AND SECURITY 1. International safety standards 2. Information flow in intermodal transports 3. Tracking & Tracing of cargo

European harmonization of transport of dangerous goods (ADR, RID, ADN, IMDG code, IATA DGR) makes the conditions for transport easier. The availability and the price of information technologies is available to more and more transport companies. The information about localisation of cargo is precious for customer.

8.8 INDUSTRY SECTOR AND COMPETITION

8.8.1 CUSTOMERS 1. Relevance and importance of the industry sector for the customers 2. Level of product standardisation 3. Degree of concentration

Slovakia chemical exports (90%) are EU countries. European legislation makes the business easier. Chemical industry is a supplier for automotive and electrical industry.

8.8.2 SUPPLIERS 1. Level of product standardisation 2. Relevance and importance of the industry sector for the suppliers 3. Collaborations among suppliers

Basic chemicals are standardised in basic quality parameters. Suppliers cooperate during the production breaks.

8.8.3 ACCESS TO THE MARKET 1. Access to channels of distribution 2. Product differentiation 3. Brand identity

Access to the market is dependent on transport costs and product price. Cooperation with the world known producers offers a possibility to use their trade market, brand and distribution network.

8.8.4 SUBSTITUTES

NO OPPORTUNITIES evaluated from RSM meeting



9 EXTERNAL THREATS, PROBLEMS AND BARRIERS FOR CHEMICAL LOGISTICS IN

CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE Summarised by project partners on the basis of discussion in Regional Stakeholder Meetings

9.1 ECONOMIC TRENDS 1. Actual world‐wide economic development 2. Regional economic development 3. Market concentration/intensified competition

Present economic crisis endangers many chemical and logistic companies world‐wide and on the regional level. Slovakia has many SMEs with difficulty to survive in present time. The intensified competition after the fall of the demand endangers these companies.

9.2 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS 1. Availability of high qualified domestic and foreign workers 2. Change of values 3. Demographic change in CEE

The fluctuation of workers is increasing which leads to low level of skills and experiences in chemical logistics. The number of new born children is decreasing which leads to decrease of economically active people. Graduates from technical universities leave from Slovakia to western EU and USA. There is a low interest from students to study technical study fields (chemistry, logistics, electrical and mechanical engineering).

9.3 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS

NO THREATS evaluated from RSM meeting

The logistic centres are not comparable to western EU. The new solutions are dependent from financial resources and practical use.

9.4 ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY 1. Energy costs 2. Availability of non‐renewable energy sources 3. Accessibility to non‐renewable energy sources

Slovakia is energetically (crude petroleum and natural gas) dependent from one supplier – Russian Federation. The diversification of the supplies and transport routes is necessary. The use of renewable sources is very expansive and in the beginning.



9.5 POLITICS AND INNOVATION 1. Financing of traffic infrastructure projects 2. Prioritization passenger traffic 3. Policy on financial subsidies in the field of traffic and transportation

The plans of construction of infrastructure have not been fulfilled. Financial resources have not been sufficient. The prioritization of passenger traffic endangers the operation of road (road driving bans) and rail freight transport (passenger trains). Policy on financial subsidies deforms market environment (different taxes).

9.6 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

9.6.1 RAILWAY 1. Broad – gauge track Haniska – Bratislava ‐ Wien 2. State‐owned railway systems 3. Noise

The government signed a contract with Russian Federation about plan to build a broad‐gauge track to Bratislava despite the level of utilization of current tracks is 40 % nowadays. This is also caused by high fees which railway operators have to pay for the use of traffic infrastructure.

1 EUR = 23 CZK Fig. 23 Prices for transport route in selected EU countries (March 2008)

There are only two railway border‐crossing points with Poland. The conditions to increase the capacity north/south from Poland to Hungary are necessary.



9.6.2 WATERWAY 1. Access to ports 2. Location of inland ports 3. Location and structure of the waterway network

Considering essentially position of Danube waterway. The conditions for inland navigations are dependent from weather. The conditions for inland navigations on Danube are not stable for waterway class VIb. The navigation on river Váh is dependent on Danube water level.

9.6.3 ROAD 1. Development of increase in road toll 2. Capacity and efficiency of motorways 3. Tunnels

The new electronic toll collection system from the 1st of January 2010 with high fees for vehicles above 3,5 tones will have a significant impact on logistics.

Capacity of highways and expressways is not sufficient which leads to traffic jams and accidents.

In connection with the transport of dangerous goods the present tunnels do not fulfil the requirements of ADR agreement. There are not also considerations to classify new constructed tunnels to classes A and B.

The transport of dangerous goods is banned also on several segments of international roads “E” with negative impact on logistics.

A lack of truck parking facilities makes difficult to fulfil requirements of social legislation.

The main traffic routes I. class often leads via city centres which slow the transport and creates danger to people – it is dangerous, not‐ecological, not efficient.

9.6.4 INTERMODAL 1. Location, structure and capacity of intermodal nodes 2. Technology for means of transportation 3. Handling technology road‐rail‐waterway/sea

Present terminals are not complexly built‐up. Handling of dangerous goods is not possible in all terminals.



Present intermodal network is mainly oriented on sea transports as pre‐carriages and on‐carriages from maritime harbours of Hamburg, Bremerhaven, Rotterdam and Koper – hinterland service. It is planned to finalize public intermodal terminals and start also continental lines.

Present network of tank cleaning stations is not sufficient for developing intermodal and road transport. The construction of new build terminals don’t plan with the cleaning stations.

9.6.5 PIPELINE 1. Location and structure of the pipeline network

Pipeline network has been built in east‐west directions. For the security of supplies it is necessary to build also connections north/south. Connect gas lines with the Hungary, operates reverse flows with Austria and Czech Republic.

9.7 SAFETY AND SECURITY 1. Possible misuse of dangerous chemicals by terrorists

High consequence dangerous goods can be misuse by terrorists. This is easier when the vehicle is directly marked according to ADR, RID by UN code or even the name. Even the rail tanks create higher danger of misuse than accompanied road transport.

9.8 INDUSTRY SECTOR AND COMPETITION

9.8.1 CUSTOMERS 1. Collaborations among customers

Collaborations among customers influence the price of the product.

9.8.2 SUPPLIERS 1. Degree of concentration

The concentration of suppliers leads to monopolisation of suppliers.

9.8.3 ACCESS TO THE MARKET 1. Funds needed for market entry 2. Cost advantages of existing market players 3. Public economic policy

To access the market with a new product requires high costs (marketing, testing). Existing market players create barriers for new producers.



9.8.4 SUBSTITUTES 1. Potential product substitution 2. New offer in branch

The substitution of EU products from China, India…



10 NEEDS FOR FUTURE ACTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS – CONCLUSIONS o higher security of supplies – natural gas, crude petroleum

o diversification of the sources ‐ natural gas, crude petroleum

o finalization of motorways – TEN‐T

o modernisation of rail corridors – TEN‐T – according to AGTC agreement

o finalisation of intermodal transport terminals network

o create conditions for year round navigation on Danube according to AGN agreement

for waterway class VIb

o better connection to transport infrastructure of neighbouring countries – mainly

Poland (2 road and 2 rail border crossing points) and Austria (1 road border crossing

point for trucks – 2 single track rail border crossing point)

o no possibility to transport dangerous goods by road directly to Austria

o not sufficient network of tank cleaning stations

o present and planned road tunnels are not classified for dangerous goods according to

ADR – classify new tunnels to class A, B

o high costs for the use of rail infrastructure – increase the use of infrastructure –

decrease the costs for infrastructure management

o the most important rail freight operator has dropped transport volumes by 40%

compared to 2008 – new projects and ideas for railway logistics

o a lack of truck parking facilities makes difficult to fulfil requirements of social

legislation

• the construction of larger parking facilities with higher security standard

• the higher use of intermodal transport

o the main traffic routes I. class often leads via city centres which slow the transport

and creates danger to people – it is dangerous, not‐ecological, not efficient

• construction of city roundabouts

o reassess the restrictions for transport of dangerous goods on several segments of

road network

o make a draft of transit road network for transport of dangerous goods

o offer a new and progressive logistic concepts in best practices

o to present project proposals to state authorities

o to analyse proposals to change the dimensions and weights of road vehicles



11 LITERATURE

11.1 STUDIES o Kolektív autorov: Dlhodobá vízia rozvoja slovenskej spoločnosti (Long term vision of

development of Slovak society), Ekonomický ústav Slovenskej akadémie vied, VEDA vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied, Bratislava, 2008, ISBN 978‐80‐224‐1050‐2

o Communication on Freight Logistics Action Plan, KOM(2007) 607, European Commission, Brussels, 2007

o ŠULGAN , M. ‐ SOSEDOVÁ, J.‐ RIEVAJ, V.: Európske dopravné koridory a Slovensko (European transport corridors and Slovakia), EDIS – vydavateľstvo Žilinskej univerzity, Žilina, 2001, ISBN 80‐7100‐903‐2

o Transport policy of the Slovak Republic to 2015, Government of SR, 2005

o Cohesion fund strategy – Transport sector, MDPT SR (Ministry of transport, posts and telecommunications of the Slovak Republic), Bratislava, February 2003,

o European Energy and Transport, Trends to 2030, European commission 06.

o EU Energy & Transport in Figures, European commission 2006

o National strategic reference framework 2007 – 2013; MVRR SR (Ministry of Building and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic), Bratislava, 29. Jun 2007,

o Operational Programme Transport 2007 – 2013; MDPT SR (Ministry of transport, posts and telecommunications of the Slovak Republic), Bratislava, 9th August 2007

o Basic data about road network ‐ from the ROAD DATA BANK of the SLOVAK ROAD ADMINISTRATION, the road network status as of 01.01.2008., SSC, Bratislava, 2006;

o Programme of preparation and construction of I. class roads 2007 – 2010; MDPT SR (Ministry of Building and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic) , Bratislava, April 2007;

o Programme of preparation and construction of highways and expressways 2007 – 2010, MDPT SR (Ministry of Building and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic), Bratislava, April 2007;

o Programme of development of railway network by 2010 and proposal of the financing of investments , MDPT SR (Ministry of Building and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic), Bratislava, December 2000

o Statistical yearbook 2006, Statistical office of the Slovak Republic, Veda Bratislava, 2005.

o Conception of development of water transport in Slovakia, MDPT SR (Ministry of Building and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic), Bratislava, 2003

o SLOVAKIA TRANSPORT, Almanach dopravy 2007, Vydavateľstvo LUXUR, Bratislava 2007



11.2 INTERNET SOURCES o http://www.slovakia.travel/

o http://www.transpetrol.sk

o http://www.eustream.sk

o http://www.spp.sk

11.3 LIST OF EXPERTS IN RSM Surname, Name, Title Specialization Organisation

CAGÁŇ Rudolf PNT ADR, RID NCHZ Nováky

CVÍČELA Emil Ing. railways retired

ČERMÁK. Jaroslav Ing ADR, RID DUSLO, a. s.

DENKOCY Irenej Ing. Logistics ZCHFP SR Bratislava

GNAP Jozef Prof. Ing., PhD. Research & Education ‐ Logistics Žilinská univerzita

GOGA Miroslav Ing. PNT ADR retired

HALAMA Luboš Bc. ADR, RID, ADN CMS Trend Žilina

HEGYI Peter Ing. Pipeline transport SPP a.s.

JAGELČÁK Juraj Ing., PhD. Research & Education ‐ Logistics Žilinská univerzita

JARÁBEK Miroslav Ing. Pipeline transport MH SR Bratislava

KAČALA Miroslav Ing. Multimodal transport MDPT SR Bratislava

KOMORA František Ing. Logistics & freight forwarding PKZ s.r.o. Púchov

KRAJCÁROVÁ Ingrid Ing. RID ŽS Cargo Slovakia

KURUCZ Milan Ing. ADN Dunaj Petrol Trade

MAJERČÁK Jozef Prof. Ing., PhD. Research & Education ‐ Logistics Žilinská univerzita

MARUŠINEC Pavol Mgr. Multimodal transport MDPT SR Bratislava

MULÍK Peter ADR LC Slovak trans

POBJECKÝ Ivan Ing., CSc. Logistics MIND Piešťany

POKORNÝ Jiří Ing., CSc Railways, multimodal transport ŽS Cargo Slovakia

REMÁK Ľubomír Ing. Logistics Slovnaft Bratislava



RUŽINSKÝ Martin RNDr. CSc Pipeline transport Transpetrol Bratislava

SEDLÁK Jozef Ing. Logistics Sloveca Košeca

ŠLESINGER Ján Ing. Research & Education ‐ Logistics Žilinská univerzita

ŠULGAN Marián Doc. Ing. PhD. Research & Education ‐ Logistics Žilinská univerzita

TOKÁR Jaroslav Ing. Logistics Chemko Strážske

VARGOVÁ Zuzana Ing. Railways ŽS Cargo Slovakia

ZEMAN Miroslav Ing. Railways ŽSR

ŽIVEC Václav JUDr. Logistics SCHFP ČR



12 LIST OF TABLES TAB. 1 INHABITANTS 5

TAB. 2 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT AT CURRENT PRICES IN BILLIONS EUR 5

TAB. 3 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT / CAPITA AT CURRENT PRICES IN THOUSANDS EUR 6

TAB. 4 SALES OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN MIO EUR 9

TAB. 5 SHARE OF CHEMICAL SALES IN PROCESSING INDUSTRY 11

TAB. 6 NUMBER OF ENTERPRISES 11

TAB. 7 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES 12

TAB. 8 SHARE OF CHEMICALS EXPORT FROM GDP 12

TAB. 10 IMPORT OF CHEMICALS IN MIO EUR ‐ SLOVAKIA 13

TAB. 12 GEOGRAPHIC BREAKDOWN OF CHEMICALS EXPORT IN % 15

TAB. 13 GEOGRAPHIC BREAKDOWN OF CHEMICALS IMPORT IN % 16

TAB. 14 MAJOR COMPANIES AND CHEMICAL SITES 17

TAB. 13 GOODS TRANSPORT ACCORDING TO TRANSPORT MODES ‐ QUANTITY 18

TAB. 14 GOODS TRANSPORT – PERFORMANCE IN 1000 TKM (QUANTITY * KM) 18

TAB. 17 DIVISION OF PRIORITY AXES OF OPT 2007 – 2013 19

TAB. 18 FINANCIAL PLAN OF OPT STRUCTURED BY PRIORITY AXES AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES (IN EUR

IN CURRENT PRICES) 19

TAB. 19 MAIN COMBINE TRANSPORT TERMINALS IN SLOVAKIA 22

TAB. 20 INDICATORS OF PRIORITY AXIS 3 23

TAB. 21 ACTUAL AND PLANNED ROAD NETWORK IN KM 24

TAB. 22 GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA ‐ ROAD 24


TAB. 24 PLANNED PPP PROJECTS FOR ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 27

TAB. 25 ACTUAL AND PLANNED RAILWAY NETWORK IN KM 28

TAB. 26 GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA ‐ RAILWAY 28


TAB. 28 GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA ‐ WATERWAY 31

TAB. 29 PIPELINE TRANSPORT 33

TAB. 30 TRANSPORTED CHEMICAL GOODS – SHARE OF TRANSPORTATION MODES 37



13 LIST OF FIGURES FIG. 1 STATE SYMBOLS ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

FIG. 2 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT SLOVAKIA 6

FIG. 3 BIG CHEMICAL COMPANIES IN SLOVAKIA 8

FIG. 4 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY SALES ‐ 2008 10

FIG. 5 SALES – MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS 10

FIG. 6 SALES – MANUFACTURE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER PRODUCTS 11

FIG. 9 IMPORT – MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS 14

FIG. 10 IMPORT – MANUFACTURE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER PRODUCTS 14

FIG. 11 GEOGRAFIC BREAKDOWN OF CHEMICALS EXPORT FOR TARIC CODES – 28‐40. 54,55 15

FIG. 12 GEOGRAFIC BREAKDOWN OF CHEMICALS IMPORT FOR TARIC CODES – 28‐40. 54,55 16

FIG. 13 TOP 10 COMPANIES OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN 2007 AND PIPELINE NETWORK IN SLOVAKIA 17

FIG. 14 VOLUME OF TRANSPORTED GOODS – COMBINE TRANSPORT –TONNES 20

FIG. 15 COMBINE TRANSPORT (CT) OPERATORS IN SLOVAKIA – BLOCK TRAINS PER WEEK 21

FIG. 16 AGTC RAIL CORRIDORS 22

FIG. 17 PLANNED INTERMODAL TRANSPORT TERMINALS IN REGARD TO PLANNED INDUSTRIAL PARKS

AND OTHER TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE 23

FIG. 18 GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA ‐ ROAD 25

FIG. 19 TEN‐T CORRIDORS IN SLOVAKIA 25

FIG. 20 GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA ‐ RAILWAY 28

FIG. 21 MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT CORRIDORS – RAILWAYS – TEN‐T 29

FIG. 22 GOODS TRAFFIC IN % ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC AREA ‐ WATERWAY 31

FIG. 23 DANUBE WATERWAY – TEN‐T CORRIDOR VII. 32

FIG. 24 CRUDE OIL TRANSMISSION LINES DRUŽBA AND ADRIA 33

FIG. 25 NATURAL GAS TRANSMISSION LINE EUSTREAM 34

FIG. 26 PRICES FOR TRANSPORT ROUTE IN SELECTED EU COUNTRIES (MARCH 2008) 46

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